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  1. The metabolic syndrome in Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians. Factor analysis of data from the 1998 Singapore National Health Survey
    Ang LW, Ma S, Cutter J, Chew SK, Tan CE, Tai ES
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2005 Jan;67(1):53-62.
    PMID: 15620434 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.05.003
    We used factor analysis to define and compare the manner in which the various features of the metabolic syndrome are linked or clustered in Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians. One thousand nine hundred and fifty seven men (1324 Chinese, 391 Malays and 261 Asian Indians) and 2308 women (1622 Chinese, 391 Malays and 296 Asian Indians) were examined. Anthropometry, blood pressure, serum glucose, lipid concentrations, and serum insulin were measured for all subjects. These data were then subjected to factor analysis which reduced the variables examined to three factors in all ethnic groups and both genders. The first (dyslipidemia) factor was positively loaded for obesity, insulin resistance (IR), fasting triglyceride and negatively loaded for HDL-cholesterol. The second (hyperglycemia) factor was positively loaded for IR and blood glucose. The third (hypertension) factor was positively loaded for obesity and blood pressure. IR was positively loaded in the hypertension factor in Malay women but not in others. Rather than a single entity causally associated with insulin resistance (IR), our findings support a concept in which the metabolic syndrome represents several distinct entities (dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia). It appears that Malay females may be more prone to develop hypertension in association with IR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/blood; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*; Metabolic Syndrome X/physiopathology
  2. Uncoupling protein 2 promoter polymorphism -866G/A, central adiposity, and metabolic syndrome in Asians
    Shen H, Qi L, Tai ES, Chew SK, Tan CE, Ordovas JM
    Obesity (Silver Spring), 2006 Apr;14(4):656-61.
    PMID: 16741267
    A polymorphism in the promoter region of uncoupling protein 2 gene -866G/A has been associated with its expression levels in adipose tissue, the risk of obesity, and metabolic abnormalities. Our purpose was to examine the associations of -866G/A with body fat and the risk of metabolic syndrome in a random sample of 4018 Asians (1858 men and 2160 women) from three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malay, and Indian). The minor allele frequency of -866G/A polymorphism in South Asians was similar to that in whites. After adjustment for covariates including age, cigarette smoking, and physical activity, the -866A/A genotype was associated with higher waist-to-hip ratio as compared with the wild-type genotype in Chinese and Indian men (p = 0.018 and p = 0.046, respectively). Moreover, Indian men with -866A/A genotype had a significantly increased risk of metabolic syndrome as compared with those homozygous for the wild-type (odds ratio, 2.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 5.88; p = 0.015). Such a risk was mainly caused by the excess presence of hypertriglyceridemia and central obesity. Our findings indicate that the uncoupling protein 2 gene -866G/A polymorphism may increase the risks of central obesity and metabolic syndrome, with greater effects on Asian men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/genetics*; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  3. Fulltext Comparison of markers for metabolic syndrome in day and shift male factory workers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
    Mohd Nazri, S., Tengku, M.A., Winn, T.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2006;6(1):64-69.
    MyJurnal
    There is concern that shift workers are at higher risk for metabolic syndrome (MS) . The syndrome is characterized by a constellation of metabolic risk factors in one individual. A cross-sectional study of 148 workers in one factory in Kota Bharu, Kelarttan was conducted to examine relationships between shift work and five of the MS rnk factors namely high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypo·I·IDL-cholesterolaemia and high body mass index (BMI) . Data was collected through a questionnaire on psychosocial and life-style factors, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, fasting blood sugar and fasting lipid profile. The National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III Report (NCEPATP III) with some modifications was used to determine the presence of risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, The prevalence of high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridaemia and high BMI were significantly higher among shift workers compared to day workers. There was no difference in the prevalence of hyperglycemia and hypo-HDL-cholesterolaemia. When the shift workers were compared with the
    day workers, the proportion of workers having three or more risk factors for the syndrome was higher among shift workers which were 15.8% and 5.6% respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X
  4. Fulltext Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentration is Related To Insulin Level In Hypertensive Subjects
    Azizi Ayub, Awang Mat Zainal, Rafidah Hanim Mokhtar
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2006;5(1):1-13.
