Displaying publications 261 - 280 of 790 in total

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  1. Dua K, Malyla V, Singhvi G, Wadhwa R, Krishna RV, Shukla SD, et al.
    Chem Biol Interact, 2019 Feb 01;299:168-178.
    PMID: 30553721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.009
    Oxidative stress is intensely involved in enhancing the severity of various chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infections and lung cancer. Even though there are various existing anti-inflammatory therapies, which are not enough to control the inflammation caused due to various contributing factors such as anti-inflammatory genes and antioxidant enzymes. This leads to an urgent need of novel drug delivery systems to combat the oxidative stress. This review gives a brief insight into the biological factors involved in causing oxidative stress, one of the emerging hallmark feature in CRDs and particularly, highlighting recent trends in various novel drug delivery carriers including microparticles, microemulsions, microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanocarriers etc which can help in combating the oxidative stress in CRDs and ultimately reducing the disease burden and improving the quality of life with CRDs patients. These carriers improve the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to the target site. However, there is an urgent need for translational studies to validate the drug delivery carriers for clinical administration in the pulmonary clinic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases, Obstructive/drug therapy; Lung Diseases, Obstructive/metabolism; Lung Diseases, Obstructive/pathology*
  2. Noorhafini Abdul Sukur, Narisa Sulaiman Sahari, Abdul Aziz Marwan, Rosmadi Ismail
    MyJurnal
    Sarcoidosis is characterized by formation of inflammatory granulomas affecting all over the body, with pulmonary predilection (1). Neurosarcoidosis is a rare but potentially dangerous manifestation of sarcoidosis. We report a case of disseminated sarcoidosis presenting with a neurological diagnostic dilemma. Worsening mediastinal lymphade- nopathy, together formation of lung and liver nodules making a sarcoidosis diagnosis favourable. Histology from these lesions showed non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. She was treated as a rare case of disseminated sarcoidosis. To date, there is no specific or clear guideline on the management of disseminated sarcoidosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
  3. Thong HK, Sugumaran V, Mohamad Mahbob HB, Tengku Kamalden TMIB
    J Med Life, 2021 8 12;14(3):419-423.
    PMID: 34377211 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0061
    Thromboses of the upper extremity and neck are rare and not as commonly seen as lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Internal jugular vein thrombosis (IJVT) is a serious condition with a potentially fatal outcome. Jugular vein thrombosis refers to the formation of intraluminal thrombi anywhere from the intracranial part of the jugular vein to the junction between the internal jugular vein (IJV) and subclavian vein. The relationship between malignancy and thromboembolic disorders has been well established, as Trousseau first described it in 1865. Tumor cells are known to promote hypercoagulability by expressing tissue factors that activate clotting cascades and procoagulants while promoting interactions between the tumor cells, platelets, and endothelial cells via different cytokines, tumor antigens, and their immune complexes. We are reporting our encounter with a patient who presented with extensive left internal jugular vein thrombosis as the first presenting sign of primary lung malignancy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
  4. Ching SM, Chia YC, Cheong AT
    MyJurnal
    This case report highlights delay in the diagnosis of adenoma carcinoma of the lung in a female patient who has never smoked. It took three months to reach the diagnosis of stage IV lung carcinoma despite the presence of symptoms and an abnormal chest radiograph finding from the beginning. The clinical characteristics and predictors of missed opportunities for an early diagnosis of lung cancer are discussed. In this case, patient and doctor factors contributed to the delay in diagnosis. Thus, early suspicions of lung cancer in a woman with the presence of respiratory symptoms despite being a non-smoker are important in primary care setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms
  5. Ngan CL, Asmawi AA
    Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2018 10;8(5):1527-1544.
    PMID: 29881970 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0550-4
