Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 51 in total

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  1. Khan S, Saub R, Vaithilingam RD, Safii SH, Vethakkan SR, Baharuddin NA
    BMC Oral Health, 2015;15:114.
    PMID: 26419358 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0098-3
    Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a global public health issue. Studies have suggested CP could be linked to obesity due to their similar pathophysiological pathway. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of CP and to assess the predictors for CP among the obese Malaysian population.
    METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study on obese participants. Obesity is defined as an individual who has Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 27.5 kg/m(2). A convenience sampling method was used. A total of 165 paricipants were recruited. This study involved answering questionnaires, obtaining biometric and clinical measurements of Visible plaque index (VPI), Gingival bleeding index (GBI), Probing pocket depth (PPD) and Clinical attachment loss (CAL). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical software (SPSS Inc., version 20, US).
    RESULTS: A total of 165 participants; 67 (40.6%) males and 98 (59.4%) females participated in the study. Mean age of the participants was 43.9 (± 8.9). The prevalence of CP among the obese population was found to be 73.9%. Out of this, 43 and 55% were categorised as moderate and severe CP respectively. Around 64% of participants had sites with CAL ≥ 4 mm and participants with sites with PPD ≥ 4 mm were reported to be 25%. Around 83% of the participants had sites with GBI ≥ 30 and 92% of participants had sites with VPI ≥ 20%. GBI and VPI were found to have significantly higher odds for CP.
    CONCLUSION: Prevalence of CP was high among obese Malaysians. GBI and VPI were potential predictors for CP in this obese population.
  2. Khoo SP, Primasari A, Saub R
    J Oral Sci, 2001 Sep;43(3):151-7.
    PMID: 11732734
    There is presently no line of distinction between oral lichen planus and other oral lichenoid lesions. The aim of this study is to determine using histomorphometry, the differences between these lesions. Paraffin sections from 7 normal buccal epithelium, 19 oral lichen planus (LP), 14 oral lichenoid lesions (LL) and 7 discoid lupus erythematosus-like lesions (DLE-ll) were selected. The nuclear volume (V(N)) and cellular-volume (V(CELL)) of the epithelium were assessed using an image analyser. The V(N) and V(CELL), derived for both basal and spinal strata in LP and DLE-ll were 2.3 times more than that of normal tissues. There was a significant difference between LP and LL (P < 0.005) and between LL and DLE-ll (P < 0.001), but not between LP and DLE-ll. In conclusion, there appears to be a difference between LP, LL and DLE-ll and V(N) and V(CELL) may serve as potential discriminators between these groups of lesions.
  3. Law, C.H., Razak, I.A., Saub, R.
    Ann Dent, 2000;7(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was conducted to ascertain the relationship between parental oral health perception on the importance of the deciduous dentition and the dental caries status of their preschool children. Clinical oral examination of the preschool children was performed and self-administered questionnaires were given to the parents to be completed. Four hundred and eight preschool children were examined and 390 of their parents responded to the self-administered questionnaire. Those parents who brought their children for regular dental check-up at least once a year; favoured restorative treatment and practised tooth brushing habit before bedtime were more likely to have children with significantly lower mean 'dft' as well as higher proportions of caries free mouth (> 50 %). Those children who started early in practising tooth brushing also had better dental caries status but the differences were not significant. However, there were no significant and appreciable differences in their mean 'dft' with respect to the frequencies of tooth brushing per day. It was concluded that parents with better oral health perception as reflected by those parents who (a) practiced regular dental check-up for their children; (b) favoured restorative treatment for their children's decayed deciduous teeth; (c) ensured their children brushed their teeth before bedtime are associated with better dental caries status of their preschool children.
  4. Mansor N, Saub R, Othman SA
    J Orthod Sci, 2012 Oct;1(4):98-102.
    PMID: 24987635 DOI: 10.4103/2278-0203.105880
    The objective of this study was to assess changes in the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances 24 h after insertion.
  5. Masood M, Masood Y, Saub R, Newton JT
    J Public Health Dent, 2014;74(1):13-20.
    PMID: 22994869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2012.00374.x
    Demand and use for oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) instruments have increased in recent years in both research and clinical settings. These instruments can be used to measure patient's health status or detect changes in a patient's health status in response to an intervention or changes in disease trajectory. Ensuring universal acceptance of these measures requires easy interpretation of its scores for clinicians, researchers, and patients. The most important way of describing and interpreting this significance of changes in OHRQoL is through the establishment of minimal important difference (MID). The minimally important difference represents the smallest improvement considered worthwhile by a patient. A comprehensive search of published literature identified only 12 published articles on establishment of MID for OHRQoL measures. This scarcity of published studies on MID encourages the need of appropriate interpretation and describing patient satisfaction in reference to that treatment using MID. Anchor- and distribution-based methods are the two general approaches that have been proposed and recommended to interpret differences or changes in OHRQoL. Both of these methods of determining the MID have specific shortcomings; therefore, it is proposed to adopt triangulation approaches in which the methods are combined. The objective of this review is to summarize the need for, importance of, and recommendations for methods of establishing MID for OHRQoL measures.
  6. Mat Yudin Z, Ali K, Wan Ahmad WMA, Ahmad A, Khamis MF, Brian Graville Monteiro N', et al.
    Eur J Dent Educ, 2020 Feb;24(1):163-168.
    PMID: 31698535 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12480
    AIMS: To evaluate the self-perceived preparedness of final-year dental undergraduate students in dental public universities in Malaysia.

