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  1. Fulltext Temporal and spatial dynamics of Bacteria, Archaea and protists in equatorial coastal waters
    Chénard C, Wijaya W, Vaulot D, Lopes Dos Santos A, Martin P, Kaur A, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2019 Nov 08;9(1):16390.
    PMID: 31704973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52648-x
    Singapore, an equatorial island in South East Asia, is influenced by a bi-annual reversal of wind directions which defines two monsoon seasons. We characterized the dynamics of the microbial communities of Singapore coastal waters by collecting monthly samples between February 2017 and July 2018 at four sites located across two straits with different trophic status, and sequencing the V6-V8 region of the small sub-unit ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA gene) of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Johor Strait, which is subjected to wider environmental fluctuations from anthropogenic activities, presented a higher abundance of copiotrophic microbes, including Cellvibrionales and Rhodobacterales. The mesotrophic Singapore Strait, where the seasonal variability is caused by changes in the oceanographic conditions, harboured a higher proportion of typically marine microbe groups such as Synechococcales, Nitrosupumilales, SAR11, SAR86, Marine Group II Archaea and Radiolaria. In addition, we observed seasonal variability of the microbial communities in the Singapore Strait, which was possibly influenced by the alternating monsoon regime, while no seasonal pattern was detected in the Johor Strait.
    Matched MeSH terms: Archaea/genetics; Bacteria/genetics; Eukaryota/genetics
  2. Fulltext Understanding Glioblastoma Biomarkers: Knocking a Mountain with a Hammer
    Hassn Mesrati M, Behrooz AB, Y Abuhamad A, Syahir A
    Cells, 2020 05 16;9(5).
    PMID: 32429463 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051236
    Gliomas are the most frequent and deadly form of human primary brain tumors. Among them, the most common and aggressive type is the high-grade glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which rapidly grows and renders patients a very poor prognosis. Meanwhile, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been determined in gliomas and play vital roles in driving tumor growth due to their competency in self-renewal and proliferation. Studies of gliomas have recognized CSCs via specific markers. This review comprehensively examines the current knowledge of the most significant CSCs markers in gliomas in general and in glioblastoma in particular and specifically focuses on their outlook and importance in gliomas CSCs research. We suggest that CSCs should be the superior therapeutic approach by directly targeting the markers. In addition, we highlight the association of these markers with each other in relation to their cascading pathways, and interactions with functional miRNAs, providing the role of the networks axes in glioblastoma signaling pathways.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/genetics; Glioblastoma/genetics; MicroRNAs/genetics
  3. Mitochondrial diversity of Musca domestica housefly populations in the Asian and western Pacific biogeographical regions
    Marquez JG, Bangs MJ, Krafsur ES
    Med Vet Entomol, 2003 Dec;17(4):429-35.
    PMID: 14651658
    Houseflies (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) are cosmopolitan, colonizing, and eusynanthropic. Their distribution in the Malaysian archipelago provides an opportunity to study successive waves of colonization and extinction during the Pleistocene and Recent epochs. We scored single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) at 16S2 and COII mitochondrial loci in 47 housefly samples from the Australian, Austro-Malayan, Indo-Malayan, Manchurian and Indo-Chinese subregions of Wallace's zoogeographical classification. We discuss the results in light of the Pleistocene vs. post-Pleistocene dispersal and faunal exchange in the Asia-Pacific area. Fourteen haplotypes were detected, of which 10 were confined to a single subregion. No haplotype was ubiquitous and only one was found in four subregions. Population diversity, HS, was greatest in the Indo-Malayan (0.36) and heterogeneous among subregions. The mean subregional diversity was 0.21 +/- 0.03, representing the probability that two randomly chosen flies, from any subregion, had different haplotypes. The hierarchical partition of diversity indicated restricted maternal gene flow among subregions (GRT = 0.60, Nm approximately 0.32). These results suggest long-standing genetic isolation of houseflies in the Malaysian archipelago and support the hypothesis that they dispersed widely during the Pleistocene. Haplotypes common among mainland populations but shared with island groups in low frequencies (<1%) indicate surprisingly little recent gene flow.