    Inhalation therapy of lipid-based carriers has great potential in direct target towards the root of respiratory diseases, which make them superior over other drug deliveries. With the successful entry of lipid carriers into the target cells, drugs can be absorbed in a sustained release manner and yield extended medicinal effects. Nevertheless, translation of inhalation therapy from laboratory to clinic especially in drug delivery remains a key challenge to the formulators. An ideal drug vehicle should safeguard the drugs from any premature elimination, facilitate cellular uptake, and promote maximum drug absorption with negligible toxicity. Despite knowing that lung treatment can be done via systemic delivery, pulmonary administration is capable of enhancing drug retention within the lungs, while minimizing systemic toxicity with local targeting. Current inhalation therapy of lipid-based carriers can be administered either intratracheally or intranasally to reach deep lung. However, the complex dimensions of lung architectural and natural defense mechanism poise major barriers towards targeted pulmonary delivery. Delivery systems have to be engineered in a way to tackle various diseases according to their biological conditions. This review highlights on the developmental considerations of lipid-based delivery systems cater for the pulmonary intervention of different lung illnesses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung/drug effects; Lung Diseases/drug therapy*
  6. Shahadin MS, Ab Mutalib NS, Latif MT, Greene CM, Hassan T
    Lung Cancer, 2018 04;118:69-75.
    PMID: 29572006 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.016
    Hazardous air pollutants or chemical release into the environment by a variety of natural and/or anthropogenic activities may give adverse effects to human health. Air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), heavy metals and particulate matter (PM) affect number of different human organs, especially the respiratory system. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reported that ambient air pollution is a cause of lung cancer. Recently, the agency has classified outdoor air pollution as well as PM air pollution as Group 1 carcinogens. In addition, several epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between air pollutants to lung cancer risks and mortality. However, there are only a few studies examining the molecular effects of air pollution exposure specifically in lung cancer due to multiple challenges to mimic air pollution exposure in basic experimentation. Another major issue is the lack of adequate adjustments for exposure misclassification as air pollution may differ temporo-spatially and socioeconomically. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the current molecular understanding of air pollution-related lung cancer and potential future direction in this challenging yet important research field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced*; Lung Neoplasms/genetics; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
  7. Moghbel M, Mashohor S, Mahmud R, Saripan MI
    EXCLI J, 2016;15:500-517.
    PMID: 28096782 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-473
    Segmentation of the liver from Computed Tomography (CT) volumes plays an important role during the choice of treatment strategies for liver diseases. Despite lots of attention, liver segmentation remains a challenging task due to the lack of visible edges on most boundaries of the liver coupled with high variability of both intensity patterns and anatomical appearances with all these difficulties becoming more prominent in pathological livers. To achieve a more accurate segmentation, a random walker based framework is proposed that can segment contrast-enhanced livers CT images with great accuracy and speed. Based on the location of the right lung lobe, the liver dome is automatically detected thus eliminating the need for manual initialization. The computational requirements are further minimized utilizing rib-caged area segmentation, the liver is then extracted by utilizing random walker method. The proposed method was able to achieve one of the highest accuracies reported in the literature against a mixed healthy and pathological liver dataset compared to other segmentation methods with an overlap error of 4.47 % and dice similarity coefficient of 0.94 while it showed exceptional accuracy on segmenting the pathological livers with an overlap error of 5.95 % and dice similarity coefficient of 0.91.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
  8. Syadwa AS, Anita ZB
    Med J Malaysia, 2018 08;73(4):190-196.
    PMID: 30121680 MyJurnal
    AIM: Symptomatic relief following palliative radiotherapy for advanced cancers may take a few weeks up to a few months to achieve. Thus, accurate prognostication is important to avoid harm to these patients with limited lifespan. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the median survival and 30-day mortality (30-DM) and factors associated with these parameters in our centre.

