Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 367 in total

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  1. Wang X, Yu G, Wang J, Zain AM, Guo W
    Bioinformatics, 2022 Nov 15;38(22):5092-5099.
    PMID: 36130063 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac643
    MOTIVATION: Cancer subtype diagnosis is crucial for its precise treatment and different subtypes need different therapies. Although the diagnosis can be greatly improved by fusing multiomics data, most fusion solutions depend on paired omics data, which are actually weakly paired, with different omics views missing for different samples. Incomplete multiview learning-based solutions can alleviate this issue but are still far from satisfactory because they: (i) mainly focus on shared information while ignore the important individuality of multiomics data and (ii) cannot pick out interpretable features for precise diagnosis.

    RESULTS: We introduce an interpretable and flexible solution (LungDWM) for Lung cancer subtype Diagnosis using Weakly paired Multiomics data. LungDWM first builds an attention-based encoder for each omics to pick out important diagnostic features and extract shared and complementary information across omics. Next, it proposes an individual loss to jointly extract the specific information of each omics and performs generative adversarial learning to impute missing omics of samples using extracted features. After that, it fuses the extracted and imputed features to diagnose cancer subtypes. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that LungDWM achieves a better performance than recent competitive methods, and has a high authenticity and good interpretability.

    AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The code is available at http://www.sdu-idea.cn/codes.php?name=LungDWM.