    MyJurnal
    Plasma total homocysteine levels (tHcy) is lowered by high insulin levels, and it can be elevated in insulin-resistant states. However, it is uncertain whether plasma tHcy and insulin or any components of the metabolic syndrome has any relationship among hypertensive individuals. In this study the tHcy and insulin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay techniques in samples from 41 (27 male and 14 female) participants. Components of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance) profiles were also evaluated. The participants’ age ranged from 31 to 67 years (mean+SEM, 52.1±1.3 years), body mass index from 20.2 to 38.3 kg/m2 (27.2±0.7 kg/m2), plasma tHcy concentration from 6.9 to 16.2 μmol/L (11.0±0.4 μmol/L), and plasma insulin 3.0 to 16.6 μIU/mL (7.3±0.5 μIU/mL). A significant negative correlation was found between tHcy concentrations and insulin levels (r=-0.358, P=0.011), but not with other variables (P>0.05). In conclusion, the tHcy concentration is significantly related to plasma insulin in hypertensive subjects. tHcy concentrations were independent of the components of the metabolic syndrome and other risk factors of coronary heart disease in hypertensive subjects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X
  5. Association of raised liver transaminases with physical inactivity, increased waist-hip ratio, and other metabolic morbidities in severely obese children
    Lee YS, Kek BL, Poh LK, Saw SM, Loke KY
    J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2008 Aug;47(2):172-8.
    PMID: 18664869 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318162a0e5
    To identify factors associated with raised alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutaryl transferase in severely obese children
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/enzymology; Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  6. Fulltext Endocannabinoid system and cardio-metabolic risk
    Loh KY, Kew ST
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Oct;63(4):348-50; quiz 351.
    PMID: 19385504 MyJurnal
    Recent research in bio-medical science has shown an integral role of endocannabinoid system (ECS) in determining cardio-metabolic risk of human body. The mechanism is mediated through binding of endocannabinoids at the CB1 receptors. The stimulation of CB1 receptor in the brain is believed to control and mediate the effects on appetite. In normal physiology, CB1 receptors activation is responsible for energy homeostasis, govern emotions and behaviors such as anxiety, fear, appetite, food and water intake. CB1 receptors also found in peripheral tissues like liver, pancreas, skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, which play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Over-activation of ECS is associated with various metabolic diseases such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, lipogenesis, excessive weight gain and increasing intra-abdominal obesity. All these events lead to increased cardiovascular risk. Use of selective CB1 receptor blocker such as rimonabant has shown to reduced waist circumference, better glycemic control, lower triglyceride levels, raise HDL cholesterol and over all reduction in total body fat. This drug has been recommended for patients with metabolic syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  7. Omega-3 fatty acids: a comprehensive review of their role in health and disease
    Yashodhara BM, Umakanth S, Pappachan JM, Bhat SK, Kamath R, Choo BH
    Postgrad Med J, 2009 Feb;85(1000):84-90.
    PMID: 19329703 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2008.073338
    Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) are essential fatty acids with diverse biological effects in human health and disease. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is a well-established benefit of their intake. Dietary supplementation may also benefit patients with dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammatory diseases, neurological/ neuropsychiatric disorders and eye diseases. Consumption of omega-3 FAs during pregnancy reduces the risk of premature birth and improves intellectual development of the fetus. Fish, fish oils and some vegetable oils are rich sources of omega-3 FAs. According to the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition guidelines (2004), a healthy adult should consume a minimum of two portions of fish a week to obtain the health benefit. This review outlines the health implications, dietary sources, deficiency states and recommended allowances of omega-3 FAs in relation to human nutrition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/prevention & control
  8. Fulltext Metabolic syndrome and its characteristics among obese patients attending an obesity clinic
    Termizy HM, Mafauzy M
    Singapore Med J, 2009 Apr;50(4):390-4.
    PMID: 19421683
    INTRODUCTION: The increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome worldwide is closely related to the rising obesity epidemic. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence and identify the associated and prognostic factors that influence the risk of metabolic syndrome among obese patients attending the Obesity Clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.
    METHODS: A study was conducted involving 102 obese persons who attended the Obesity Clinic from January 1 to December 31, 2005. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.
    RESULTS: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome among obese patients was 40.2 percent. The prevalence was higher in females (43.7 percent) than in males (32.3 percent). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was noted to increase with increasing body mass index class, from class 1 to class 2. However, the prevalence was lower in obesity class 3. The prevalence of metabolic comorbidities of raised blood pressure, reduced high density lipoprotein, high triglyceride and raised fasting blood glucose was 42, 40, 36 and 17 percent, respectively. A quarter of obese patients in this study had no other comorbidity. Based on logistic regression multivariable analysis, age was the only significant associated factor that influenced the risk of having metabolic syndrome.