    METHODS: Data from 585 eligible patients who received palliative radiotherapy between January 2012 and December 2014 were analysed. Median overall survival was calculated from the commencement of first fraction of the last course of radiotherapy to date of death or when censored. 30-DM was calculated as the proportion of patients who died within 30 days from treatment start date. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate survival. Chi-square test and logistic regression was used to assess the impact of potential prognostic factors on median survival and 30-DM.

    RESULTS: The most common diagnoses were lung and breast cancers and most common irradiated sites were bone and brain. Median survival and 30-DM were 97 days and 22.7% respectively. Primary cancer, age, treatment course, performance status, systemic treatment post radiotherapy and intended radiotherapy treatment completed had an impact on median survival whereas mainly the latter three factors had an impact on 30-DM.

    CONCLUSION: Median survival and factors affecting both survival and 30-DM in our study are comparable to others. However, a 30-DM rate of 22.7% is significantly higher compared to the literature. We need to better select patients who will benefit from palliative radiotherapy in our centre.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis; Lung Neoplasms/mortality; Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy
  9. Capitanio S, Nordin AJ, Noraini AR, Rossetti C
    Eur Respir Rev, 2016 Sep;25(141):247-58.
    PMID: 27581824 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0051-2016
    Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (CT) is an established diagnostic modality that has become an essential imaging tool in oncological practice. However, thanks to its noninvasive nature and its capability to provide physiological information, the main applications of this technique have significantly expanded.(18)F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for PET scanning and demonstrates metabolic activity in various tissues. Since activated inflammatory cells, like malignant cells, predominantly metabolise glucose as a source of energy and increase expression of glucose transporters when activated, FDG-PET/CT can be successfully used to detect and monitor a variety of lung diseases, such as infections and several inflammatory conditions.The added value of FDG-PET/CT as a molecular imaging technique relies on its capability to identify disease in very early stages, long before the appearance of structural changes detectable by conventional imaging. Furthermore, by detecting the active phase of infectious or inflammatory processes, disease progression and treatment efficacy can be monitored.This review will focus on the clinical use of FDG-PET/CT in nonmalignant pulmonary diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung/physiopathology; Lung Diseases/physiopathology
  10. Diong NC, Liu CC, Shih CS, Wu MC, Huang CJ, Hung CF
    World J Surg Oncol, 2022 Nov 26;20(1):370.
    PMID: 36434641 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02833-6
    BACKGROUND: The role of lung surgery in initially unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment remains unclear. We aimed to assess the survival benefits of patients who underwent surgery for regressed or regrown tumors after receiving TKI treatment.

    METHODS: The details of patients diagnosed with unresectable NSCLC treated with TKI followed by lung resection from 2010 to 2020 were retrieved from our database. The primary endpoint was 3-year overall survival (OS), whereas the secondary endpoints were a 2-year progression-free survival (PFS), feasibility, and the safety of pulmonary resection. The statistical tests used were Fisher's exact test, Kruskal Wallis test, Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazards model, and Firth correction.

    RESULTS: Nineteen out of thirty-two patients were selected for the study. The patients underwent lung surgery after confirmed tumor regression (17 [89.5%]) and regrowth (two [10.5%]). All surgeries were performed via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: 14 (73.7%) lobectomies and five (26.3%) sublobar resections after a median duration of 5 months of TKI. Two (10.5%) postoperative complications and no 30-day postoperative mortality were observed. The median postoperative follow-up was 22 months. The 2-year PFS and 3-year OS rates were 43.9% and 61.5%, respectively. Patients who underwent surgery for regressed disease showed a significantly better OS than for regrowth disease (HR=0.086, 95% CI 0.008-0.957, p=0.046). TKI-adjuvant demonstrated a better PFS than non-TKI adjuvant (HR=0.146, 95% CI 0.027-0.782, p=0.025).

    CONCLUSION: Lung surgery after TKI treatment is feasible and safe and prolongs survival via local control and directed consequential therapy. Lung surgery should be adopted in multimodality therapy for initially unresectable NSCLC.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
  11. Singham KT, Wong HO
    Aust N Z J Med, 1979 Apr;9(2):174-6.
    PMID: 287460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1979.tb04323.x
    Findings are reviewed of isolated Patent Ductus Arteriosus after infancy as seen in 181 patients studied at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, during the period 1967 to 1975. The ages of patients ranged from nine months to 54 years. Eighty-two patients underwent cardiac catheterization. More than 50% of patients were above ten years of age; the sex ratio was 1 male: 2.93 females. Thirty-two per cent of the patients had significant effort dyspnoea or were in heart failure. The complications noted were elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, Eisenmenger syndrome, bacterial endocarditis and cardiac failure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung/blood supply*; Lung Diseases/etiology*
  12. Ardila-Gatas J, Sharma G, Nor Hanipah Z, Tu C, Brethauer SA, Aminian A, et al.
    Surg Endosc, 2019 06;33(6):1952-1958.
    PMID: 30367295 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6475-7
    BACKGROUND: Perioperative pulmonary complications are frequent in patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Limited literature exists regarding the safety of bariatric procedures in patients with ILD. This study aims to assess the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of patients with ILD who underwent bariatric surgery at our institution.

