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Primary care in the rural areas

Karim R

Family Practitioner, 1977;2(8):18-25.
Fulltext Expression and DNA methylation of SERK, BBM, LEC2 and WUS genes in in vitro cultures of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf

Karim R, Tan YS, Singh P, Khalid N, Harikrishna JA

Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2018 Sep;24(5):741-751.
PMID: 30150851 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0566-8

The process of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration involve changes in gene expression and have been associated with changes in DNA methylation. Here, we report the expression and DNA methylation patterns of SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK), BABY BOOM (BBM), LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2) and WUSCHEL (WUS) in meristematic block of newly emerged shoots from rhizome, embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli, prolonged cell suspension culture, ex vitro leaf, and in vitro leaf of regenerated plants of Boesenbergia rotunda. Among all seven samples, based on qRT-PCR, the highest level of expression of SERK, BBM and LEC2 was in embryogenic callus, while WUS was most highly expressed in meristematic block tissue followed by embryogenic callus. Relatively lower expression was observed in cell suspension culture and watery callus for SERK, LEC2 and WUS and in in vitro leaf for BBM. For gene specific methylation determined by bisulfite sequencing data, embryogenic callus samples had the lowest levels of DNA methylation at CG, CHG and CHH contexts of SERK, LEC2 and WUS. We observed negative correlation between DNA methylation at the CG and CHG contexts and the expression levels of SERK, BBM, LEC2 and WUS. Based on our results, we suggest that relatively higher expression and lower level of DNA methylation of SERK, BBM, LEC2 and WUS are associated with somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in B. rotunda.
Optimization of pulsed ultrasound-assisted technique for extraction of phenolics from pomegranate peel of Malas variety: Punicalagin and hydroxybenzoic acids

Kazemi M, Karim R, Mirhosseini H, Abdul Hamid A

Food Chem, 2016 Sep 1;206:156-66.
PMID: 27041311 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.017

Pomegranate peel is a rich source of phenolic compounds (such as punicalagin and hydroxybenzoic acids). However, the content of such bioactive compounds in the peel extract can be affected by extraction type and condition. It was hypothesized that the optimization of a pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) technique could result in the pomegranate peel extract with higher yield and antioxidant activity. The main goal was to optimize PUAE condition resulting in the highest yield and antioxidant activity as well as the highest contents of punicalagin and hydroxybenzoic acids. The operation at the intensity level of 105W/cm(2) and duty cycle of 50% for a short time (10min) had a high efficiency for extraction of phenolics from pomegranate peel. The application of such short extraction can save the energy and cost of the production. Punicalagin and ellagic acid were the most predominant phenolic compounds quantified in the pomegranate peel extract (PPE) from Malas variety. PPE contained a minor content of gallic acid.
Fulltext Extraction and characterization of pectin from grapefruit (Duncan cultivar) and its utilization as gelling agent

Khan, A. A., Butt, M.S., Randhawa, M.A., Karim, R., Sultan, M.T., Ahmed, W.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(6):2195-2199.
MyJurnal

Globally, agro-industrial by products such as fruit waste has attained immense recognition to be used for the extraction of valuable functional ingredients. Pectin is naturally occurring biopolymer that is widely recognized in food industry as well as in biotechnology. Keeping in view, current research was conducted for extraction, characterization and utilization of grapefruit peel pectin from Duncan cultivar. The extracted pectin was characterized for different parameters that explored its role in value added products. Acid extraction was carried out and then pectin was characterized for equivalent weight, ash content and methoxyl content. With the addition of extracted pectin, jam was prepared and analysed for physicochemical analysis and sensory attributes. The maximum extraction (22.55%) was done from grapefruit peel at temperature-120°C with pH-1.5, while minimum extraction (0.41%) was obtained at temperature-120°C with pH-2. Moreover, adding pectin in jam formulation resulted in significant effect on texture of the final product. Conclusively, pectin holds a great potential to be extracted and utilized in fruit based products for best quality and value addition.
Fulltext Sensory quality and flavour of alginate coated and repetitive pulsed light treated fresh-cut cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. Var. Reticulatus Cv. Glamour) during storage