    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high and the highest comorbidity was high blood pressure. Age was the only significant risk factor of having this syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/diagnosis; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  9. Fulltext Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among middle aged women in Babol, Iran
    Delavar MA, Lye MS, Khor GL, Hanachi P, Hassan ST
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2009 May;40(3):612-28.
    PMID: 19842450
    Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interconnected cardiovascular risk factors. This research determined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by body mass index, sociodemography, and lifestyle habits of women 30-50 years old in Babol Iran. A systematic random sampling was used to select 984 middle aged women from an urban area in Babol, Mazandaran, Iran. Screening was used to select eligible women who fulfilled selection criteria. The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria were used to classify participants as having metabolic syndrome. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 31.0%. Abdominal obesity was observed in about 76.6% (n = 273) of subjects. The prevalences of hypertension, high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol were 12.1, 12.1, 41.5 and 48.6%, respectively. Older age (OR = 2.07; CI = 1.56-2.75), higher waist circumference (OR = 6.46; 95% CI = 3.48-11.96), higher systolic (OR = 3.84; 95% CI = 2.37-6.22) and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.89; 95% CI =1.17-3.05), low education level (OR = 2.780; CI = 1.80-4.31), housekeeping (OR = 3.92; CI = 1.24-12.44) and farming occupation (OR = 20.54; 95% CI = 3.54-119.06) were associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome. The odds ratio (OR) showed no significant associations between metabolic syndrome and smoking or exposure to smoking. This study showed high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iranian middle aged women. A larger area and population study is needed to enable broader recommendations for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  10. Fulltext Lipoprotein lipase expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered glycyrrhizic acid-treated rats
    Lim WY, Chia YY, Liong SY, Ton SH, Kadir KA, Husain SN
    Lipids Health Dis, 2009;8:31.
    PMID: 19638239 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-8-31
    The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities comprising visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance (IR). With the onset of IR, the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, is reduced. Increased activation of glucocorticoid receptors results in MetS symptoms and is thus speculated to have a role in the pathophysiology of the MetS. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the bioactive constituent of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra) inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that catalyzes the activation of glucocorticoids. Thus, oral administration of GA is postulated to ameliorate the MetS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/prevention & control
  11. Fulltext Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among adolescent girls in Mashhad, Iran
    Mirhosseini NZ, Yusoff NA, Shahar S, Parizadeh SM, Mobarhen MG, Shakery MT
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2009;18(1):131-6.
    PMID: 19329406
    Introduction: This study sought to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, one of the major public-health challenges worldwide, and its influencing factors among 15 to 17 years old adolescent girls in Mashhad, Iran.
    Methods: A total of 622 high school adolescents participated in a cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic characteristics and dietary habits. Anthropometric assessments, blood pressure measurement and biochemical assessment were done.
    Results: Applying BMI Z-score for age and gender (WHO 2007), 14.6 % and 3.4 % of subjects were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Enlarged WC (> 80 cm) was seen in 9.5% of subjects. The prevalence of combined hypertension was 6.1% which was increased by the severity of obesity. A total of 24.5% of subjects had hypertriglyceridemia and 57% of them had low level of HDL-cholesterol. Hyperglycemia was present in 16.7% of subjects. Based on the NCEP ATP III (2001) criteria, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 6.5% and increased to 45.1% in obese subjects. Increasing BMI or WC, led to significant increment in the number of metabolic syndrome features (p < 0.001). High socioeconomic status of family, medical history of parents and dietary habits especially high consumption of carbohydrates were influencing factors in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.
    Conclusion: Approximately 6.5% of all and 45% of obese subjects met the criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Dietary habits especially carbohydrate consumption, socioeconomic status of family and medical history of parents can be influential factors in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  12. Fulltext Diabetes control - the legacy of a memory
    Vijay AP, Chan SP
    JUMMEC, 2009;12(2):47-56.