    METHODS: Final-year dental undergraduate students from six dental public universities in Malaysia were invited to participate in an online study using a validated Dental Undergraduates Preparedness Assessment Scale DU-PAS.

    RESULTS: In total, about 245 students responded to the online questionnaire yielding a response rate of 83.05%. The age range of the respondents was 23-29 years with a mean age of 24.36 (SD 0.797). The total score obtained by the respondents was ranged from 48 to 100 with a mean score of 79.56 (SD 13.495). Weaknesses were reported in several clinical skills, cognitive and behavioural attributes.

    CONCLUSIONS: The preparedness of undergraduate students at six dental institutions in Malaysia was comparable to students from developed countries. The dental undergraduate preparedness assessment scale is a useful tool, and dental institutions may be used for self-assessment as well as to obtain feedback from the supervisors.

  7. Md Tahir K, Ab Malek AH, Vaithilingam RD, Saub R, Safii SH, Rahman MT, et al.
    BMC Oral Health, 2020 02 14;20(1):52.
    PMID: 32059714 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-1039-3
    BACKGROUND: Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) known as gold standard treatment in managing periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of NSPT in periodontitis subjects who were obese. Clinical parameters of periodontitis, changes in serum resistin and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque were compared before and after NSPT in periodontitis subjects who were obese and with normal weight.

    METHODS: A total of 48 periodontitis subjects (obese, n = 18; normal weight, n = 30) were recruited (hereafter will be referred as participants) to participate into a prospective, before and after clinical trial. Obesity status is defined by body mass index (BMI) criteria (obese: ≥30 kg/ m2; normal weight 

  8. Mohd Nor NA, Repen MC, Zakaria Z, Ab-Murat N, Saub R, Abdul Razak I
    MyJurnal
    This study assesses dental students’ and patients’ perceptions on the role of dental students as smoking cessation counsellors as well as the patient’s quit rate at the University of XX. Materials and methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all senior dental students (n=154) in XX University and telephone call interviews were conducted on their patients (n=169) who received smoking cessation counselling from September 2010 to June 2013. Results: Response rates for dental students and patients were 68.2% and 67.3% respectively. Most of the dental students in this study were females (72.3%) whereas the majority of patients were males (97.6%). An average of six months follow up indicated that 22.5% of patients had quit smoking, 65.3% reduced the number of cigarettes smoked and 6.5% had relapsed. About a third of patients surveyed (33.1%) believed that smoking cessation counselling was extremely helpful compared to what students perceived (5.7%, p
  9. Mohd Radzi NA, Saub R, Mohd Yusof ZY, Dahlui M, Sujak SL
    Children (Basel), 2021 Feb 14;8(2).
    PMID: 33672960 DOI: 10.3390/children8020144
    The prevalence of concurrent use of combustible and electronic cigarettes (dual-use) is on the rise among Malaysian adolescents. This study compares nicotine dependence among exclusive cigarette users, e-cigarette users, and dual adolescent users. A total of 227 adolescent smokers completed a self-administrated questionnaire with items based on Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) incorporated. Endorsement of at least one HONC item indicates nicotine dependence. Exhaled carbon monoxide readings and salivary cotinine data were also collected. Over half (52.9%) of the participants were exclusive e-cigarette users (EC). The prevalence of exclusive conventional cigarette smokers (CC) and dual users was 11.9% and 35.2%, respectively. Adolescents who have mothers with secondary school education were more likely to become addicted to nicotine (Adjusted Odd Ratio (aOR) = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.17-6.32). Adolescents' "mother's education" level predicted nicotine dependence. This highlighted the need to target families within the identified demography with a more supportive anti-tobacco program.
  10. Mohd Tahir N, Wan Hassan WN, Saub R
    Eur J Orthod, 2019 08 08;41(4):370-380.
    PMID: 30321319 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy063
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare vacuum-formed thermoplastic retainers (VFRs) constructed on stone models (VFR-CV) and those constructed on three-dimensional (3D) printed models (VFR-3D) based on patients' perspective and post-treatment stability.