    Matched MeSH terms: DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics*; Genetics, Population; Houseflies/genetics*
  4. Fulltext Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in the Development of Atherosclerosis among Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
    Samah N, Ugusman A, Hamid AA, Sulaiman N, Aminuddin A
    Mediators Inflamm, 2023;2023:9715114.
    PMID: 37457745 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9715114
    Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a caused by atherosclerotic plaque buildup in the coronary arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidase that is involved in various stages of atherosclerosis as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. MMP-2 is associated with both stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaque formation. The current review aimed to identify the role of MMP-2 in atherosclerosis development among CAD patients. Literature search was conducted through four online databases and only studies that were published from 2018 until February 2023 were included. The risk of bias was assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A total of 10,622 articles were initially identified, and only eight studies that fulfilled the selection criteria were included in this review. The results showed that MMP-2 levels and activity were higher in patients with unstable CAD than those with stable CAD and healthy subjects. There was a significant association between MMP-2 levels and cardiovascular disease with MMP-14 levels, which is a pro-MMP-2 activator. In addition, two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MMP-2 gene (rs243865 and rs243866) were significantly associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, MMP-2 plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis among patients with CAD and could be a potential target for CAD therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/genetics; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
  5. MicroRNA regulation of CTP synthase and cytoophidium in Drosophila melanogaster
    Dzaki N, Woo WK, Thangadurai S, Azzam G
    Exp Cell Res, 2019 12 15;385(2):111688.
    PMID: 31678212 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111688
    CTPsyn is a crucial metabolic enzyme which synthesizes CTP nucleotides. It has the extraordinary ability to compartmentalize into filaments termed cytoophidia. Though the structure is evolutionarily conserved across kingdoms, the mechanisms behind their formation remain unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNA capable of directing mRNA silencing and degradation. D. melanogaster has a high total gene count to miRNA gene number ratio, alluding to the possibility that CTPsyn too may come under their regulation. A thorough miRNA overexpression involving 123 miRNAs was conducted, followed by CTPsyn-specific staining upon cytoophidia-rich egg chambers. This revealed a small group of candidates which confer either a lengthening or truncating effect on cytoophidia, suggesting they may play a role in regulating CTPsyn. MiR-975 and miR-1014 are both cytoophidia-elongating, whereas miR-190 and miR-932 are cytoophidia-shortening. Though target prediction shows that miR-975 and miR-932 do indeed have binding sites on CTPsyn mRNA, in vitro assays instead revealed a low probability of this being true, instead indicating that the effects asserted by overexpressed miRNAs indirectly reach CTPsyn and its cytoophidia through the actions of middling elements. In silico target prediction and qPCR quantification indicated that, at least for miR-932 and miR-1014, these undetermined elements may be players in fat metabolism. This is the first study to thoroughly investigate miRNAs in connection to CTPsyn expression and activity in any species. The findings presented could serve as a basis for further queries into not only the fundamental aspects of the enzyme's regulation, but may uncover new facets of closely related pathways as well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases/genetics; Drosophila Proteins/genetics; MicroRNAs/genetics
  6. RUNX1/ETO regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in t(8,21) acute myeloid leukaemia via FLT3 and RAC1
    Azlan A, Khor KZ, Rajasegaran Y, Rosli AA, Said MSM, Yusoff NM, et al.
    Med Oncol, 2023 Jun 21;40(7):208.
    PMID: 37341821 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02075-w
    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is crucial for leukaemogenesisand deregulation would hamper leukaemic progression. Although the regulatory effects of RUNX1/ETO has been extensively studied, its underlying molecular mechanims in ROS production in t(8,21) AML is yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that RUNX1/ETO could directly control FLT3 by occupying several DNA elements on FLT3 locus. The possible hijacking mechanism by RUNX1/ETO over FLT3 mediated ROS modulation in AML t(8;21) was made apparent when suppression of RUNX1/ETO led to decrement in ROS levels and the direct oxidative marker FOXO3 but not in FLT3 and RAC1 suppressed t(8,21) AML cell line Furthermore, nuclear import of RUNX1/ETO was aberrated following RUNX1/ETO and RAC1 suppression suggesting association in ROS control. A different picture was depicted in non t(8;21) cells where suppression of RAC1 and FLT3 led to decreased levels of FOXO3a and ROS. Results alltogether indicate a possible dysregulation of ROS levels by RUNX1/ETO in t(8,21) AML.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
  7. Fulltext Recent Progress in Genetics and Epigenetics Research on Diabetic Nephropathy in Malaysia
    Abu Seman N, Othman SH
    J Diabetes Res, 2023;2023:9053580.
