Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 318 in total

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  1. Fulltext Maxillary and mandibular anterior crown width/height ratio and its relation to various arch perimeters, arch length, and arch width groups
    Shahid F, Alam MK, Khamis MF
    Eur J Dent, 2016 3 2;9(4):490-499.
    PMID: 26929686 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.172620
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the maxillary and mandibular anterior crown width/height ratio and its relation to various arch perimeters, arch length, and arch width (intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar) groups.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The calculated sample size was 128 subjects. The crown width/height, arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width of the maxilla and mandible were obtained via digital calliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). A total of 4325 variables were measured. The sex differences in the crown width and height were evaluated. Analysis of variance was applied to evaluate the differences between arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width groups.

    RESULTS: Males had significantly larger mean values for crown width and height than females (P ≤ 0.05) for maxillary and mandibular arches, both. There were no significant differences observed for the crown width/height ratio in various arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width (intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar) groups (P ≤ 0.05) in maxilla and mandible, both.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate sexual disparities in the crown width and height. Crown width and height has no significant relation to various arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width groups of maxilla and mandible. Thus, it may be helpful for orthodontic and prosthodontic case investigations and comprehensive management.

  2. Prediction of groundwater flowing well zone at An-Najif Province, central Iraq using evidential belief functions model and GIS
    Al-Abadi AM, Pradhan B, Shahid S
    Environ Monit Assess, 2015 Oct;188(10):549.
    PMID: 27600115 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5564-0
    The objective of this study is to delineate groundwater flowing well zone potential in An-Najif Province of Iraq in a data-driven evidential belief function model developed in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. An inventory map of 68 groundwater flowing wells was prepared through field survey. Seventy percent or 43 wells were used for training the evidential belief functions model and the reset 30 % or 19 wells were used for validation of the model. Seven groundwater conditioning factors mostly derived from RS were used, namely elevation, slope angle, curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, lithological units, and distance to the Euphrates River in this study. The relationship between training flowing well locations and the conditioning factors were investigated using evidential belief functions technique in a GIS environment. The integrated belief values were classified into five categories using natural break classification scheme to predict spatial zoning of groundwater flowing well, namely very low (0.17-0.34), low (0.34-0.46), moderate (0.46-0.58), high (0.58-0.80), and very high (0.80-0.99). The results show that very low and low zones cover 72 % (19,282 km(2)) of the study area mostly clustered in the central part, the moderate zone concentrated in the west part covers 13 % (3481 km(2)), and the high and very high zones extended over the northern part cover 15 % (3977 km(2)) of the study area. The vast spatial extension of very low and low zones indicates that groundwater flowing wells potential in the study area is low. The performance of the evidential belief functions spatial model was validated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. A success rate of 0.95 and a prediction rate of 0.94 were estimated from the area under relative operating characteristics curves, which indicate that the developed model has excellent capability to predict groundwater flowing well zones. The produced map of groundwater flowing well zones could be used to identify new wells and manage groundwater storage in a sustainable manner.
  3. Fulltext Achieving Reliability in Cloud Computing by a Novel Hybrid Approach
    Shahid MA, Alam MM, Su'ud MM
    Sensors (Basel), 2023 Feb 09;23(4).