    STUDY DESIGN: The research was designed as a crossover, randomized control trial.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects comprised patients receiving fixed appliances at a teaching institution and indicated for VFRs. Post-treatment stone models were scanned with a structured-light scanner. A fused deposition modelling machine was used to construct acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)-based replicas from the 3D scanned images. VFRs were fabricated on the original stone and printed models. Analysis comprised independent t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance.

    RANDOMIZATION: Subjects were allocated to two groups using Latin squares methods and simple randomization. A week after debond, subjects received either VFR-CV first (group A) or VFR-3D first (group B) for 3 months, then the interventions were crossed over for another 3 months.

    BLINDING: In this single-blinded study, subjects were assigned a blinding code for data entry; data were analysed by a third party.

    OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measured was oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) based on Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Secondary outcome was post-treatment stability measured using Little's Irregularity Index (LII).

    RESULTS: A total of 30 subjects (15 in each group) were recruited but 3 dropped out. Analysis included 13 subjects from group A and 14 subjects from group B. Group A showed an increase in LII (P < 0.05) after wearing VFR-CV and VFR-3D, whereas group B had no significant increase in LII after wearing both VFRs. Both groups reported significant improvement in OHRQoL after the first intervention but no significant differences after the second intervention. LII changes and OHIP-14 scores at T2 and T3 between groups, and overall between the retainers were not significantly different. No harm was reported during the study.

    CONCLUSION: VFRs made on ABS-based 3D printed models showed no differences in terms of patients' OHRQoL and stability compared with conventionally made retainers.

    REGISTRATION: NCT02866617 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

  11. Nor Azman, A.R., Saub, R., Raja Latifah, R.J.
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2015;37(1):24-29.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted on Royal Malaysian Navy submariners who were having training in France. It was designed to compare the oral health experiences and practices while under water and on land. Methods Eightysix Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) submariners, who had undergone at least one cycle (288 hours) of under water training, were selected to participate in a self-administered questionnaire survey. Results Seven percent of the respondents reported oro-facial pain and discomfort; 9.3% reported bleeding gums and 12.8% experienced halitosis while under water. Of those experience oral problems, 82% reported disruption of their daily activities while under water. The study showed that 82.5% of them brush their teeth at least twice a day and 94.2% rinse after meals when there were under water. Meanwhile studies on land showed that 90.7% of them brush their teeth at least twice a day and 96.5% rinse after meals. Flossing was not practiced by most of the respondents. Conclusion It is concluded that brushing and rinsing are practiced regularly by submariners regardless whether they are on land or under water but flossing is not a common practice both on land and under water. Dental emergencies, such as toothache, TMJ pain and discomfort do occur during submarine operations and disrupt their daily activities. This might poses a threat to submarine operations.
  12. Nordin NN, Vaithilingam RD, Saub R, Nasir NH, Mohd Asari AS, Bashah B, et al.
    Malays Fam Physician, 2021 Nov 30;16(3):44-55.
    PMID: 34938392 DOI: 10.51866/oa1131
    Introduction: The bi-directional relationship between periodontitis (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has been confirmed. Medical practitioners (MPs) serve an important role in relaying this information to patients. This study aimed to investigate the awareness, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) in the management of DM patients with PD in primary care clinics under the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Malaysia.

    Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire on KAP in the management of DM patients with PD was posted to 725 medical officers (MOs) and family medicine specialists (FMSs) in MOH clinics in Kedah, Terengganu, Johor and Negeri Sembilan. Collected data were tabulated and analysed using descriptive and regression analyses (simple and multiple). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.

    Results: A total of 549 MPs responded. The majority of MPs were MOs (92.6%) and female (75.8%). FMSs had a greater awareness of PD when compared to MOs (p = 0.002). All MPs had good knowledge, except for the incorrect notion that excessive sugar causes PD (94.3%). Overall, FMSs had better knowledge when compared to MOs (p=0.026). The majority of MPs agreed that 'they should update their knowledge on the association between systemic disease and PD' (89.6%) and claimed that 'it was not their responsibility to examine DM patients for PD' (83.1%). Most MPs did not enquire or examine for PD in their DM patients. More FMSs (67.5%) referred patients to dentists compared to MOs (31.6%).

    Conclusion: Most MPs have sufficient knowledge on PD, but a negative attitude in the management of PD in DM patients. The reasons for not referring included workload and patients refusing referral.

  13. Othman AA, Yusof Z, Saub R
    Gerodontology, 2014 Jun;31(2):136-44.
    PMID: 23173906 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12023
    To assess Malaysian government dentists' experience, willingness and barriers in providing domiciliary care for elderly people.
  14. Othman SA, Mansor N, Saub R
    Korean J Orthod, 2014 Jul;44(4):168-76.
    PMID: 25133131 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.4.168
    The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients treated with conventional, active self-ligating (ASL), and passive self-ligating (PSL) brackets in different therapeutic phases.
  15. Rajesh, S.M., Muirhead, V., Mohd Dom, T.N., Ismail, N.M., Jamaludin, M., Saub, R.
    Ann Dent, 2013;20(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    To explore the association between social
    support and stress levels in preclinical and clinical dental
    students in Malaysia. Method: A cross sectional survey
    of dental undergraduate students was conducted at the
    Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Universiti
    Kebangsaan Malaysia and Universiti Sains Malaysia.
    Stress was measured using the Dental Environment Stress
    (DES) questionnaire. A DES-32 item was used to measure
    stress for the clinical students and DES-16 item for the
    preclinical students. Four questions were used to measure
    social support. The total stress scores were standardized
    for comparison purposes. Results: A total of 357 (79.7%)
    preclinical and 417 (71.8%) clinical undergraduate dental
    students responded to the questionnaires. The clinical
    students experienced higher stress [mean standardized
    DES score = 72.63, SD = 10.64] than preclinical students
    [mean standardized DES score = 70.19, SD=12.01]. The
    two most stressful items reported by preclinical students
    were “fear of failing” and “examination and grades”.
    Among clinical students, the two most stressful items related
    to academic were “completing course requirement” and
    “fear of failing course” and items related to clinical session
    were “fear of being barred due to the clinical schedule”
    and “patients late or absent”. Multiple regression analyses
    revealed that low stress levels among preclinical students
    were significantly associated to a lot of contact with
    students of the same course. Conclusion: To some extent,
    social support does play a role in explaining differences in
    perceived stress, in particular among preclinical students.
  16. Rapeah, M.Y., Munirah, Y., Latifah, K., Faizah, K., Norsimah, S., Maryana, M., et al.
    Ann Dent, 2008;15(2):77-81.
    MyJurnal
    The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and factors that influenced smoking behaviours among male adolescents in Kuantan, Pahang. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the form four male students in Kuantan District. Three hundred and twenty three students were randomly selected from eight secondary schools. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all the respondents. Almost half of the sample was smokers (45.8%) and half of them were Malays (53.1%). Students whose parents had lower level of occupation were more likely to smoke (58.8%). Among smokers, 34.5% of them smoked since primary school and a majority (91.7%) smoked 10 or less cigarettes per day. Half of them (53.4%) reported that they bought loose cigarettes and most of them used their school pocket money to purchase the cigarettes (81.7%). From the multivariate analysis, it was found that Non-Science Stream classes (OR=3.92, 95% CI= 2.10, 7.32), peers' smoking (OR=6.07, 95% CI= 2.32, 15.92), and attitude towards smoking (OR= 21.93, 95% CI= 9.71,49.51) were significantly associated with smoking habit. The prevalence of smoking among male adolescents was considerably high'in this population. It is recommended that antismoking activities in school be carried out regularly and should involve an active participation from the adolescents themselves since peers have great influence on smoking habits.
  17. Sadikin AS, Mansor H, Saub R, Vaithlingam RD
    Ann Dent, 2015;22(2):15-22.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: This study aimed to assess the awareness of periodontal disease and level of knowledge of the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease amongst subjects who were smokers verses non-smokers.
    Methods: A questionnaire looking at knowledge of respondents regarding gum disease and knowledge and awareness about oral impacts of smoking on periodontal disease was developed and pretested in Dental Faculty University of Malaya. Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE) index was used to assess periodontal status.
    Results: The questionnaire was answered by 130 subjects. Prevalence of smoking was 14.6%. A total of 58.6% non-smokers and 57.9% smokers knew about periodontal disease. However, only 26.1% non-smokers and 10.5% smokers knew that the cause for periodontal disease was plaque. More non-smokers than smokers knew that smoking affected periodontal health (80.2% and 68.4% respectively) (p>0.05) and tooth mobility was an effect of smoking on periodontal health (27.0% and 0%) (p<0.05). Regarding source of information on effect of smoking on periodontal health, 63.2% smokers and 63.1% non-smokers reported obtaining information through the mass media. However, only 31.6% smokers and 28.8% non-smokers were informed by their dentist.
    Conclusion: The awareness of periodontal disease and knowledge of the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease was low in this selected population of smokers and non-smokers.
    Keywords: Awareness, knowledge, periodontitis, smoking
    Study site: Primary Care Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  18. Samer MS, Faraz Q, Al-Dubai SAR, Vohra F, Abdullah H, Taiyeb-Ali TB, et al.
    Med Princ Pract, 2017;26(5):470-479.
    PMID: 28965115 DOI: 10.1159/000481864
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes and predictors of satisfaction in patients with lithium disilicate (LD) ceramic crowns.