    PMID: 37187702 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9053580
    Diabetic nephropathy is a multifactorial disease. Gene susceptibility, as well as environmental exposure, plays an important role in disease progression. Malaysia is reported to be among the world's second-fastest-growing rates of kidney failure. Diabetic nephropathy has become the main cause of end-stage renal disease in Malaysia. This article is aimed at reviewing genetic studies conducted among diabetic nephropathy patients in the Malaysian population. This review was conducted by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases to identify all relevant papers published in English from March 2022 to April 2022, using the following keywords: diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease, and Malaysia. The case-control study among diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy showed a significant association with diabetic nephropathy in CNDP1, NOS3, and MnSOD genes. In the ethnic subgroup analysis, significant differences for diabetic nephropathy in terms of diabetes duration (≥10 years) were observed for CCL2 rs3917887, CCR5 rs1799987, ELMO1 rs74130, and IL8 rs4073. The IL8 rs4073 was associated only with the Indians, while the CCR5 rs1799987 was associated with the Chinese. In Malays, SLC12A3 Arg913Gln polymorphism and ICAM1 K469E (A/G) polymorphism were found to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. Studies on gene-environment interactions have suggested significant genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, waist circumference, and sex for eNOS rs2070744, PPARGC1A rs8192678, KCNQ1 rs2237895, and KCNQ1 rs2283228 with kidney disease. The genetic variants' contributions differed across ethnic groups. Therefore, a study to validate the genetic variants that are found to be associated with different ethnicities in Malaysia may be important in future studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Interleukin-8/genetics; KCNQ1 Potassium Channel/genetics; Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3/genetics
  8. Fulltext Unravelling the genetic links between Parkinson's disease and lung cancer
    Leong YQ, Koh RY, Chye SM, Ng KY
    Biol Chem, 2023 May 25;404(6):551-567.
    PMID: 36634094 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0228
    Increase evidence from epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and lung cancer. PD and lung cancer are both geriatric diseases, where these two diseases are sharing some common genetic determinants. Several PD-associated genes including alpha synuclein (SNCA), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin, parkinsonism associated deglycase (DJ-1), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), F-box protein 7 (FBXO7) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) were reported to have altered expressions in lung cancer patients. This indicates that certain PD-associated genes might be important in conferring anticancer effects. This review aims to depict the physiological functions of these genes, and discuss the putative roles of these PD-associated genes in lung cancer. The understanding of the roles of these genes in the lung cancer progression might be important in the identification of new treatment targets for lung cancer. Gene therapy that aims to alter the expressions of these genes could be developed for future anticancer therapy. As a result, studying the roles of these genes in lung cancer may also help to understand their involvements as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of PD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics; Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2/genetics
  9. Fulltext Circadian oscillations of cytosolic free calcium regulate the Arabidopsis circadian clock
    Martí Ruiz MC, Hubbard KE, Gardner MJ, Jung HJ, Aubry S, Hotta CT, et al.
    Nat Plants, 2018 Sep;4(9):690-698.
    PMID: 30127410 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0224-8
    In the last decade, the view of circadian oscillators has expanded from transcriptional feedback to incorporate post-transcriptional, post-translational, metabolic processes and ionic signalling. In plants and animals, there are circadian oscillations in the concentration of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt), though their purpose has not been fully characterized. We investigated whether circadian oscillations of [Ca2+]cyt regulate the circadian oscillator of Arabidopsis thaliana. We report that in Arabidopsis, [Ca2+]cyt circadian oscillations can regulate circadian clock function through the Ca2+-dependent action of CALMODULIN-LIKE24 (CML24). Genetic analyses demonstrate a linkage between CML24 and the circadian oscillator, through pathways involving the circadian oscillator gene TIMING OF CAB2 EXPRESSION1 (TOC1).