    PMID: 36850563 DOI: 10.3390/s23041965
    Cloud computing (CC) benefits and opportunities are among the fastest growing technologies in the computer industry. Cloud computing's challenges include resource allocation, security, quality of service, availability, privacy, data management, performance compatibility, and fault tolerance. Fault tolerance (FT) refers to a system's ability to continue performing its intended task in the presence of defects. Fault-tolerance challenges include heterogeneity and a lack of standards, the need for automation, cloud downtime reliability, consideration for recovery point objects, recovery time objects, and cloud workload. The proposed research includes machine learning (ML) algorithms such as naïve Bayes (NB), library support vector machine (LibSVM), multinomial logistic regression (MLR), sequential minimal optimization (SMO), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and random forest (RF) as well as a fault-tolerance method known as delta-checkpointing to achieve higher accuracy, lesser fault prediction error, and reliability. Furthermore, the secondary data were collected from the homonymous, experimental high-performance computing (HPC) system at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, and the primary data were generated using virtual machines (VMs) to select the best machine learning classifier. In this article, the secondary and primary data were divided into two split ratios of 80/20 and 70/30, respectively, and cross-validation (5-fold) was used to identify more accuracy and less prediction of faults in terms of true, false, repair, and failure of virtual machines. Secondary data results show that naïve Bayes performed exceptionally well on CPU-Mem mono and multi blocks, and sequential minimal optimization performed very well on HDD mono and multi blocks in terms of accuracy and fault prediction. In the case of greater accuracy and less fault prediction, primary data results revealed that random forest performed very well in terms of accuracy and fault prediction but not with good time complexity. Sequential minimal optimization has good time complexity with minor differences in random forest accuracy and fault prediction. We decided to modify sequential minimal optimization. Finally, the modified sequential minimal optimization (MSMO) algorithm with the fault-tolerance delta-checkpointing (D-CP) method is proposed to improve accuracy, fault prediction error, and reliability in cloud computing.
  4. Fulltext Improved accuracy and less fault prediction errors via modified sequential minimal optimization algorithm
    Asim Shahid M, Alam MM, Mohd Su'ud M
    PLoS One, 2023;18(4):e0284209.
    PMID: 37053173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284209
    The benefits and opportunities offered by cloud computing are among the fastest-growing technologies in the computer industry. Additionally, it addresses the difficulties and issues that make more users more likely to accept and use the technology. The proposed research comprised of machine learning (ML) algorithms is Naïve Bayes (NB), Library Support Vector Machine (LibSVM), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) to compare the classifier gives better results in accuracy and less fault prediction. In this research, the secondary data results (CPU-Mem Mono) give the highest percentage of accuracy and less fault prediction on the NB classifier in terms of 80/20 (77.01%), 70/30 (76.05%), and 5 folds cross-validation (74.88%), and (CPU-Mem Multi) in terms of 80/20 (89.72%), 70/30 (90.28%), and 5 folds cross-validation (92.83%). Furthermore, on (HDD Mono) the SMO classifier gives the highest percentage of accuracy and less fault prediction fault in terms of 80/20 (87.72%), 70/30 (89.41%), and 5 folds cross-validation (88.38%), and (HDD-Multi) in terms of 80/20 (93.64%), 70/30 (90.91%), and 5 folds cross-validation (88.20%). Whereas, primary data results found RF classifier gives the highest percentage of accuracy and less fault prediction in terms of 80/20 (97.14%), 70/30 (96.19%), and 5 folds cross-validation (95.85%) in the primary data results, but the algorithm complexity (0.17 seconds) is not good. In terms of 80/20 (95.71%), 70/30 (95.71%), and 5 folds cross-validation (95.71%), SMO has the second highest accuracy and less fault prediction, but the algorithm complexity is good (0.3 seconds). The difference in accuracy and less fault prediction between RF and SMO is only (.13%), and the difference in time complexity is (14 seconds). We have decided that we will modify SMO. Finally, the Modified Sequential Minimal Optimization (MSMO) Algorithm method has been proposed to get the highest accuracy & less fault prediction errors in terms of 80/20 (96.42%), 70/30 (96.42%), & 5 fold cross validation (96.50%).
  5. Fulltext Digital transformation as the driving force for sustainable business performance: A moderated mediation model of market-driven business model innovation and digital leadership capabilities
    Chen A, Li L, Shahid W
    Heliyon, 2024 Apr 30;10(8):e29509.