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical outcomes were assessed in 47 patients with 88 LD crowns using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) evaluation criteria and survival rates. The questionnaire for predictors included 3 aspects: (a) sociodemographic characteristics, (b) oral health habits (tooth brushing frequency, flossing frequency, and dental visits), and (c) satisfaction of the restorations (aesthetics, function, fit, cleansability, and chewing ability of the crowns, and overall satisfaction). Frequency distributions were computed using univariate and multivariate analysis. The Student t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare means across variables. Correlation analysis was done to assess the association between continuous variables.

    RESULTS: The age of crowns was 34.7 ± 9.7 months. The survival rate was 96.6% at 35.9 ± 9.2 months. There was a significant association between successful crown function and oral hygiene measures: tooth brushing (p˂ 0.001), dental visits (p = 0.006), and flossing (p = 0.009). A strong negative correlation was observed between aesthetic satisfaction (r = -0.717, p˂ 0.001) and chewing ability (r = -0.639, p˂ 0.001) with crown age. The linear regression model was significant for all predictors (p < 0.05) except overall satisfaction (p > 0.05).

    CONCLUSION: The LD crowns had long survival rates of 96.6% up to 35.9 ± 9.2 months and provided satisfactory clinical performance (low risk of failure). Oral hygiene habits such as brushing, flossing, and regular dental visits influenced patient satisfaction with LD crowns.

  19. Saub R, Locker D, Allison P
    Community Dent Health, 2008 Sep;25(3):132-6.
    PMID: 18839717
    To compare two methods of developing short forms of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-M) measure.
  20. Saub R, Locker D, Allison P, Disman M
    Community Dent Health, 2007 Sep;24(3):166-75.
    PMID: 17958078
    The aim of this project was to develop an oral health related-quality of life measure for the Malaysian adult population aged 18 and above by the cross-cultural adaption the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP).
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