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics; Arabidopsis/genetics; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
  10. Fulltext Molecular characterization and comparative sequence analysis of defense-related gene, Oryza rufipogon receptor-like protein kinase 1
    Law YS, Gudimella R, Song BK, Ratnam W, Harikrishna JA
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(7):9343-9362.
    PMID: 22942769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13079343
    Many of the plant leucine rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) have been found to regulate signaling during plant defense processes. In this study, we selected and sequenced an LRR-RLK gene, designated as Oryza rufipogon receptor-like protein kinase 1 (OrufRPK1), located within yield QTL yld1.1 from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon (accession IRGC105491). A 2055 bp coding region and two exons were identified. Southern blotting determined OrufRPK1 to be a single copy gene. Sequence comparison with cultivated rice orthologs (OsI219RPK1, OsI9311RPK1 and OsJNipponRPK1, respectively derived from O. sativa ssp. indica cv. MR219, O. sativa ssp. indica cv. 9311 and O. sativa ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare) revealed the presence of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with five non-synonymous substitutions, and 23 insertion/deletion sites. The biological role of the OrufRPK1 as a defense related LRR-RLK is proposed on the basis of cDNA sequence characterization, domain subfamily classification, structural prediction of extra cellular domains, cluster analysis and comparative gene expression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Proteins/genetics*; Protein Kinases/genetics*; Oryza/genetics*
  11. Fulltext Stem cell heterogeneity of mononucleated cells from murine peripheral blood: molecular analysis
    Yazid MD, Zainal Ariffin SH, Senafi S, Zainal Ariffin Z, Megat Abdul Wahab R
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2011;11:2150-9.
    PMID: 22125464 DOI: 10.1100/2011/340278
    The main purpose of this paper was to determine the heterogeneity of primary isolated mononucleated cells that originated from the peripheral blood system by observing molecular markers. The isolated cells were cultured in complete medium for 4 to 7 days prior to the separation of different cell types, that is, adherent and suspension. Following a total culture time of 14 days, adherent cells activated the Cd105 gene while suspension cells activated the Sca-1 gene. Both progenitor markers, Cbfa-1 and Ostf-1, were inactivated in both suspension and adherent cells after 14-day culture compared to cells cultured 3 days in designated differentiation medium. In conclusion, molecular analyses showed that primary mononucleated cells are heterogeneous, consisting of hematopoietic stem cells (suspension) and mesenchymal stem cells (adherent) while both cells contained no progenitor cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antigens, Ly/genetics; Membrane Proteins/genetics; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
  12. Unleashing Breast Cancer Progression: miR-455-5p's Targeting of SOCS3 Drives Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion
    Li X, Peng B, Li J, Tian M, He L
    Protein Pept Lett, 2023;30(12):992-1000.
    PMID: 38013437 DOI: 10.2174/0109298665245603231106050224
    OBJECTIVES: We aim to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of miR-455-5p/SOCS3 pathway that underlie the proliferation, migration, and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells.

    METHODS: Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect miR-455-5p expression in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. CCK8 and Transwell assays were conducted to assess the effects of miR-455-5p on breast cancer line proliferation, migration, and invasion. SOCS3 expression level in breast cancer tissues and cell lines was determined by qPCR and western blotting. The targeting relationship between miR-455-5p and SOCS3 was determined by dual luciferase reporter gene assay in different breast cancer cell lines. Finally, the upstream and downstream regulatory association between miR-455-5p and SOCS3 was confirmed in breast cancer cells by CCK8, western blot, and Transwell assays.

    RESULTS: MiR-455-5p expression was up-regulated in breast cancer tissues; miR-455-5p regulates TNBC proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC. SOCS3 was the direct target of miR-455-5p and was down-regulated in breast cancer. Interference with SOCS3 reversed the inhibitory effect of the miR-455-5p inhibitor on breast cancer cells' malignant potential.

