Displaying publications 181 - 200 of 823 in total

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  1. Fulltext Dopamine-secreting phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas: clinical features and management
    Foo SH, Chan SP, Ananda V, Rajasingam V
    Singapore Med J, 2010 May;51(5):e89-93.
    PMID: 20593136
    Most functional phaeochromocytomas/paragangliomas produce noradrenaline and/or adrenaline. Those that produce dopamine are rare. We describe the distinguishing clinical features of dopamine-secreting phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas from those that secrete noradrenaline/adrenaline and the impact on their management. We present a case of a dopamine-secreting paraganglioma from our institution and review 14 case reports of dopamine-secreting phaeochromocytomas/paragangliomas published between 1984 and 2008. As observed in the literature, 80% of the tumours were extra-adrenal. Most patients presented with non-specific symptoms or mass effect without the classical presentation of catecholamine excess. The majority were diagnosed with urinary or plasma dopamine. Five patients had malignant tumours and 12 patients underwent surgical resection of the primary tumours. Unlike noradrenaline/adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytomas/paragangliomas, dopamine-secreting tumours lack a classical presentation, are extra-adrenal and have a higher malignant potential. A routine inclusion of urinary or plasma dopamine as part of catecholamine screening in all suspected phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas is recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Abdominal Neoplasms/diagnosis; Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis
  2. Fulltext Extramedullary plasmacytoma in the maxillary sinus
    Megat Shiraz MA, Jong YH, Primuharsa Putra SH
    Singapore Med J, 2008 Nov;49(11):e310-1.
    PMID: 19037537
    Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare malignant plasma cell tumour. We report an extremely aggressive case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the right maxillary sinus, which had metastasised to the brain and rib. A 56-year-old man presented with recurrent epistaxis and acute anaemia. Nasendoscopy revealed a medialised medial wall of the right maxilla and a mass occupying the whole nasopharynx. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right maxillary tumour with extension to the ipsilateral nasal cavity, nasopharynx, right sphenoid and ethmoidal sinuses. There was an extra-axial brain metastasis. There were metastases to the right parietal region and left eighth rib. Histopathology examination of the maxillary mass revealed abundant plasma cells with kappa-chain restriction. He was planned for four cycles of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, in view of the advanced stage of disease, he succumbed to his disease during the first cycle of chemotherapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  3. Vision 20/20: Mammographic breast density and its clinical applications
    Ng KH, Lau S
    Med Phys, 2015 Dec;42(12):7059-77.
    PMID: 26632060 DOI: 10.1118/1.4935141
    Breast density is a strong predictor of the failure of mammography screening to detect breast cancer and is a strong predictor of the risk of developing breast cancer. The many imaging options that are now available for imaging dense breasts show great promise, but there is still the question of determining which women are "dense" and what imaging modality is suitable for individual women. To date, mammographic breast density has been classified according to the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories from visual assessment, but this is known to be very subjective. Despite many research reports, the authors believe there has been a lack of physics-led and evidence-based arguments about what breast density actually is, how it should be measured, and how it should be used. In this paper, the authors attempt to start correcting this situation by reviewing the history of breast density research and the debates generated by the advocacy movement. The authors review the development of breast density estimation from pattern analysis to area-based analysis, and the current automated volumetric breast density (VBD) analysis. This is followed by a discussion on seeking the ground truth of VBD and mapping volumetric methods to BI-RADS density categories. The authors expect great improvement in VBD measurements that will satisfy the needs of radiologists, epidemiologists, surgeons, and physicists. The authors believe that they are now witnessing a paradigm shift toward personalized breast screening, which is going to see many more cancers being detected early, with the use of automated density measurement tools as an important component.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
  4. Nasal chondroma presenting as hypertelorism
    Ismail F, Peyman M, Waran V, Vasudevan S, Subrayan V
    Optom Vis Sci, 2015 Apr;92(4 Suppl 1):S33-5.
    PMID: 25730333 DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000528
    To report a rare case of nasal chondroma presenting as hypertelorism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nose Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  5. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer
    Yip CH, Rhodes A
    Future Oncol, 2014 Nov;10(14):2293-301.
    PMID: 25471040 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.110
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The majority of breast cancers show overexpression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs). The development of drugs to target these hormone receptors, such as tamoxifen, has brought about significant improvement in survival for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Since information about ER and PR is vital for patient management, quality assurance is important to ensure accurate testing. In recent guidelines, the recommended definition of ER and PR positivity is 1% or more of cells that stain positive. Semiquantitative assessment of ER and PR is important for prognosis and, hence, management. Even with the development of genomic tests, hormone receptor status remains the most significant predictive and prognostic biomarker.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
  6. Fulltext Lipoleiomyoma: a rare benign tumour of the uterus
    Johari B, Koshy M, Sidek S, Hanafiah M
    BMJ Case Rep, 2014 Oct 19;2014.
    PMID: 25331147 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205814
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  7. Validation of electrical impedance tomography qualitative and quantitative values and comparison of the numeric pain distress score against mammography
    Juliana N, Shahar S, Chelliah KK, Ghazali AR, Osman F, Sahar MA
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014;15(14):5759-65.
    PMID: 25081698
    Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a potential supplement for mammogram screening. This study aimed to evaluate and feasibility of EIT as opposed to mammography and to determine pain perception with both imaging methods. Women undergoing screening mammography at the Radiology Department of National University of Malaysia Medical Centre were randomly selected for EIT imaging. All women were requested to give a pain score after each imaging session. Two independent raters were chosen to define the image findings of EIT. A total of 164 women in the age range from 40 to 65-year-old participated and were divided into two groups; normal and abnormal. EIT sensitivity and specificity for rater 1 were 69.4% and 63.3, whereas for rater 2 they were 55.3% and 57.0% respectively. The reliability for each rater ranged between good to very good (p<0.05). Quantitative values of EIT showed there were significant differences in all values between groups (ANCOVA, p<0.05). Interestingly, EIT scored a median pain score of 1.51±0.75 whereas mammography scored 4.15±0.87 (Mann Whitney U test, p<0.05). From these quantitative values, EIT has the potential as a health discriminating index. Its ability to replace image findings from mammography needs further investigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
  8. MicroRNAs: biogenesis, roles for carcinogenesis and as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis
    Kavitha N, Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Oon CE, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014;15(18):7489-97.
    PMID: 25292018
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs of 20-24 nucleotides that play important roles in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, miRNAs control numerous cancer-relevant biological events such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control, metabolism and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the biogenesis of miRNAs, miRNA roles in cancer and their potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis including the regulation of key cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle control and miRNA dysregulation. Moreover, microRNA molecules are already receiving the attention of world researchers as therapeutic targets and agents. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of microRNAs has the potential not only to identify their roles in cancer, but also to exploit them as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and identify therapeutic targets for new drug discovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/diagnosis
  9. Fulltext Clinical breast examination as the recommended breast cancer screening modality in a rural community in Malaysia; what are the factors that could enhance its uptake?
    Farid ND, Aziz NA, Al-Sadat N, Jamaludin M, Dahlui M
    PLoS One, 2014;9(9):e106469.
    PMID: 25188003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106469
    Breast cancer is the most common cause of deaths and the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of breast cancer screening, specifically on clinical breast examination, and the predictors of its uptake among women in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was carried out in five selected districts whereby women aged between 20 to 64 years old, from a total of 1000 households were interviewed. A total of 1192 women responded to the survey of which 53.3% reported had ever done clinical breast examination. Significant associations with clinical breast examination were noted for income and distance from the hospital. These factors should be considered in developing interventions aimed at promoting clinical breast examination. In particular, healthcare providers should be proactive in raising awareness about clinical breast examination among women in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  10. Nasal vestibule schwannoma: report of a rare case
    Fadzilah I, Salina H, Khairuzzana B, Rahmat O, Primuharsa Putra SH
    Ear Nose Throat J, 2014 Jun;93(6):E33-5.
    PMID: 24932827
    Schwannomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are quite rare, especially in the nasal vestibule. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with a 2-month history of progressively worsening right-sided epistaxis and nasal blockage. Rigid nasoendoscopy showed a mobile, smooth, globular mass occupying the right nasal vestibule. The mass arose from the lateral nasal wall and impinged on the anterior part of the middle turbinate posteriorly. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses showed a 3.8 × 1.7-cm enhancing mass in the right nostril. The mass obliterated the nasal cavity and caused mild deviation of the septum. The preoperative histopathologic examination showed positivity for vimentin and S-100 protein, suggesting a diagnosis of schwannoma. The patient underwent an intranasal laser-assisted excision biopsy. The histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and no recurrence was seen in the follow-up period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nose Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  11. Rare embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of external acoustic canal: a case report and literature review
    Eksan MS, Noorizan Y, Chew YK, Noorafidah MD, Asma A
    Am J Otolaryngol, 2014 Nov-Dec;35(6):814-5.
    PMID: 25128187 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.07.009
    Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of external ear canal is very rare, even in the pediatric population. We report an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of external acoustic canal, occurring in a 12-year-old Chinese girl who presented with left ear canal mass. Wide local excision of the mass was done under local anesthesia. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis. She then underwent 20 cycles of radiotherapy. CECT scan post treatment showed clearance of tumor cell. Now, patient is disease free for 5 years. We believe that early diagnosis followed by complete resection of the tumor with clear margin and radiotherapy improves the prognosis of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ear Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  12. Breast cancer detection from MR images through an auto-probing discrete Fourier transform system
    Sim KS, Chia FK, Nia ME, Tso CP, Chong AK, Abbas SF, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2014 Jun;49:46-59.
    PMID: 24736203 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.03.003
    A computer-aided detection auto-probing (CADAP) system is presented for detecting breast lesions using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, through a spatial-based discrete Fourier transform. The stand-alone CADAP system reduces noise, refines region of interest (ROI) automatically, and detects the breast lesion with minimal false positive detection. The lesions are then classified and colourised according to their characteristics, whether benign, suspicious or malignant. To enhance the visualisation, the entire analysed ROI is constructed into a 3-D image, so that the user can diagnose based on multiple views on the ROI. The proposed method has been applied to 101 sets of digital images, and the results compared with the biopsy results done by radiologists. The proposed scheme is able to identify breast cancer regions accurately and efficiently.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  13. Fulltext Congenital mature cystic teratoma of the lateral neck presenting as cystic hygroma: a rare case report with literature review