    METHODS: After IRB approval, all patients with preoperative diagnosis of ILD who had bariatric surgery at an academic center between 2004 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.

    RESULTS: A total of 25 patients with ILD underwent bariatric surgery: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 17, 68%), sleeve gastrectomy (n = 7, 28%), and adjustable gastric banding (n = 1, 4%). Twenty-one patients (84%) were females. The median age and preoperative body mass index (BMI) were 53 (IQR 42-58) years and 39 (IQR 37-44) kg/m2, respectively. The median operative time and length of stay was 137 (IQR 110-187) min and 3 (IQR 2-5) days, respectively. The 30-day complications were reported in four patients (16%) but there was no pulmonary complication or unplanned admission to the intensive care unit. At 1-year follow-up (85%), the median BMI and excess weight loss were 30 (IQR 25-36) kg/m2 and 67% (IQR 45-100), respectively. Compared to preoperative values, there was significant improvement in the pulmonary function test (PFT) variables at 1 year with respect to forced vital capacity (62% vs 74%; n = 13, p = 0.003), and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (53% vs 66%; n = 10, p = 0.003). Six out of the seven potential lung transplant candidates became eligible for transplantation after weight loss, and one of them had successful lung transplant at 88 months after bariatric surgery.

    CONCLUSION: In our experience, bariatric patients with ILD achieved significant weight loss and improvement in PFT. Bariatric surgery in these higher risk ILD patients appears relatively safe with acceptable perioperative morbidity and improved candidacy for lung transplantation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Transplantation; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/epidemiology*; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/surgery
  13. Dua K, Awasthi R, Madan JR, Chellappan DK, Nalluri BN, Gupta G, et al.
    Panminerva Med, 2018 Dec;60(4):238-240.
    PMID: 29480673 DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.18.03428-6
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung/drug effects; Lung Diseases/drug therapy
  14. Ali MYM, Hanafiah MM, Khan MF
    Sci Total Environ, 2018 Jun 01;626:1-10.
    PMID: 29331833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.080
    This study aimed to measure the equilibrium equivalent radon (EECRn) concentration in an old building (Building-1) and a new building (Building-2) with mechanical ventilation and a natural ventilation system, respectively. Both buildings were located at the campus of University Kebangsaan Malaysia. The concentration of indoor radon was measured at 25 sampling stations using a radon detector model DOSEman PRO. The sampling was conducted for 8 h to represent daily working hours. A correlation of the radon concentration was made with the annual inhalation dose of the occupants at the indoor stations. The equilibrium factor and the annual effective dose on the lung cancer risks of each occupant were calculated at each sampling station. The average equilibrium equivalent radon measured in Building-1 and Building-2 was 2.33 ± 0.99 and 3.17 ± 1.74 Bqm-3, respectively. The equilibrium factor for Building 1 ranged from 0.1053 to 0.2273, and it ranged from 0.1031 to 0.16 for Building 2. The average annual inhalation doses recorded at Building-1 and Building-2 were 0.014 ± 0.005 mSv y-1and 0.020 ± 0.013 mSv y-1, respectively. The annual effective dose for Building-1 was 0.034 ± 0.012 mSv y-1, and it was 0.048 ± 0.031 mSv y-1for Building-2. The values of equilibrium equivalent radon concentration for both buildings were below the standard recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). However, people may have different radon tolerance levels. Therefore, the inhalation of the radon concentration can pose a deleterious health effect for people in an indoor environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms
  15. Yaacob I, Ariffin Z
    Singapore Med J, 1991 Feb;32(1):63-6.