Koh PC, Noranizan MA, Karim R, Nur Hanani ZA

J Food Sci Technol, 2019 May;56(5):2563-2575.
PMID: 31168138 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03739-0

Fresh-cut fruits are popular due to the convenience provided. However, fresh-cut processes damage fruit tissues and reduce the shelf life of products. Pulsed light (PL) treatment is a decontamination method of foods. PL treatment given repetitively at a certain interval during storage could further extend the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits. Edible coating preserves fresh-cut fruits by providing mechanical strength and reducing respiration and water loss. This study was to evaluate the effects of alginate coating combined with repetitive pulsed light (RPL) on sensory quality and flavour of fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage. Cantaloupes were treated with alginate (1.86%, w/v) and RPL (0.9 J/cm2 at every 48 h up to 26 days) alone or in combination. Flavour analysis of fresh-cut cantaloupes was carried out every 12 days during storage at 4 ± 1 °C while sensory analysis was performed on day 32. Alginate coating and/or RPL retained sugar contents (17.92-20.01 g/kg FW for fructose, 18.77-19.98 g/kg FW for glucose and 23.02-29.41 g/kg FW for sucrose) in fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage. Combination of alginate with RPL reduced accumulation of lactic acid although alginate coating was more effective to minimise changes of other organic acids in fresh-cut cantaloupes. The combined treatment was also more effective than individual treatment in retaining total aroma compound concentration of fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage with the highest relative concentration, i.e. 3.174 on day 36. Overall, the combined alginate coating and RPL was effective to maintain the fresh-like sensory quality of fresh-cut cantaloupes with insignificant overall acceptability compared to the control.
Fulltext Cell wall composition of alginate coated and pulsed light treated fresh-cut cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. Var. Reticulatus Cv. Glamour) during chilled storage

Koh PC, Noranizan MA, Karim R, Nur Hanani ZA, Yusof NL

J Food Sci Technol, 2020 Jun;57(6):2206-2221.
PMID: 32431347 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04257-0

This study was to investigate the effects of optimised alginate coating combined with repetitive pulsed light (RPL) on cell wall composition of fresh-cut cantaloupes during chilled storage. Fresh-cut cantaloupes were coated with alginate (1.86%, w/v) followed by RPL treatment (0.9 J cm-2 at every 48 h up to 26 days) during storage of 36 days. Cell wall composition of fresh-cut cantaloupes was determined at every 12 days while microscopic analysis was conducted on day 2 and day 36. Alginate was effective in maintaining high pectin fractions of fresh-cut cantaloupes while RPL showed greater contribution in maintaining hemicellulose fraction. However, the combination of alginate and RPL was the most effective treatment to maintain the overall cell wall fractions that contributed to the cell wall integrity of fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage. The alginate + RPL samples also had the greatest cell turgidity and shape with well-defined cell walls at the end of storage.
Fulltext Microbiological stability and quality of pulsed light treated cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus cv. Glamour) based on cut type and light fluence

Koh PC, Noranizan MA, Karim R, Nur Hanani ZA

J Food Sci Technol, 2016 Apr;53(4):1798-810.
PMID: 27413207 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2139-y

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cut type and pulsed light (PL) fluence on microbiological stability and quality of fresh-cut cantaloupes. Fresh-cut cantaloupes with various cut types (cuboid, triangular prism and sphere) were treated with PL technology at 6 J/cm(2). Samples were exposed to PL treatment at fluences of 2.7, 7.8, 11.7 and 15.6 J/cm(2) followed by storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 28 days. Microbiological quality, headspace composition, firmness, colour, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total phenolic content and ascorbic acid content of fresh-cut cantaloupes were determined. Spherical shape was found to be the most suitable shape for PL treatment of fresh-cut cantaloupes due to its significantly lowest (p ≤ 0.05) microbial counts before and after the PL treatment. No significant (p > 0.05) effect was observed for firmness, colour, total soluble solids and total phenolic content of fresh-cut cantaloupes throughout the storage study. Pulsed light treatment using 7.8 J/cm(2) was the best for extending shelf life of fresh-cut cantaloupes with extension of 8 days longer at 4 ± 1 °C compared to the control while maintaining the ascorbic acid content. In conclusion, PL treatment is a potential technique for extending the shelf life of fresh-cut cantaloupes by inactivating microorganisms without compromising the nutritional value.
Fulltext Perceptions and acceptance of ‘belacan’ in Malaysian dishes

Leong, Q.L., Ab Karim, S., Selamat, J., Mohd Adzahan, N., Karim, R., Rosita, J.