    CONCLUSION: MiR-455-5p promotes breast cancer progression by targeting the SOCS3 pathway and may be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Movement/genetics; Cell Proliferation/genetics; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/genetics
  13. Integrative analysis of chloroplast DNA methylation in a marine alga-Saccharina japonica
    Teng L, Han W, Fan X, Zhang X, Xu D, Wang Y, et al.
    Plant Mol Biol, 2021 Apr;105(6):611-623.
    PMID: 33528753 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01113-9
    We applied an integrative approach using multiple methods to verify cytosine methylation in the chloroplast DNA of the multicellular brown alga Saccharina japonica. Cytosine DNA methylation is a heritable process which plays important roles in regulating development throughout the life cycle of an organism. Although methylation of nuclear DNA has been studied extensively, little is known about the state and role of DNA methylation in chloroplast genomes, especially in marine algae. Here, we have applied an integrated approach encompassing whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation, gene co-expression networks and photophysiological analyses to provide evidence for the role of chloroplast DNA methylation in a marine alga, the multicellular brown alga Saccharina japonica. Although the overall methylation level was relatively low in the chloroplast genome of S. japonica, gametophytes exhibited higher methylation levels than sporophytes. Gene-specific bisulfite-cloning sequencing provided additional evidence for the methylation of key photosynthetic genes. Many of them were highly expressed in sporophytes whereas genes involved in transcription, translation and biosynthesis were strongly expressed in gametophytes. Nucleus-encoded photosynthesis genes were co-expressed with their chloroplast-encoded counterparts potentially contributing to the higher photosynthetic performance in sporophytes compared to gametophytes where these co-expression networks were less pronounced. A nucleus-encoded DNA methyltransferase of the DNMT2 family is assumed to be responsible for the methylation of the chloroplast genome because it is predicted to possess a plastid transit peptide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Phaeophyta/genetics*; Chloroplasts/genetics; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics*
  14. Fulltext Introgression of heat shock protein (Hsp70 and sHsp) genes into the Malaysian elite chilli variety Kulai (Capsicum annuum L.) through the application of marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB)
    Usman MG, Rafii MY, Martini MY, Yusuff OA, Ismail MR, Miah G
    Cell Stress Chaperones, 2018 Mar;23(2):223-234.
    PMID: 28812232 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0836-3
    Backcrossing together with simple sequence repeat marker strategy was adopted to improve popular Malaysian chilli Kulai (Capsicum annuum L.) for heat tolerance. The use of molecular markers in backcross breeding and selection contributes significantly to overcoming the main drawbacks such as increase linkage drag and time consumption, in the ancient manual breeding approach (conventional), and speeds up the genome recovery of the recurrent parent. The strategy was adopted to introgress heat shock protein gene(s) from AVPP0702 (C. annuum L.), which are heat-tolerant, into the genetic profile of Kulai, a popular high-yielding chilli but which is heat sensitive. The parents were grown on seed trays, and parental screening was carried out with 252 simple sequence repeat markers. The selected parents were crossed and backcrossed to generate F1 hybrids and backcross generations. Sixty-eight markers appeared to be polymorphic and were used to assess the backcross generation; BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC3F1. The average recipient allele of the selected four BC1F1 plants was 80.75% which were used to produce the BC2F1 generation. BC1-P7 was the best BC1F1 plant because it had the highest recovery at 83.40% and was positive to Hsp-linked markers (Hsp70-u2 and AGi42). After three successive generations of backcrossing, the average genome recovery of the recurrent parent in the selected plants in BC3F1 was 95.37%. Hsp gene expression analysis was carried out on BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC3F1 selected lines. The Hsp genes were found to be up-regulated when exposed to heat treatment. The pattern of Hsp expression in the backcross generations was similar to that of the donor parent. This confirms the successful introgression of a stress-responsive gene (Hsp) into a Kulai chilli pepper variety. Furthermore, the yield performance viz. plant height, number of fruits, fruit length and weight and total yield of the improved plant were similar with the recurrent parent except that the plant height was significantly lower than the Kulai (recurrent) parent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Capsicum/genetics*; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics*; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
  15. Fulltext FineMAV: prioritizing candidate genetic variants driving local adaptations in human populations
    Szpak M, Mezzavilla M, Ayub Q, Chen Y, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C
    Genome Biol, 2018 Jan 17;19(1):5.