    PMID: 2017709
    The case histories of 22 patients with lung abscess and empyema presenting to Hospital University Sains Malaysia (HUSM) between 1984 and 1989 are reviewed. The presenting features of both lung abscess and empyema were similar. The commonest predisposing factor was pneumonia, and the commonest organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus but in the majority of cases, no causal organisms were identified. All the patients were treated with antibiotics and in addition, closed chest tube drainage was performed initially in all patients with empyema. Three patients with empyema required additional surgical drainage procedures. Death occurred in one patient with empyema and in one patient with lung abscess. The features, aetiology, treatment and outcome of thoracic empyema and lung abscess are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Abscess/diagnosis*; Lung Abscess/drug therapy; Lung Abscess/surgery
  16. Yaacob I, Harun Z, Ahmad Z
    Singapore Med J, 1991 Feb;32(1):26-8.
    PMID: 2017700
    Two hundred and ninety-three bronchoscopies were done for 285 patients (78% males, 22% females) at Hospital University Sains Malaysia between 1984 and 1988. The mean age was 56.4 years (range 13 to 90 years). 70.2% of patients underwent bronchoscopies to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of carcinoma of the bronchus, out of which 58% were confirmed to have bronchial carcinoma. 77% of the 98 patients with visible endobronchial tumours had biopsy specimens diagnostic of malignancy. Brushing and washing cytology increased the positive yield to 92%. The commonest histological type of bronchial carcinoma identified was squamous cell carcinoma (48.1%), followed by small cell carcinoma (27.1%), anaplastic/undifferentiated carcinoma (12.9%), adenocarcinoma (9.4%) and large cell carcinoma (2.4%). Bronchoscopy for the investigation of haemoptysis identified the commonest cause as 'bronchitis'. There were no complications noted in our series. Notable differences of our experience compared to that of the western series were the high percentage of bronchoscopy done for infective respiratory disorders and the younger age of our patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases/diagnosis*; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
  17. Ramli MI, Hamzaid NA, Engkasan JP, Usman J
    Biomed Eng Online, 2023 May 22;22(1):50.
    PMID: 37217941 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01103-0
    BACKGROUND: Over the decades, many publications have established respiratory muscle training (RMT) as an effective way in improving respiratory dysfunction in multiple populations. The aim of the paper is to determine the trend of research and multidisciplinary collaboration in publications related to RMT over the last 6 decades. The authors also sought to chart the advancement of RMT among people with spinal cord injury (SCI) over the last 60 years.

    METHODS: Bibliometric analysis was made, including the publications' profiles, citation analysis and research trends of the relevant literature over the last 60 years. Publications from all time frames were retrieved from Scopus database. A subgroup analysis of publications pertinent to people with SCI was also made.

    RESULTS: Research on RMT has been steadily increasing over the last 6 decades and across geographical locations. While medicine continues to dominate the research on RMT, this topic also continues to attract researchers and publications from other areas such as engineering, computer science and social science over the last 10 years. Research collaboration between authors in different backgrounds was observed since 2006. Source titles from non-medical backgrounds have also published articles pertinent to RMT. Among people with SCI, researchers utilised a wide range of technology from simple spirometers to electromyography in both intervention and outcome measures. With various types of interventions implemented, RMT generally improves pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength among people with SCI.