    MyJurnal
    Achieving and maintaining good glycaemic control remains an important goal in the management of this common and prevalent disorder. Recent evidence from important megatrials, ACCORD, ADVANCE, VADT, UKPDS-10 year follow-up as well as the STENO-2 follow-up study, have cleared doubts concerning the benefits of targeting good glycaemic control. For the first time, we have the reassurance that macrovascular benefits can be realised from good glycaemic control. The legacy effect of prior good glucose control from the UKPDS-10 year follow-up, reinforces the results seen from the DCCT-EDIC (for Type 1 diabetes). The Intervention Phase of the UKPDS revealed benefits for reduction of microvascular complications, while it was only at the end of the Post-Trial Monitoring Phase where significant improvements in both micro and macrovascular outcomes were seen. The other three Trials assessing the effect of glycaemic control on cardiovascular outcomes, although largely negative for CV benefit, give valuable insight towards appropriate patient characteristics for which aggressive glucose control can and should be instituted. Individualising glycaemic targets, which has been the approach that many clinicians have been practising, has received new impetus albeit with clearer details. Getting to glycaemic goal early in the course of T2DM and Doing to Safely (Avoiding hypoglycaemia)are the key ingredients to successful management. The legacy of the memory of initial good metabolic/glycaemic control is investment in good health with benefits of reductions in both micro and more importantly, macrovascular disease, years later. Multifactorial interventions that include blood pressure, lipid lowering in addition to glucose control in these individuals with the Metabolic Syndrome result in more immediate beneficial additive effects on cardiovascular outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X
  13. Fulltext Metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients with primary psychotic and mood disorders
    Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman, Holifa Saheera Asmara, Hatta Sidi, Azlin Baharudin
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2009;10(2):127-134.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: A study was conducted at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) adult psychiatric clinic from June 2006 to December 2006. The aim was to assess the rate of the metabolic syndrome in a group of outpatients with mood disorders and schizophrenia and also to determine the relationship of this condition with sociodemographic factors and psychiatric illness characteristics.
    Methods: A total of 51 subjects agree to participate of which 100 were approached. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF)(2005) criteria are used for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and Diagnostic Statistical Manual Version IV (DSM-IV) criteria are used to made psychiatric diaognosis.
    Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 37.2% and was significantly higher amongst mood disorders patient. However the metabolic syndrome is not associated with the anti psychotic therapy (p=0.41).
    Conclusion: This study suggests that it is important for the psychiatrist to monitor metabolic syndrome in any of their patients.
    Study site: Psychiatric clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X
  14. Fulltext The modified NCEP ATP III criteria maybe better than the IDF criteria in diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome among Malays in Kuala Lumpur
    Moy FM, Bulgiba A
    BMC Public Health, 2010 Nov 06;10:678.
    PMID: 21054885 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-678
    BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, different diagnostic criteria have been recommended by different expert groups. In Malaysia, there is a lack of research comparing these different diagnostic criteria. Therefore, it is our aim to study the concordance between the IDF and the modified NCEP ATP III definitions of Metabolic Syndrome among a Malay cohort in Kuala Lumpur; and to demonstrate if all participants have the same cardiometabolic risks.

    METHODS: This was an analytical cross sectional study. Ethics approval was obtained and informed consent was given by all participants. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were taken following standard protocols.

    RESULTS: Metabolic Syndrome was diagnosed in 41.4% and 38.2% participants using the modified NCEP and IDF criteria respectively. Among those diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome by modified NCEP, 7.6% were missed by the IDF criteria. Participants diagnosed by the modified NCEP criteria had lower BMI and waist circumference but had higher cardiometabolic risks than those diagnosed with both criteria. Their blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride were more adverse than the IDF group. This demonstrated that central obesity may not be a prerequisite for the development of increased cardiometabolic risks within this Malay cohort.

    CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome is common in this Malay cohort regardless of the criterion used. The modified NCEP ATP III criteria may be more suitable in diagnosis of metabolic syndrome for this Malay cohort.

    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/diagnosis*; Metabolic Syndrome X/ethnology; Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  15. Fulltext Glycyrrhizic acid improved lipoprotein lipase expression, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid and lipid deposition in high-fat diet-induced obese rats
    Eu CH, Lim WY, Ton SH, bin Abdul Kadir K
    Lipids Health Dis, 2010;9:81.