    Win TT, Razy N, Hamid S, Ubramanian AB, Ramalinggam G
    Turk Patoloji Derg, 2014;30(3):220-4.
    PMID: 24715558 DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2013.01220
    Teratoma of the neck is a rare extra-gonadal teratoma. Although it can be seen in adult, most of the cases present in fetal life or early childhood. Grading and classification of teratoma is important for management and prognosis. Decision making between mature and immature teratoma is sometime challenging if it is not composed of extensive unusual neuroectodermal tissue component. We reported a rare case of huge congenital mature cystic teratoma composted of various neuroectodermal tissues in an 8-month-old boy; it was located at the lateral neck and mimicked congenital cystic hygroma. A literature review was done to grade and classify the tumour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  14. Fulltext The decision-making journey of Malaysian women with early breast cancer: a qualitative study
    Abdullah A, Abdullah KL, Yip CH, Teo SH, Taib NA, Ng CJ
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(12):7143-7.
    PMID: 24460266
    BACKGROUND: The survival outcomes for women presenting with early breast cancer are influenced by treatment decisions. In Malaysia, survival outcome is generally poor due to late presentation. Of those who present early, many refuse treatment for complementary therapy.
    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the decision making experiences of women with early breast cancer.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study using individual in-depth interviews was conducted to capture the decision making process of women with early breast cancer in Malaysia. We used purposive sampling to recruit women yet to undergo surgical treatment. A total of eight participants consented and were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. These women were recruited from a period of one week after they were informed of their diagnoses. A topic guide, based on the Ottawa decision support framework (ODSF), was used to facilitate the interviews, which were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach.
    RESULTS: We identified four phases in the decision-making process of women with early breast cancer: discovery (pre-diagnosis); confirmatory ('receiving bad news'); deliberation; and decision (making a decision). These phases ranged from when women first discovered abnormalities in their breasts to them making final surgical treatment decisions. Information was vital in guiding these women. Support from family members, friends, healthcare professionals as well as survivors also has an influencing role. However, the final say on treatment decision was from themselves.
    CONCLUSIONS: The treatment decision for women with early breast cancer in Malaysia is a result of information they gather on their decision making journey. This journey starts with diagnosis. The women's spouses, friends, family members and healthcare professionals play different roles as information providers and supporters at different stages of treatment decisions. However, the final treatment decision is influenced mainly by women's own experiences, knowledge and understanding.
    Study site: Breast surgical units, Klang Valley, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
  15. Fulltext Probable hepatic tuberculosis masquerading as Klatskin tumour in an immunocompetent patient
    Hanafiah M, Alhabshi SM, Bag T, Low SF
    BMJ Case Rep, 2013;2013.
    PMID: 24343799 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-010262
    A 55-year-old immunocompetent woman was presented with features of obstructive jaundice and a clinicoradiological picture suggestive of a hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumour). However, caseating granulomatous lesion associated with miliary nodules were revealed intraoperatively. The lesion responded to standard antituberculous therapy. This unusual presentation highlights the considerable diagnostic challenge in such case.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bile Duct Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  16. Primary biliary cirrhosis and auto immune hepatitis overlap syndrome mimicking cholangiocarcinoma
    Adel A, Zamri Z, Azlanuddin A, Bong JJ
    Clin Ter, 2013;164(6):e493-5.
    PMID: 24424229 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2013.1643
    Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) and Auto Immune Hepatitis (AIH) are autoimmune diseases of the liver which highlighted with slow destructive process of intra hepatic small bile ducts. As a result of these damages cholestasis and over the time tissue damage will happen, which leads to scarring, fibrosis and finally cirrhosis. Some patients may present with clinical and biochemical features of both conditions, which is called "Overlap syndrome". Here we are reporting a case of PBC-AIH overlap syndrome that primarily diagnosed as gallbladder carcinoma and went under operation and finally histological examination revealed to be PBC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bile Duct Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  17. Highly sensitive covalently functionalised integrated silicon nanowire biosensor devices for detection of cancer risk biomarker
    Mohd Azmi MA, Tehrani Z, Lewis RP, Walker KA, Jones DR, Daniels DR, et al.
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2014 Feb 15;52:216-24.
    PMID: 24060972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.030
    In this article we present ultra-sensitive, silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based biosensor devices for the detection of disease biomarkers. An electrochemically induced functionalisation method has been employed to graft antibodies targeted against the prostate cancer risk biomarker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) to SiNW surfaces. The antibody-functionalised SiNW sensor has been used to detect binding of the 8-OHdG biomarker to the SiNW surface within seconds of exposure. Detection of 8-OHdG concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml (3.5 nM) has been demonstrated. The active device has been bonded to a disposable printed circuit which can be inserted into an electronic readout system as part of an integrated Point of Care (POC) diagnostic. The speed, sensitivity and ease of detection of biomarkers using SiNW sensors render them ideal for eventual POC diagnostics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  18. Fulltext Evaluation of a worksite cervical screening initiative to increase Pap smear uptake in Malaysia: a cluster randomized controlled trial
    Abdullah F, O'Rorke M, Murray L, Su TT
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:572126.
    PMID: 24073411 DOI: 10.1155/2013/572126
    BACKGROUND: Despite the significant burden of cervical cancer, Malaysia like many middle-income countries relies on opportunistic cervical screening as opposed to a more organized population-based program. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of a worksite screening initiative upon Papanicolaou smear test (Pap test) uptake among educated working women in Malaysia.