    PMID: 29343290 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1380-2
    We present a new method, Fine-Mapping of Adaptive Variation (FineMAV), which combines population differentiation, derived allele frequency, and molecular functionality to prioritize positively selected candidate variants for functional follow-up. We calibrate and test FineMAV using eight experimentally validated "gold standard" positively selected variants and simulations. FineMAV has good sensitivity and a low false discovery rate. Applying FineMAV to the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 SNP dataset, we report many novel selected variants, including ones in TGM3 and PRSS53 associated with hair phenotypes that we validate using available independent data. FineMAV is widely applicable to sequence data from both human and other species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adaptation, Biological/genetics*; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics
  16. Fulltext Zebrafish: A Versatile Animal Model for Fertility Research
    Hoo JY, Kumari Y, Shaikh MF, Hue SM, Goh BH
    Biomed Res Int, 2016;2016:9732780.
    PMID: 27556045 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9732780
    The utilization of zebrafish in biomedical research is very common in the research world nowadays. Today, it has emerged as a favored vertebrate organism for the research in science of reproduction. There is a significant growth in amount numbers of scientific literature pertaining to research discoveries in reproductive sciences in zebrafish. It has implied the importance of zebrafish in this particular field of research. In essence, the current available literature has covered from the very specific brain region or neurons of zebrafish, which are responsible for reproductive regulation, until the gonadal level of the animal. The discoveries and findings have proven that this small animal is sharing a very close/similar reproductive system with mammals. More interestingly, the behavioral characteristics and along with the establishment of animal courtship behavior categorization in zebrafish have laid an even stronger foundation and firmer reason on the suitability of zebrafish utilization in research of reproductive sciences. In view of the immense importance of this small animal for the development of reproductive sciences, this review aimed at compiling and describing the proximate close similarity of reproductive regulation on zebrafish and human along with factors contributing to the infertility, showing its versatility and its potential usage for fertility research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fertility/genetics*; Reproduction/genetics*; Zebrafish/genetics*
  17. Fulltext Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
    Dang K, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G, Lee CY
    Parasit Vectors, 2017 Jun 29;10(1):318.
    PMID: 28662724 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3
    The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.)] over the past two decades is believed in large part to be due to the development of insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic and genomic studies since 2010, as well as morphological, biochemical and behavioral studies, have helped insecticide resistance research on bed bugs. Multiple resistance mechanisms, including penetration resistance through thickening or remodelling of the cuticle, metabolic resistance by increased activities of detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases), and knockdown resistance by kdr mutations, have been experimentally identified as conferring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Other candidate resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases by point mutations, glutathione S-transferase, target site insensitivity including altered AChEs, GABA receptor insensitivity and altered nAChRs), symbiont-mediated resistance and other potential, yet undiscovered mechanisms may exist. This article reviews recent studies of resistance mechanisms and the genes governing insecticide resistance, potential candidate resistance mechanisms, and methods of monitoring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. This article provides an insight into the knowledge essential for the development of both insecticide resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for successful bed bug management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bedbugs/genetics*; Glutathione Transferase/genetics*; Insecticide Resistance/genetics*
  18. Fulltext Genetic analyses favour an ancient and natural origin of elephants on Borneo
    Sharma R, Goossens B, Heller R, Rasteiro R, Othman N, Bruford MW, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2018 01 17;8(1):880.