    PMID: 20670429 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-9-81
    The metabolic syndrome, known also as the insulin resistance syndrome, refers to the clustering of several risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidaemia is a hallmark of the syndrome and is associated with a whole body reduction in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme under the regulation of the class of nuclear receptors known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin, is the primary bioactive constituent of the roots of the shrub Glycyrrhiza glabra. Studies have indicated that triterpenoids could act as PPAR agonists and GA is therefore postulated to restore LPL expression in the insulin resistant state.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/blood; Metabolic Syndrome X/drug therapy*; Metabolic Syndrome X/metabolism; Metabolic Syndrome X/physiopathology
  16. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, adipocytes and vascular function: A holistic viewpoint
    Achike FI, To NH, Wang H, Kwan CY
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2011 Jan;38(1):1-10.
    PMID: 21083697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05460.x
    1. Obesity is a metabolic disease of pandemic proportions largely arising from positive energy balance, a consequence of sedentary lifestyle, conditioned by environmental and genetic factors. Several central and peripheral neurohumoral factors (the major ones being the anorectic adipokines leptin and adiponecin and the orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin) acting on the anorectic (pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) and orexigenic (neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein) neurons regulate energy balance. These neurons, mainly in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, project to parts of the brain modulating functions such as wakefulness, autonomic function and learning. A tilt in the anorectic-orexigenic balance, perhaps determined genetically, leads to obesity. 2. Excess fat deposition requires space, created by adipocyte (hypertrophy and hyperplasia) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. This process is regulated by several factors, including several adipocyte-derived Matrix metalloproteinases and the adipokine cathepsin, which degrades fibronectin, a key ECM protein. Excess fat, also deposited in visceral organs, generates chronic low-grade inflammation that eventually triggers insulin resistance and the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus). 3. The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has conventionally been considered non-physiological structural tissue, but has recently been shown to serve a paracrine function, including the release of adipose-derived relaxant and contractile factors, akin to the role of the vascular endothelium. Thus, PVAT regulates vascular function in vivo and in vitro, contributing to the cardiovascular pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome. Defining the mechanism of PVAT regulation of vascular reactivity requires more and better controlled investigations than currently seen in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/complications; Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology; Metabolic Syndrome X/physiopathology*
  17. Fulltext Adiponectin and resistin gene polymorphisms in association with their respective adipokine levels
    Lau CH, Muniandy S
    Ann. Hum. Genet., 2011 May;75(3):370-82.
    PMID: 21323646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00635.x
    Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the adiponectin and resistin loci are strongly associated with hypoadiponectinemia and hyperresistinemia, which may eventually increase risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MS), and cardiovascular disease. Real-time PCR was used to genotype SNPs of the adiponectin (SNP+45T>G, SNP+276G>T, SNP+639T>C, and SNP+1212A>G) and resistin (SNP-420C>G and SNP+299G>A) genes in 809 Malaysian men (208 controls, 174 MS without T2DM, 171 T2DM without MS, 256 T2DM with MS) whose ages ranged between 40 and 70 years old. The genotyping results for each SNP marker was verified by sequencing. The anthropometric clinical and metabolic parameters of subjects were recorded. None of these SNPs at the adiponectin and resistin loci were associated with T2DM and MS susceptibility in Malaysian men. SNP+45T>G, SNP+276G>T, and SNP+639T>C of the adiponectin gene did not influence circulating levels of adiponectin. However, the G-allele of SNP+1212A>G at the adiponectin locus was marginally associated (P= 0.0227) with reduced circulating adiponectin levels. SNP-420C>G (df = 2; F= 16.026; P= 1.50×10(-7) ) and SNP+299G>A (df = 2; F= 22.944; P= 2.04×10(-10) ) of the resistin gene were strongly associated with serum resistin levels. Thus, SNP-420C>G and SNP+299G>A of the resistin gene are strongly associated with the risk of hyperresistinemia in Malaysian men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/blood; Metabolic Syndrome X/genetics*
  18. Fulltext High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and its association with obesity and metabolic syndrome among Malay adults in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Moy FM, Bulgiba A
    BMC Public Health, 2011 Sep 27;11:735.
    PMID: 21943301 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-735
    BACKGROUND: Vitamin D status, as indicated by 25-hydroxyvitamin D is inversely associated with adiposity, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and blood pressure along with its classic role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. It is also shown to be inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in western populations. However, evidence from the Asian population is limited. Therefore, we aim to study the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (< 50 nmol/L) and the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with metabolic risk factors among an existing Malay cohort in Kuala Lumpur.

    METHODS: This is an analytical cross sectional study. A total of 380 subjects were sampled and their vitamins D status (25-hydroxyvitamin D), fasting blood glucose, full lipid profile were assessed using venous blood. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference were measured following standard protocols. Socio-demographic data such as sex, age, smoking status etc were also collected. Data was analysed using t-test, chi-square test, General Linear Model and multiple logistic regression.