International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(4):539-546.
MyJurnal

This study aimed to analyze consumers’ perceptions and acceptance toward ‘belacan’. Results
showed internal reliability of above 0.7 for sections analyzed. Factor analysis found two underlying factors in the section designed to examine consumers’ perceptions. The overall consumers’ perception had a positive and moderate correlation with their acceptance and was significant at .01. Results also showed that ‘belacan’ consumption level was relatively frequent and well accepted by all races in Malaysia. The findings of the study would be noteworthy to the fishery industry and the small and medium industry (SME) in Malaysia in meeting consumers’ needs.
Fulltext Fortification of Rice Noodles with Vitamin A: Quality, Sensory Evaluation, and Enhancement of Vitamin A Intakes

Malahayati N, Muhammad K, Bakar J, Karim R

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2020;66(Supplement):S179-S183.
PMID: 33612590 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.S179

Vitamin A deficiency is common in many countries where rice is the staple food. Food fortification is an important strategy to address this problem. As rice noodle is the second principal form of rice products widely consumed in Asia, rice noodles could be a potential vehicle for fortification of vitamin A. In this study, rice noodles were prepared from 0, 300, 600, 1,050, and 1,500 μg of vitamin A per 100 g of rice flour. Samples were analyzed for quality, sensory evaluation, and enhancement of vitamin A intakes. Increasing level of vitamin A fortification did not influence quality and sensory properties of the rice noodles, except for the ash content, color, and appearance of the noodles. Rice noodle that was fortified with the highest level of vitamin A was found to be the darkest in color. However, this sample received scores higher than 6 (like slightly) for appearance. Furthermore, sample fortified with the highest level of vitamin A produced rice noodles with the highest level of vitamin A retention suggesting that noodles were good vehicle for vitamin A fortification. Fortification of rice flour with 1,500 μg of vitamin A produced rice noodles with 24.88% of the RDI for vitamin A per serving and provided an effective means of enhancing vitamin A intake.
Formulation and process improvement for chili shrimp paste using sensory evaluation

Nadia Sarina, M.F., Mohd Adzahan, N., Sobhi, B., Ab Karim, M.S., Karim, R.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):927-936.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to improve the formulation of chili shrimp paste (CSP) based on sensory evaluation in terms of acidity, source of acid and coarseness of chili paste and to improve the production process of CSP. The effectiveness of dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) as a microbial reduction agent was also evaluated. To produce CSP with different coarseness, a milling machine was used. Two types of preference test were conducted, i.e. ranking and hedonic. The preferred pH level was 4.0, the best acid source was kalamansi juice, and the most preferred coarseness for chili paste was when milling plates with a gap of 120 µm was used. DMDC has no effect on microbial reduction due to the presence of fat globules in CSP which hindered the inactivation action. Milling can substitute pounding as it is much faster and can produce a uniform CSP with higher volume.
Convenient and versatile DNA extraction using agarose plugs for ribotyping of problematic bacterial species