    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

  2. You R, Wang J, Ning N, Wang M, Zhang J
    Materials (Basel), 2022 Nov 15;15(22).
    PMID: 36431559 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228074
    Prestressed concrete sleepers are an important track component that is widely used in railway ballast track. Prestressed concrete sleepers have high strength, strong stability, and good durability; thus, their operation and use in railways are beneficial. However, in different countries and regions, certain damage to sleepers typically appears. Existing research on concrete sleepers focuses primarily on the structural design method, the application of new materials, theoretical analysis, and bearing strength test research, while ignoring sleeper damage. There are a few sleeper damage studies, but they look at only one type of damage; thus, there is no comprehensive study of prestressed concrete sleeper damage. The damage forms of prestressed concrete sleeper damage are thus summarized in this study, and the theory of the causes of prestressed concrete sleepers is analyzed based on the limit state method for the first time. The findings indicate that sleeper structure design is the primary cause of its operation and use status, and that special measures should be considered based on sleeper use conditions. In addition to meeting design requirements, materials, curing systems, product inspection, and other factors must be considered during manufacturing to improve the sleepers' long-term performance. Keeping the track in good condition, including but not limited to the state of fasteners, ballast bed, and track geometry is also an important aspect of preventing sleeper damage. The outcomes of this study provide better insights into the influences of damage to railway prestressed concrete sleepers and can be used to improve track maintenance and inspection criteria.
  3. Wu B, Liu S, Wang J, Tahir S, Patwary AK
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Aug;28(30):40858-40870.
    PMID: 33772472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13605-2
    This work aims to assess multidimensional energy poverty and energy efficiency for environmental policy measures using data envelopment analysis (DEA), a DEA-Like mathematical composite indicator applied on a dataset based on multiple sets of variables from South Asian economies. The multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) is computed to analyze the combining effects and energy poverty in these countries. Simultaneously, South Asia's metropolitan areas' population rose by 130 million between 2001 and 2011 and is projected to expand by approximately 250 million by 2030. The findings reveal that endogenous increasing population shocks account for about 72% of energy use. In contrast, the long-term effects of remittance revenue, economic growth, and urbanization on energy use are approximately 20%, 8.25%, and 0.03%, respectively. This work advocates more coordinated and innovative policies to eliminate energy poverty. It can act as a base for policymakers and government officials to make efficient policies and enforce them properly in the regional power sector. Policies should be designed around a smarter use of biomass for cooking, alternate sources for domestic energy production, increased programs for biomass-based cookstoves, and periodic regional-level energy database development.
  4. Huang Z, Wang J, Lu X, Mohd Zain A, Yu G
    Brief Bioinform, 2023 Mar 19;24(2).
    PMID: 36733262 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad040
    Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data are typically with a large number of missing values, which often results in the loss of critical gene signaling information and seriously limit the downstream analysis. Deep learning-based imputation methods often can better handle scRNA-seq data than shallow ones, but most of them do not consider the inherent relations between genes, and the expression of a gene is often regulated by other genes. Therefore, it is essential to impute scRNA-seq data by considering the regional gene-to-gene relations. We propose a novel model (named scGGAN) to impute scRNA-seq data that learns the gene-to-gene relations by Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) and global scRNA-seq data distribution by Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). scGGAN first leverages single-cell and bulk genomics data to explore inherent relations between genes and builds a more compact gene relation network to jointly capture the homogeneous and heterogeneous information. Then, it constructs a GCN-based GAN model to integrate the scRNA-seq, gene sequencing data and gene relation network for generating scRNA-seq data, and trains the model through adversarial learning. Finally, it utilizes data generated by the trained GCN-based GAN model to impute scRNA-seq data. Experiments on simulated and real scRNA-seq datasets show that scGGAN can effectively identify dropout events, recover the biologically meaningful expressions, determine subcellular states and types, improve the differential expression analysis and temporal dynamics analysis. Ablation experiments confirm that both the gene relation network and gene sequence data help the imputation of scRNA-seq data.
  5. Ko H, Wang J, Chiu JW, Kim WK
    Poult Sci, 2023 Apr;102(4):102509.
    PMID: 36745956 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102509
    This study aimed to investigate the effect of metabolizable energy (ME) levels and exogenous emulsifier supplementation on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), body composition, and carcass yield in broilers. The experiment was designed as a 2  ×  2 factorial arrangement with ME levels (control ME vs. reduced 100 kcal/kg ME) and exogenous emulsifier supplementation (0 vs. 0.05 %). A total of 1,000 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 10 replicates and 25 birds per floor pen for 42 d (starter, d 0-14; grower, d 14-28; and finisher, d 28-42). Growth performance was measured biweekly, and AID was evaluated using the indigestible indicator method during d 21 to 28. Body composition was measured at d 35 using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), and carcass yield was evaluated at d 42. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure for 2-way ANOVA. Results indicated reduced ME decreased body weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05). Exogenous emulsifier supplementation improved FCR during the finisher and overall periods (P < 0.05). Reduced ME decreased AID of dry matter (DM), fat, and gross energy (P < 0.05) but increased AID of Val (P = 0.013). Exogenous emulsifier supplementation increased AID of DM, crude protein, His, Ile, Lys, Thr, Val, Pro, Ala, and Tyr (P < 0.05). Reduced ME decreased dressing rate and the relative weight of abdominal fat (P < 0.05). DXA results indicated that reduced ME decreased bone mineral density and fat (P < 0.001) but increased bone mineral contents and muscle (P < 0.05). Therefore, a reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME in the diet had adverse effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics, but the use of exogenous emulsifier supplementation improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility.
  6. Wang J, Goh KM, Salem DR, Sani RK
    Sci Rep, 2019 02 07;9(1):1608.
    PMID: 30733471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36983-z
    Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic and thermophilic bacterium, isolated from a soil sample obtained from a compost facility. Strain WSUCF1 demonstrated EPS producing capability using different sugars as the carbon source. The whole-genome analysis of WSUCF1 was performed to disclose the essential genes correlated with nucleotide sugar precursor biosynthesis, assembly of monosaccharide units, export of the polysaccharide chain, and regulation of EPS production. Both the biosynthesis pathway and export mechanism of EPS were proposed based on functional annotation. Additionally, the genome description of strain WSUCF1 suggests sophisticated systems for its adaptation under thermophilic conditions. The presence of genes associated with CRISPR-Cas system, quorum quenching lactonase, polyketide synthesis and arsenic resistance makes this strain a potential candidate for various applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. The present study indicates that strain WSUCF1 has promise as a thermophilic EPS producer for a broad range of industrial applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on genome analysis of a thermophilic Geobacillus species focusing on its EPS biosynthesis and transportation, which will likely pave the way for both enhanced yield and tailor-made EPS production by thermophilic bacteria.
  7. Fu W, He X, Sun Y, Wang C, Wang J, Dong Y
    Int J Dev Disabil, 2023;69(4):602-610.
    PMID: 37346253 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1985919
    The prosperity of inclusion of students with disabilities largely rest on the attitudes of mainstream teachers. Few studies explore the relationship among school climate, teachers' attitude on inclusion and teachers' efficacy in China. This study surveyed 266 general teachers in China to understand the role of teachers' efficacy on inclusive education between school climate and teachers' attitude. The results indicated that teachers hold positive attitudes towards inclusion on average, especially in the dimension of affection. Additionally, school climate, teachers' efficacy and teachers' attitude were significantly associated, and the mediating effect of teachers' efficacy between school climate and teachers' attitude were proved by mediation analyses. The findings suggested that creating more inclusive school climate and improving general teachers' knowledge and skills on inclusive education, especially the skills on collaboration with others, which could contribute to promote more positive attitude on inclusive education of general teachers.
  8. Luo S, Wang J, Xie Z, Tong DYK
    Curr Psychol, 2023 Apr 18.
    PMID: 37359604 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04638-6
    Previous studies have found that sense of power is an important predictor of employee voice; however, the mechanism underlying the relationship between these factors remains unclear. To explore this mechanism, 642 valid questionnaires from 45 enterprises were used to conduct an empirical test based on the approach-inhibition theory of power. The results showed that sense of power can affect error risk taking positively, error risk taking mediates the relationship between sense of power and employee voice; and power congruence moderates both the direct relationship between sense of power and employee voice and their indirect relationship via error risk taking. This study thus provides a useful reference for improving employees' enthusiasm for voice behavior and can help enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.
  9. Cao W, Wang J, Wang Y, Hassan II, Kadir AA
    Digit Health, 2024;10:20552076241236291.
    PMID: 38465293 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241236291
    BACKGROUND: Effective medication adherence is vital for older adult stroke survivors, yet 20-33% cease treatment within a year post-discharge, increasing risks of recurrent strokes and mortality. A mobile health (mHealth) app could be a novel tool to improve medication adherence among stroke survivors because of its potential to increase patient empowerment. A few stroke-related apps provide information and support to stroke survivors. However, none have focused on medication adherence and documented their development and evaluation process, particularly those focused on this older population.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aims to design and develop a smartphone app called OASapp to improve medication adherence among older adult stroke survivors and evaluate its usability.