    CONCLUSIONS: While research on RMT has been steadily increasing over the last 6 decades, more collaborations are encouraged in the future to produce more impactful and beneficial research on people who suffer from respiratory disorders.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
  18. Lin LP, Tan MTT
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2023 Oct 01;237:115492.
    PMID: 37421797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115492
    Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death. In addition to chest X-rays and computerised tomography, the detection of cancer biomarkers serves as an emerging diagnostic tool for lung cancer. This review explores biomarkers including the rat sarcoma gene, the tumour protein 53 gene, the epidermal growth factor receptor, the neuron-specific enolase, the cytokeratin-19 fragment 21-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen as potential indicators of lung cancer. Biosensors, which utilise various transduction techniques, present a promising solution for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers. Therefore, this review also explores the working principles and recent implementations of transducers in the detection of lung cancer biomarkers. The transducing techniques explored include optical techniques, electrochemical techniques and mass-based techniques for detecting biomarkers and cancer-related volatile organic compounds. Graphene has outstanding properties in terms of charge transfer, surface area, thermal conductivity and optical characteristics, on top of allowing easy incorporation of other nanomaterials. Exploiting the collective merits of both graphene and biosensor is an emerging trend, as evidenced by the growing number of studies on graphene-based biosensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers. This work provides a comprehensive review of these studies, including information on modification schemes, nanomaterials, amplification strategies, real sample applications, and sensor performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges and future outlook of lung cancer biosensors, including scalable graphene synthesis, multi-biomarker detection, portability, miniaturisation, financial support, and commercialisation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
  19. Mok PL, Anandasayanam ANK, Oscar David HM, Tong J, Farhana A, Khan MSA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(4):e0250552.
    PMID: 33914777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250552
    Multiple matrix metalloproteinases have significant roles in tissue organization during lung development, and repair. Imbalance of proteinases may lead to chronic inflammation, changes in tissue structure, and are also highly associated to cancer development. The role of MMP20 is not well studied in lung organogenesis, however, it was previously shown to be present at high level in lung adenocarcinoma. The current study aimed to identify the functional properties of MMP20 on cell proliferation and motility in a lung adenocarcinoma in vitro cell model, and relate the interaction of MMP20 with other molecular signalling pathways in the lung cells after gaining tumoral properties. In this study, two different single guide RNA (sgRNAs) that specifically targeted on MMP20 sites were transfected into human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by using CRISPR-Cas method. Following that, the changes of PI3-K, survivin, and MAP-K mRNA gene expression were determined by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The occurrence of cell death was also examined by Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide double staining. Meanwhile, the motility of the transfected cells was evaluated by wound healing assay. All the data were compared with non-transfected cells as a control group. Our results demonstrated that the transfection of the individual sgRNAs significantly disrupted the proliferation of the A549 cell line through suppression in the gene expression of PI3-K, survivin, and MAP-K. When compared to non-transfected cells, both experimental cell groups showed reduction in the migration rate, as reflected by the wider gaps in the wound healing assay. The current study provided preliminary evidence that MMP20 could have regulatory role on stemness and proliferative genes in the lung tissues and affect the cell motility. It also supports the notion that targeting MMP20 could be a potential treatment mode for halting cancer progression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung/growth & development*; Lung/metabolism; Lung/pathology
  20. Ramachandran S, Prakash P, Mohtar N, Kumar KS, Parumasivam T
    Pharm Dev Technol, 2023 Dec;28(10):978-991.
    PMID: 37937865 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2279691
    Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which predominantly affects the lungs. World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that about 85% of TB patients are cured with the existing 6-month antibiotic regimen. However, the lengthy oral administration of high-dose anti-TB drugs is associated with significant side effects and leads to drug resistance cases. Alternatively, reformulating existing anti-tubercular drugs into inhalable nanoparticulate systems is a promising strategy to overcome the challenges associated with oral treatment as they could enhance drug retention in the pulmonary region to achieve an optimal drug concentration in the infected lungs. Hence, this review provides an overview of the literature on inhalable nano-formulations for the delivery of anti-TB drugs, including their formulation techniques and preclinical evaluations between the years 2000 and 2020, gathered from electronic journals via online search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies highlighted that the nano-size, low toxicity, and high efficacy were among the factors influencing the fate of nanoparticulate system upon deposition in the lungs. Although many preclinical studies have shown that inhalable nanoparticles increased therapeutic efficacy and minimised adverse drug reactions when delivered through the pulmonary route, none of them has progressed into clinical trials to date. This could be attributed to the high cost of inhaled regimes due to the expensive production and characterisation of the nanoparticles as well as the need for an inhalation device as compared to the oral treatment. Another barrier could be the lack of medical acceptance due to insufficient number of trained staff to educate the patients on the correct usage of the inhalation device. Hence, these barriers should be addressed satisfactorily to make the inhaled nanoparticles regimen a reality for the treatment of TB.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lung
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