Nair S, Karim R, Cardosa MJ, Ismail G, Pang T

J Microbiol Methods, 1999 Oct;38(1-2):63-7.
PMID: 10520586

We describe a convenient, versatile and safe method for preparing bacterial DNA for ribotyping analysis. In this method, extraction of bacterial DNA from Salmnonella typhi and Burkholderia pseudomallei. and subsequent restriction endonuclease digestion, was performed in agarose blocks/plugs thus minimizing shearing and loss of DNA, problems commonly associated with liquid phase phenol extraction. Digested DNA in the plugs was then electrophoresed directly, transferred to nylon membranes and hybridized with labeled rDNA probes in the usual manner to provide reproducible restriction patterns. This method is particularly useful for bacterial species where standard DNA extraction in the liquid phase using phenol has been problematic (e.g. B. pseudomallei) but can be used for any bacterial species. The DNA extracted within the agarose plugs can be stored for long periods and can be used in other, widely-used typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR-based techniques. Embedding live cells directly in agarose plugs also minimizes the risk of exposure to these virulent human pathogens among laboratory workers.
Fulltext Dietary Fiber: Fractionation, Characterization and Potential Sources from Defatted Oilseeds

Nevara GA, Muhammad SKS, Zawawi N, Mustapha NA, Karim R

Foods, 2021 Apr 02;10(4).
PMID: 33918108 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040754

Dietary fiber (DF) has wide applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its health-promoting effects and potential techno-functional properties in developing functional food products. There is a growing interest in studies related to DF; nevertheless, there is less focus on the fractionation and characterization of DF. The characteristics of DF fractions explain their functionality in food products and provide clues to their physiological effects in food and pharmaceutical industrial applications. The review focuses on a brief introduction to DF and methods for its fractionation. It discusses the characterization of DF in terms of structural, physicochemical and rheological properties. The potential sources of DF from selected defatted oilseeds for future studies are highlighted.
Oilseed meals into foods: an approach for the valorization of oilseed by-products

Nevara GA, Giwa Ibrahim S, Syed Muhammad SK, Zawawi N, Mustapha NA, Karim R

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2023;63(23):6330-6343.
PMID: 35089825 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2031092

The excellent health benefits of oil extracted from seeds have increased its application in foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This trend leads to a growing research area on their by-products, oilseed meals, to minimize environmental and economic issues. Examples of these by-products are soybean, peanut, kenaf seed, hemp, sesame, and chia seed meals. It is well known that soybean meals have wide applications in food and non-food industries, while other seed meals are not well established. Most oilseed meals are rich in health beneficial compounds and are potential sources of plant protein, dietary fiber, and antioxidants. Many studies have reported on the valorization of these by-products into value-added food products such as bakery and meat products to increase their nutritional and functional properties. These efforts contribute to the sustainability, development of novel functional food and support the zero-waste concept for the environment. This review aims to provide information on the composition of selected oilseed meals from soybean, peanut, hemp, kenaf, sesame and chia seeds, their potential applications in the bakery, meat, beverage, pasta, and other food products, and to highlight the issues and challenges associated with the utilization of oilseed meals into various food products.
Fractionation and physicochemical characterization of dietary fiber of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed

Nevara GA, Muhammad SKS, Zawawi N, Mustapha NA, Karim R

J Sci Food Agric, 2024 Apr;104(6):3216-3227.
PMID: 38072678 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13208

BACKGROUND: Kenaf seeds are underutilized kenaf plant by-products, containing essential nutrients including dietary fiber (DF), which can be potentially utilized as food ingredients. The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of kenaf seed fiber fractions extracted from kenaf seed.
RESULTS: Defatted kenaf seed powder yielded four DF fractions: alkali-soluble hemicellulose (146.4 g kg-1 ), calcium-bound pectin (10.3 g kg-1 ) and acid-soluble pectin (25.4 g kg-1 ) made up the soluble fibre fraction, whereas cellulose (202.2 g kg-1 ) comprised the insoluble fraction. All fractions were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The DF fractions contained glucose, mannose, xylose and arabinose, and a small amount of uronic acid (1.2-2.7 g kg-1 ). The isolated pectin fractions had a low degree of esterification (14-30%). All the isolated DF fractions had high average molecular weights ranging from 0.3 to 4.3 × 106 g mol-1 . X-ray diffractogram analysis revealed that the fractions consisted mainly of an amorphous structure with a relative crystallinity ranging from 31.6% to 44.1%. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of kenaf seed and its DF fractions showed typical absorption of polysaccharides, with the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, acetyl and methyl groups. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the raw material with the rigid structure resulted in soluble and insoluble DF fractions with more fragile and fibrous appearances, respectively. The soluble DF demonstrated greater flowability and compressibility than the insoluble fractions.
CONCLUSION: These findings provide novel information on the DF fractions of kenaf seeds, which could be used as a potential new DF for the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Fulltext Amino Acid and Secondary Metabolite Production in Embryogenic and Non-Embryogenic Callus of Fingerroot Ginger (Boesenbergia rotunda)

Ng TL, Karim R, Tan YS, Teh HF, Danial AD, Ho LS, et al.