    PMID: 38655293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29509
    Global organizations are still facing challenges in achieving sustainable performance despite the surge in digital technologies. It is imperative that firms invest in digital capabilities to secure sustainable market performance in the face of a barrage of novel inventions. Today, ensuring a resilient future demands business to focus on digital ambidexterity capabilities (i.e., exploitation and exploration), digitalized strategy adoption, and digital transformation. This study investigates the intricate dynamics between digital capabilities and digitalization strategies and their impact on sustainable business performance. The research employed a questionnaire-driven methodology to gather data from managerial personnel within industries. Results show that digital exploitation and exploration capabilities significantly enhance sustainable business performance. The research also establishes the beneficial effect of adopting a digitalization strategy on business performance and innovation. Market-driven business model innovation emerges as a critical factor, not only driving sustainable performance but also serving as a mediating link between various digital strategies and business success. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of digital leadership capabilities, further strengthening the relationship between innovative business models and sustainable performance. The findings underscore the synergistic effect of digital competencies and strategic digitalization in promoting sustainable and innovative practices in today's digital-driven business landscape.
  6. Fulltext Development of high-resolution daily gridded temperature datasets for the central north region of Egypt
    Nashwan MS, Shahid S, Chung ES
    Sci Data, 2019 07 31;6(1):138.
    PMID: 31366936 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0144-0
    This study developed 0.05° × 0.05° land-only datasets of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the densely populated Central North region of Egypt (CNE) for the period 1981-2017. Existing coarse-resolution datasets were evaluated to find the best dataset for the study area to use as a base of the new datasets. The Climate Prediction Centre (CPC) global temperature dataset was found to be the best. The CPC data were interpolated to a spatial resolution of 0.05° latitude/longitude using linear interpolation technique considering the flat topography of the study area. The robust kernel density distribution mapping method was used to correct the bias using observations, and WorldClim v.2 temperature climatology was used to adjust the spatial variability in temperature. The validation of CNE datasets using probability density function skill score and hot and cold extremes tail skill scores showed remarkable improvement in replicating the spatial and temporal variability in observed temperature. Because CNE datasets are the best available high-resolution estimate of daily temperatures, they will be beneficial for climatic and hydrological studies.
  7. Fulltext Discriminant and convergent validity of measurement tools in postgraduate medical education of a surgical-based discipline: towards assessment program
    Shahid Hassan, Mohamad Najib Mat Pa, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff
    Education in Medicine Journal, 2012;4(1):22-42.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Summative assessment in postgraduate examination globally employs multiple measures. A standard-setting method decides on pass or fail based on an arbitrarily defined cut-off point on a test score, which is often content expert’s subjective judgment. Contrary to this a standard-setting strategy primarily practices two approaches, a compensatory approach, which decides on overall performance as a sum of all the test scores and a conjunctive approach that requires passing performance for each instrument. However, the challenge using multiple measures is not due to number of measurement tools but due to logic by which the measures are combined to draw inferences on pass or fail in summative assessment. Conjoint University Board of Examination of Masters’ of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) in Malaysia also uses multiple measures to reach a passing or failing decision in summative assessment. However, the standard setting strategy of assessment is loosely and variably applied to make ultimate decision on pass or fail. To collect the evidences, the summative assessment program of Masters’ of ORL-HNS in School of Medical Sciences at Universiti Sains Malaysia was analyzed for validity to evaluate the appropriateness of decisions in postgraduate medical education in Malaysia. Methodology: A retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the validity of the conjoint summative assessment results of part II examination of USM candidates during May 2000-May 2011. The Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression tests were used to determine the discriminant and convergent validity of assessment tools. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analyzed the association between assessment tools and the multiple linear regression compared the dominant roles of factor variables in predicting outcomes. Based on outcome of the study, reforms for standard-setting strategy are also recommended towards programming the assessment in a surgical-based discipline. Results: The correlation coefficients of MCQ and essay questions were found not significant (0.16). Long and short cases were shown to have good correlations (0.53). Oral test stood as a component to show fair correlation with written (0.39-0.42) as well as clinical component (0.50-0.66). The predictive values in written tests suggested MCQ predicted by oral (B=0.34, P