    PMID: 29343863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17042-5
    The origin of the elephant on the island of Borneo remains elusive. Research has suggested two alternative hypotheses: the Bornean elephant stems either from a recent introduction in the 17th century or from an ancient colonization several hundreds of thousands years ago. Lack of elephant fossils has been interpreted as evidence for a very recent introduction, whereas mtDNA divergence from other Asian elephants has been argued to favor an ancient colonization. We investigated the demographic history of Bornean elephants using full-likelihood and approximate Bayesian computation analyses. Our results are at odds with both the recent and ancient colonization hypotheses, and favour a third intermediate scenario. We find that genetic data favour a scenario in which Bornean elephants experienced a bottleneck during the last glacial period, possibly as a consequence of the colonization of Borneo, and from which it has slowly recovered since. Altogether the data support a natural colonization of Bornean elephants at a time when large terrestrial mammals could colonise from the Sunda shelf when sea levels were much lower. Our results are important not only in understanding the unique history of the colonization of Borneo by elephants, but also for their long-term conservation.
    Matched MeSH terms: DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics; Elephants/genetics*; Genetic Variation/genetics
  19. Fulltext DNA fingerprinting, fixation-index (Fst), and admixture mapping of selected Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) accessions using ISSR markers system
    Khan MMH, Rafii MY, Ramlee SI, Jusoh M, Al Mamun M, Halidu J
    Sci Rep, 2021 Jul 15;11(1):14527.
    PMID: 34267249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93867-5
    As a new crop in Malaysia, forty-four Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. verdc.) genotypes were sampled from eleven distinct populations of different origins to explore the genetic structure, genetic inconsistency, and fixation index. The Bambara groundnut, an African underutilized legume, has the capacity to boost food and nutrition security while simultaneously addressing environmental sustainability, food availability, and economic inequalities. A set of 32 ISSRs were screened out of 96 primers based on very sharp, clear, and reproducible bands which detected a total of 510 loci with an average of 97.64% polymorphism. The average calculated value of PIC = 0.243, RP = 5.30, H = 0.285, and MI = 0.675 representing the efficiency of primer set for genetic differentiation among the genotypes. The ISSR primers revealed the number of alleles (Na = 1.97), the effective number of alleles (Ne = 1.38), Nei's genetic diversity (h = 0.248), and a moderate level of gene flow (Nm = 2.26) across the genotypes studied. The estimated Shannon's information index (I = 0.395) indicates a high level of genetic variation exists among the accessions. Based on Nei's genetic dissimilarity a UPMGA phylogenetic tree was constructed and grouped the entire genotypes into 3 major clusters and 6 subclusters. PCA analysis revealed that first principal component extracted maximum variation (PC1 = 13.92%) than second principal component (PC2 = 12.59%). Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis assembled the genotypes into 3 (best ΔK = 3) genetic groups. The fixation-index (Fst) analysis narrated a very great genetic diversity (Fst = 0.19 to 0.40) exists within the accessions of these 3 clusters. This investigation specifies the effectiveness of the ISSR primers system for the molecular portrayal of V. subterranea genotypes that could be used for genetic diversity valuation, detection, and tagging of potential genotypes with quick, precise, and authentic measures for this crop improvement through effective breeding schemes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics; Vigna/genetics*
  20. Fulltext Genetic analysis and selection of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) landraces for high yield revealed by qualitative and quantitative traits
    Khan MMH, Rafii MY, Ramlee SI, Jusoh M, Al Mamun M
    Sci Rep, 2021 Apr 07;11(1):7597.
    PMID: 33828137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87039-8
    As a crop for the new millennium Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) considered as leading legumes in the tropical regions due to its versatile advantages. The main intent of this study was to find out the high yielding potential genotypes and considering these genotypes to develop pure lines for commercial cultivation in Malaysia. Considering the 14 qualitative and 27 quantitative traits of fifteen landraces the variation and genetic parameters namely, variability, heritability, genetic advance, characters association, and cluster matrix were determined. ANOVA revealed significant variation for all the agronomic traits (except plant height). Among the accessions, highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were found for almost all the traits excluding fifty percent flowering date, seed length, seed width. The 16 traits out of the 27 quantitative traits had a coefficient of variation (CV) ≥ 20%. A positive and intermediate to perfect highly significant association (r = 0.23 to 1.00; P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Fabaceae/genetics; Genetic Variation/genetics; Vigna/genetics*
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