PLoS One, 2016;11(6):e0156714.
PMID: 27258536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156714

Interest in the medicinal properties of secondary metabolites of Boesenbergia rotunda (fingerroot ginger) has led to investigations into tissue culture of this plant. In this study, we profiled its primary and secondary metabolites, as well as hormones of embryogenic and non-embryogenic (dry and watery) callus and shoot base, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry together with histological characterization. Metabolite profiling showed relatively higher levels of glutamine, arginine and lysine in embryogenic callus than in dry and watery calli, while shoot base tissue showed an intermediate level of primary metabolites. For the five secondary metabolites analyzed (ie. panduratin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, cardamonin and alpinetin), shoot base had the highest concentrations, followed by watery, dry and embryogenic calli. Furthermore, intracellular auxin levels were found to decrease from dry to watery calli, followed by shoot base and finally embryogenic calli. Our morphological observations showed the presence of fibrils on the cell surface of embryogenic callus while diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethylester staining indicated the presence of flavonoids in both dry and embryogenic calli. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed that shoot base and dry and embryogenic calli contained starch reserves while none were found in watery callus. This study identified several primary metabolites that could be used as markers of embryogenic cells in B. rotunda, while secondary metabolite analysis indicated that biosynthesis pathways of these important metabolites may not be active in callus and embryogenic tissue.
Fulltext activity of alginate coated and pulsed light treated fresh-cut cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus cv. Glamour) during chilled storage

Noranizan, M.A., Koh, P.C., Karim, R., Nur Hanani, Z.A., Rosli, S.Z., Hambali, N.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2019;26(2):547-556.
MyJurnal

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of alginate coating combined with repetitive pulsed light (RPL) treatment on the enzymatic activity of fresh-cut cantaloupes during chilled storage. Fresh-cut cantaloupes were coated with alginate (1.86%, w/v) followed by RPL treatment (0.9 J/cm2 at every 48 h up to 26 d) during storage. Untreated samples and samples with alginate or RPL alone were used as controls. Enzymatic activities [polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PEL), β-galactosidase (β-Gal), α-arabinofuranosidase (α-AF) and cellulase] of fresh-cut cantaloupes were evaluated every 4 d during storage. Neither alginate coating nor RPL treatment has any effect on the activities of PE and PEL of freshcut cantaloupes during storage. The individual treatment or in combination did not increase the PAL, PPO, PG and cellulase activities of fresh-cut cantaloupes throughout the storage. Alginate coating with or without RPL was effective in maintaining low POD activity of freshcut cantaloupes. In addition, treatments using alginate coating or alginate coating+RPL were effective in reducing the β-Gal and α-AF activities of fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage. Overall, alginate without or with RPL was effective in reducing changes of enzymatic activities in fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage.
Effects of inlet temperature and carrier concentration on spray-dried 'cempedak' (Artocarpus integer) fruit powder and its reconstitution properties

Pui LP, Karim R, Yusof YA, Wong CW, Ghazali HM

Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment, 2021 4 23;20(2):135-148.
PMID: 33884852 DOI: 10.17306/J.AFS.0801