    RESULTS: Females made up 58% of the sample. The mean age of respondents was 48.5 (SD 5.2) years. Females had significantly lower mean Vitamin D levels (36.2; 95% CI: 34.5, 38.0 nmol/L) compared to males (56.2; 95% CI: 53.2, 59.2 nmol/L). Approximately 41% and 87% of males and females respectively had insufficient (< 50 nmol/L) levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p < 0.001). The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome for the whole sample was 38.4 (95% CI: 33.5, 43.3)%. In the multivariate model (adjusted for age, sex, abdominal obesity, HDL-cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure), insufficient Vitamin D status was significantly associated with 1-year age increments (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), being female (OR: 8.68; 95% CI: 5.08, 14.83) and abdominal obesity (OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.51, 4.39). Respondents with insufficient vitamin D were found to have higher odds of having Metabolic Syndrome (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.92) after adjusting for age and sex.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among Malay adults in Kuala Lumpur. Vitamin D insufficiency is independently associated with younger age, female sex and greater abdominal obesity. Vitamin D insufficiency is also associated with Metabolic Syndrome.

    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  19. Do the prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome differ among different ethnic groups? A cross-sectional study among obese Malaysian adolescents
    Narayanan P, Meng OL, Mahanim O
    Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2011 Oct;9(5):389-95.
    PMID: 21718129 DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0014
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the most common combination of cardiometabolic disorders among different ethnic groups of obese adolescents in Malaysia.
    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study among 335 obese adolescent boys and girls aged 12-18 years from 10 randomly selected schools was conducted. After recording blood pressure and waist circumference (WC), a fasting blood sample was obtained and analyzed for glucose and lipids. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of adolescent metabolic syndrome criteria specified by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III if three of the five risk factors--hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein C, and increased WC--were present. The prevalence among different ethnic groups was analyzed.
    RESULTS: The obesity rate among adolescents was 8.4%, and nearly one-third of the obese adolescents had metabolic syndrome. More than 90% of obese adolescents had at least one metabolic abnormality. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent among obese boys (40.2%) compared to obese girls (17%). Boys had significantly higher mean WC and triglycerides and lower HDL-C (P value 0.0001). Increased WC and triglycerides and high blood pressure comprised the most prevalent (34.3%) risk factor combination followed by WC, low HDL, and high blood pressure (22.5%). Over all, Indians had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (36.4%), followed by Chinese (33.8%) and Malays (27.4%). Elevated triglyceride levels were more prevalent among Chinese, hypertension among Malays, and the other three abnormalities among Indians.
    CONCLUSION: Indians had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Increased WC and triglycerides and high blood pressure comprised the most prevalent risk factor combination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/diagnosis; Metabolic Syndrome X/ethnology*; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology*
  20. Fulltext Ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia: an analysis by risk factors
    Tan AKG, Dunn RA, Yen ST
    Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2011 Dec;9(6):441-51.
    PMID: 21815810 DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0031
    BACKGROUND: This study investigates ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia.
    METHODS: Data were obtained from the Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (2005/2006). Logistic regressions of metabolic syndrome health risks on sociodemographic and health-lifestyle factors were conducted using a multiracial (Malay, Chinese, and Indian and other ethnic groups) sample of 2,366 individuals.
    RESULTS: Among both males and females, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome amongst Indians was larger compared to both Malays and Chinese because Indians are more likely to exhibit central obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We also found that Indians tend to engage in less physical activity and consume fewer fruits and vegetables than Malays and Chinese. Although education and family history of chronic disease are associated with metabolic syndrome status, differences in socioeconomic attributes do not explain ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome incidence. The difference in metabolic syndrome prevalence between Chinese and Malays was not statistically significant. Whereas both groups exhibited similar obesity rates, ethnic Chinese were less likely to suffer from high fasting blood glucose.
    CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome disproportionately affects Indians in Malaysia. Additionally, fasting blood glucose rates differ dramatically amongst ethnic groups. Attempts to decrease health disparities among ethnic groups in Malaysia will require greater attention to improving the metabolic health of Malays, especially Indians, by encouraging healthful lifestyle changes.
    Study name: Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (MyNCDS-1) survey
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/complications; Metabolic Syndrome X/ethnology*; Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology
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