  8. Fulltext Do we need certified medical teachers in medical schools: an educator’s self-reflective questionnaire-based survey at Universiti Sains Malaysia
    Shahid Hassan, Zafar Ahmed, Ahmad Fuad Abdul Rahim
    Education in Medicine Journal, 2011;3(2):53-64.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Faculty’s role as educators is over looked in clinical education, even though the teaching has a direct reflection of performance of clinical competence and professional development of graduating doctors. Two major problems of clinical education are the lack of uniform teaching and learning strategies in postgraduate as well as later years of undergraduate clinical teaching and the professional development of faculty in teaching in medical institutions. Objective: The survey has two major objectives. First objective was to know about the faculty response to a survey on teaching while trying to create awareness for teaching and research in teaching. The second objective was to know the faculty members’ understanding with principles of learning and teaching with strengths and weaknesses of respondents’ performance in clinical teaching on completing The Educator’s Self-Reflective Inventory (ESRI). Method: The ESRI was administered to approach 214 faculty members in SMS at USM. Appraisal of self-reflection inventory as medical teacher and personal development with respect to challenges, opportunities, innovations and need assessment of teaching were explored in response to 35 items grouped in 5 clusters through a questionnaire-based survey utilizing ESRI. Result: Statistical analysis of respondent’s data indicates a mixed response with lab-based disciplines 54.54% followed by surgical-based disciplines 50% and medical-based disciplines 30%. Individual discipline best response is received from Plastic Surgery and ORL-HNS (100%) and Hematology (77.77%). A result of individual item response in each cluster WAS also analyzed. Conclusion: The survey evaluated the faculty’s response to ESRI and concern shown to develop their abilities as teachers and researchers in clinical teaching. However, the initial response suggested the need for more survey to continue creating the awareness for faculty development and research in teaching. Conclusion drawn from analysis of each items in inventory is encouraging for teaching in medical education.
  9. Fulltext The structural framework, implementation strategies and students’ perception of team-based learning in undergraduate medical Education of a medical school in Malaysia
    Shahid Hassan, Mohd Salami Ibrahim, Hassan, Nabiha Gul
    Education in Medicine Journal, 2018;10(1):55-68.
    MyJurnal
    Delivery and implementation strategies are key to curriculum success. There is growing evidence
    that team-based learning (TBL) is an effective way of interactive teaching. TBL is a method that uses
    learning teams to enhance student engagement and quality of learning. Individual accountability for
    out-of-class reading is followed by individual and group assessment. In-class application exercises,
    which is the hallmark of team-based learning promotes both learning and team development. TBL
    uses educational principles of transforming traditional content into application of knowledge
    and problem solving skills in an interactive learning environment. To experience the structural
    framework and to determine the students’ perception about TBL in clinical setting of MBBS
    program in a Malaysian medical school. A total of 120 students assigned to 22 small subgroups of
    5–6 per group underwent a number of TBL sessions delivered in three phases. In Phase I, students
    were assigned reading material. In Phase II, students were assessed through One Best Answer
    (OBA) items for individual and group readiness assessment test as individual readiness assessment
    test (IRAT) and group readiness assurance test (GRAT) respectively followed by a mini-lecture.
    In Phase III, in-class application of learning activity was performed. Finally, peer assessment
    evaluated the contribution of peer in TBL. A TBL Classroom Evaluation Inventory (TBLCEI)
    developed to probe student’s perception of TBL, comprised of 40 items composite scale with
    Cronbach’s alpha at 0.881. In addition, students were asked to provide their estimated grade in
    end of the posting assessment. Grades were categorised into excellent pass >85%, high pass 70%–
    84%; average to good pass 50%–69% and fail
  10. Fulltext A single-stage led driver with voltage doubler rectifier
    Nurul Asikin, Shahid Iqbal, Mohamad Kamarol, Mohd Jamil
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(101):9-18.
    MyJurnal
    In this paper, a configuration of a single-stage AC-DC converter and a high voltage resonant controller
    IC L6598 for LED street light driver is discussed. The converter is obtained by integrating two boost
    circuits and a half-bridge LLC resonant circuit. A voltage double rectifier circuit is adopted as output
    to lower the voltage stress on transformer and the associated core. The two boost circuits work in
    boundary conduction mode (BCM) to achieve the power factor correction (PFC). The converter works
    in soft-switching mode allowing the power switches to operate in zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and
    the output diodes to operate in zero-current-switching (ZCS). This reduces the switching losses and
    enhances the efficiency. The converter features lower voltage stress on the power switches and the bus
    voltage is reduced to slightly higher than the peak input voltage. Therefore, the converter can perform
    well under high-input-voltage. Here, the DC bus and the output filter capacitances are greatly reduced.