    METHODS: 403 female teachers who never or infrequently attended for a Pap test from 40 public secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur were recruited into a cluster randomized trial conducted between January and November 2010. The intervention group participated in a worksite cervical screening initiative whilst the control group received usual care from the existing cervical screening program. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the impact of the intervention program on Pap smear uptake after 24 weeks of followup.

    RESULTS: The proportion of women attending for a Pap test was significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group (18.1% versus 10.1%, P value < 0.05) with the worksite screening initiative doubling the Pap smear uptake, adjusted odds ratio 2.44 (95% CI: 1.29-4.62).

    CONCLUSION: Worksite health promotion interventions can effectively increase cervical smear uptake rates among eligible workers in middle-income countries. Policy makers and health care providers in these countries should include such interventions in strategies for reducing cervical cancer burden. This trial is registered with IRCT201103186088N1.

    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  19. Differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions using quantitative diffusion-weighted sequence on 3 T MRI
    Tan SL, Rahmat K, Rozalli FI, Mohd-Shah MN, Aziz YF, Yip CH, et al.
    Clin Radiol, 2014 Jan;69(1):63-71.
    PMID: 24156797 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.08.007
    To investigate the capability and diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions using 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis*
  20. The effects of metformin on ovarian cancer: a systematic review
    Dilokthornsakul P, Chaiyakunapruk N, Termrungruanglert W, Pratoomsoot C, Saokaew S, Sruamsiri R
    Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer, 2013 Nov;23(9):1544-51.
    PMID: 24172091 DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0b013e3182a80a21
    OBJECTIVE: The potential therapeutic effects of metformin on several cancers were reported. However, the evidence of the effects of metformin on ovarian cancer is still limited and inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aim to summarize the existing evidence of the therapeutic effects of metformin on ovarian cancer.

    METHODS: We performed systematic searches using electronic databases including PubMed and EMBASE until December 2012. Key words included "metformin" AND ("ovarian cancer" OR "ovary tumor"). All human studies assessing the effects of metformin on ovarian cancer were eligible for inclusion. All articles were reviewed independently by 2 authors with a standardized approach for the purpose of study, study design, patient characteristics, exposure, and outcomes. The data were pooled using a random-effects model.

    RESULTS: Of 190 studies retrieved, only 3 observational studies and 1 report of 2 randomized controlled trials were included. Among those studies, 2 reported the effects of metformin on survival outcomes of ovarian cancer, whereas the other 2 reported the effects of metformin on ovarian cancer prevention. The findings of studies reporting the effects on survival outcomes indicated that metformin may prolong overall, disease-specific, and progression-free survival in ovarian cancer patients. The results of studies reporting the effects of metformin on ovarian cancer prevention were meta-analyzed. It indicated that metformin tended to decrease occurrence of ovarian cancer among diabetic patients with the pooled odds ratio of 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-1.99).

    CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed the potential therapeutic effects of metformin on survival outcomes of ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer prevention. However, most of the evidence was observational studies. There is a call for further well-conducted controlled clinical trials to confirm the effects of metformin on ovarian cancer survival and ovarian cancer prevention.

    Matched MeSH terms: Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis
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