BACKGROUND: 'Cempedak' (Artocarpus integer) is an aromatic fruit which is similar to jackfruit. Although it is rich in vitamin A and is consumed fresh, the fruit has a short shelf life. Hence, it can be converted through a spray-drying process, to form powder, which is more stable. Powder flow properties are important when considering storage, while its reconstitution characteristics are critical for the consumer to make juice from the product.
METHODS: The parameters of spray-dried 'cempedak' fruit powder under study include inlet air temperature (140-180°C) and maltodextrin (DE 10) concentrations (5-15% w/w). Response surface methodology involving 14 runs was used to assess the effects of inlet temperature and maltodextrin on the powder flow properties and reconstitution properties of the spray-dried 'cempedak' powder.
RESULTS: Out of the tested responses, only bulk density, change in cake height ratio, and water solubility index had a high coefficient of determination value. Inlet air temperature was found to be the main parameter to affect the bulk density, caking and water solubility index, when compared to maltodextrin concentration. By setting minimization of caking and maximization of water solubility index as the main determinants, the optimal parameters of 160°C inlet temperature and 15% (w/w) maltodextrin DE10 were generated, with a desirability of 0.697.
CONCLUSIONS: The powder produced under optimal conditions (160°C and 15% w/w maltodextrin) had a low bulk density (480.01 kg/m3), low caking properties (0.17 change in cake height ratio), and a high solubility index (88.69). This indicates that the powder is stable to be stored (without caking) and will have good reconstitution when added to water.
Fulltext Physicochemical and sensory properties of selected ‘cempedak’ (Artocarpus Integer L.) fruit varieties

Pui, L.P., Karim, R., Yusof, Y.A., Wong, C.W., Ghazali, H.M.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(2):861-869.
MyJurnal

‘Cempedak’ (Artocarpus integer L.) is an aromatic exotic tropical fruit that can be widely found in Malaysia during season. The pulp yield and several physicochemical properties of five varietes of ‘cempedak’ (CH27, CH28, CH29, CH30 and CH33) were determined. The latter included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, color, organic acids, sugars and carotenoid contents. Sensory evaluation of the five ‘cempedak’ varieties was conducted using Hedonic test, in which the assessed attributes include color, taste, texture and overall acceptability. Results indicate that CH33 yield the highest percentage (35.8%) of edible portion (fruit pulp), while CH27 shows the highest tiratable acidity (0.52%). CH30 had the lowest L* value (52.41), and highest intensity of color in terms of redness (32.45) and yellowness (65.27) values. All ‘cempedak’ varieties were highest in sucrose content (12.28-20.02 g/100 gFW) compared to fructose (5.70-6.72 g/100 gFW) and glucose (4.94-5.52 g/100 gFW), while malic acid (0.430.70%) was the highest organic acid as compared to citric acid (0.24-0.60%) and succinic acid (0.20-0.33%). All the ‘cempedak’ varieties studied have high content of α-carotene (2.30-45.27 μg/100 gFW), followed by β-carotene (2.30-12.23 μg/100 gFW), with CH28 having the highest content. From the five varieties of ‘cempedak’ fruit examined, it was found that CH28 ranked the highest in terms of sensory properties, namely taste, texture and overall acceptability.
An abnormal sigmoid sinus with a dire clinical implication

Puraviappan P, Prepageran N, Ong CA, Abd Karim R, Lingham OR, Raman R

Ear Nose Throat J, 2014 Jun;93(6):E55-6.
PMID: 24932833
Potential use of IgG2-ELISA in the diagnosis of chronic elephantiasis and IgG4-ELISA in the follow-up of microfilaraemic patients infected with Brugia malayi

Rahmah N, Anuar AK, Karim R, Mehdi R, Sinniah B, Omar AW

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1994 Nov 30;205(1):202-7.
PMID: 7999024

Sera from fifty subjects with different presentations of Brugian filariasis and from common soil-transmitted helminth infections were tested for specific anti-filarial IgG and its subclasses. Anti-filarial IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 showed cross-reactivities with soil-transmitted helminthic infections and no significant differences in optical densities among the various groups of filarial patients. In comparison with other groups of subjects, IgG4-ELISA of sera from microfilaraemic patients and some previously microfilaraemic patients showed a significant increase in optical density readings, while IgG2-ELISA showed elevated optical density readings in sera of patients with chronic elephantiasis. Therefore IgG2-ELISA is potentially useful in the diagnosis of brugian chronic elephantiasis while IgG4-ELISA may be beneficial for follow-up diagnosis of treated microfilaraemic patients.

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