    So, electrolytic capacitor-less converter can be realized for a long lifetime LED driver. Simulation results
    from PSpice are presented for a 100-W prototype.
  11. Fulltext Massive goiter with retrosternal extension encasing trachea and esophagus
    Irfan M, Jihan WS, Shahid H
    Med J Malaysia, 2010 Mar;65(1):85-6.
    PMID: 21265261 MyJurnal
    Massive goiter with retrosternal extension may impose additional risk such as difficult intubation, tracheomalacia, and possibility of different incision and approach including sternotomy. We would like to report a case of massive goiter encasing major neck structures and how it was managed.
  12. Fulltext Laser tonsillotomy in children with tonsillar hyperplasia
    Baharudin A, Shahid H, Rhendra MZ
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):377-9.
    PMID: 17240597 MyJurnal
    Tonsillectomy in children is performed on a regular basis in ENT. The indications are chronic tonsillitis, sleep apnea to deeper structures. The natural history of tonsillar hyperplasia is regression when a child is six years beyond. In children with bilateral tonsillar hyperplasia we studied the use of laser as an alternative procedure to reduce the bulk of the tonsillar mass. Children with symptoms of bilateral tonsillar hyperplasia underwent laser tonsillotomy. The tonsils were dissected using carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The tonsillar bed was left untouched. Intraoperative and postoperative conditions were noted.
  13. Fulltext The Macklin effect--pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium following blunt chest trauma
    Baharudin A, Sayuti RM, Shahid H
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):371-3.
    PMID: 17240595
    Pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium following blunt chest trauma are rare. Diagnosis is by chest radiograph and CT Scan. They have to be identified and treated accordingly. Usually, pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium are self-limiting requiring no specific therapy. However, vigilance and a continuous monitoring of the vital signs are necessary.
  14. Fulltext The influence of pharmacist-led collaborative care on clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter randomized control trial
    Iqbal MZ, Alqahtani SS, Mubarak N, Shahid S, Mohammed R, Mustafa A, et al.
    Front Public Health, 2024;12:1323102.
    PMID: 38476498 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1323102
    BACKGROUND: Health care providers are mandated to deliver specialized care for the treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Malaysia, Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinics (DMTAC) in tertiary hospitals have designated pharmacists to administer these services.

    OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of pharmacist-led interventions within DMTAC on the outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in two distinct hospitals in Kedah, Malaysia.

    METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from the two hospitals included in this study. The study population was divided into two equal groups. The control group consisted of 200 patients receiving routine care from the hospitals. On the other hand, the intervention group included those patients with type 2 diabetes (200), who received separate counseling sessions from pharmacists in the DMTAC departments along with the usual treatment. The study lasted 1 year, during which both study groups participated in two distinct visits.

    RESULTS: Parametric data were analyzed by a paired t-test and one-way ANOVA, while non-parametric data were analyzed by a Chi-squared test using SPSS v24. A p 

  15. Fulltext Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of Pont's index predictability for Malay population in orthodontics
    Alam MK, Shahid F, Purmal K, Khamis MF
    J Nat Sci Biol Med, 2015 Aug;6(Suppl 1):S113-7.
    PMID: 26604597 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.166106
    In orthodontic treatment, three-dimensional (3D) dental casts has a significant role in diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate Pont's index predictability in orthodontics.
  16. Fulltext Camouflage of Severe Skeletal Class II Gummy Smile Patient Treated Nonsurgically with Mini Implants
    Qamruddin I, Shahid F, Alam MK, Zehra Jamal W
    Case Rep Dent, 2014;2014:382367.
    PMID: 25548686 DOI: 10.1155/2014/382367
    Skeletal class II has always been a challenge in orthodontics and often needs assistance of surgical orthodontics in nongrowing patients when it presents with severe discrepancy. Difficulty increases more when vertical dysplasia is also associated with sagittal discrepancy. The advent of mini implants in orthodontics has broadened the spectrum of camouflage treatment. This case report presents a 16-year-old nongrowing girl with severe class II because of retrognathic mandible, and anterior dentoalveolar protrusion sagittally and vertically resulted in severe overjet of 13 mm and excessive display of incisors and gums. Both maxillary central incisors were trimmed by dental practitioner few years back to reduce visibility. Treatment involved use of micro implant for retraction and intrusion of anterior maxillary dentoalveolar segment while lower incisors were proclined to obtain normal overjet, and overbite and pleasing soft tissue profile. Smile esthetics was further improved with composite restoration of incisal edges of both central incisors.
  17. Human Mesiodistal Tooth Width Measurements and Comparison with Dental Cast in a Bangladeshi Population
    Alam MK, Shahid F, Purmal K, Sikder MA, Saifuddin M
    J Contemp Dent Pract, 2015 Apr;16(4):299-303.
    PMID: 26067733
    This analysis was aimed to determine the mesiodistal tooth width of human teeth and to compare with the measurements on plaster model in a Bangladeshi population.
  18. Free-living ciliates in CSF of a patient with meningoencephalitis: a contaminant?
    Isa NH, Sulaiman S, Shahid MS, Rose IM, Eugene CB
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Mar;25(1):212-4.
    PMID: 7825018
  19. Effect of fat supplementation on physiological and reproductive performance of Holstein Friesian bulls during summer
    Butt MA, Bhatti JA, Khalique A, Shahid MQ
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2019 Nov;51(8):2595-2601.
    PMID: 31230253 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01976-1
    The objective of current study was to determine the effect of fat supplement on physiological and reproductive performance of Holstein Friesian bulls during subtropical summer in Pakistan. Eighteen bulls were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) CTL, basal diet without fat supplementation; (2) FS100, basal diet with 100 g fat supplementation (Energizer-RP-10®, IFFCO, Johor, Malaysia); (3) FS200, basal diet with 200 g fat supplementation. Basal diet consisted of 50% green fodder (corn silage), 25% wheat straw, and 25% concentrate on dry matter basis. Diets were offered for 14 weeks from May to August 2016. The average daily temperature-humidity index ranged from 85 to 88 for the experimental period. The results indicated that there was no difference in dry matter intake, water intake, rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiration rate among the treatment groups. Fat supplementation did not influence semen traits including sperm motility, progressive motility, amplitude of lateral head displacement, live-to-dead ratio, normal acrosomal ridge, plasma membrane integrity, and DNA integrity. The interaction of season with fat revealed that FA200 significantly increased post thaw semen motility and progressive motility during hot humid summer (P 
  20. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Malay health assessment questionnaire for use in rheumatoid arthritis
    Hussein H, Mustafa R, Quek KF, Hassanudin NS, Shahid S
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2008;11(3):237-240.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2008.00384.x
    Objective: To validate the Malay version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (Malay-HAQ) for use in Malay-speaking rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in the Malaysian setting. The HAQ - Disability Index has been validated in several languages, but not in Malay.Methods: The original HAQ was modified and translated into Malay by two translators, one of whom was aware of the objectives of the Questionnaire and the other as a lay translator. Two sets of Malay-HAQ were distributed to RA patients during their routine follow-up visits; one set to be completed immediately and another set to be completed 2 weeks later. A total of 61 patients completed the two sets of Malay-HAQ. The data collected was analysed using SPSS V. 11.0. Reliability of the data was evaluated using the test-retest method and internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha.Results: The study showed that the Malay-HAQ is feasible and reliable. The Spearman's correlation coefficient ranged from 0.65 to 0.82, while the internal consistency was 0.88-0.92.Conclusion: The Malay-HAQ is a sensitive, reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of functional status in RA patients in a Malay setting. © 2008 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology.
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