    METHODS: OASapp was developed in a three-phase development process. Phase 1 is the exploration phase (including a cross-sectional survey, a systematic review, a search for stroke apps on the app stores of Apple App Store and Google Play Store, and a nominal group technique). In phase 2, a prototype was designed based on the Health Belief Model and Technology Acceptance Model. In phase 3, Alpha and Beta testing was conducted to validate the app.

    RESULTS: Twenty-five features for inclusion in the app were collected in round one, and 14 features remained and were ranked by the participants during nominal group technique. OASapp included five core components (medication management, risk factor management, health information, communication, and stroke map). Users of OASapp were satisfied based on reports from Alpha and Beta testing. The mean Usability Metric for User Experience (UMUX) score was 71.4 points (SD 14.6 points).

    CONCLUSION: OASapp was successfully developed using comprehensive, robust, and theory-based methods and was found to be highly accepted by users. Further research is needed to establish the clinical efficacy of the app so that it can be utilized to improve clinically relevant outcomes.

  10. Yang L, Meng H, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhao Z
    PLoS One, 2024;19(4):e0299729.
    PMID: 38578727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299729
    Urban agglomerations are sophisticated territorial systems at the mature stage of city development that are concentrated areas of production and economic activity. Therefore, the study of vulnerability from the perspective of production-living-ecological space is crucial for the sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin and global urban agglomerations. The relationship between productivity, living conditions, and ecological spatial quality is fully considered in this research. By constructing a vulnerability evaluation index system based on the perspectives of production, ecology, and living space, and adopting the entropy value method, comprehensive vulnerability index model, and obstacle factor diagnostic model, the study comprehensively assesses the vulnerability of the urban agglomerations along the Yellow River from 2001 to 2020. The results reveal that the spatial differentiation characteristics of urban agglomeration vulnerability are significant. A clear three-level gradient distribution of high, medium, and low degrees is seen in the overall vulnerability; these correspond to the lower, middle, and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin, respectively. The percentage of cities with higher and moderate levels of vulnerability did not vary from 2001 to 2020, while the percentage of cities with high levels of vulnerability did. The four dimensions of economic development, leisure and tourism, resource availability, and ecological pressure are the primary determinants of the urban agglomeration's vulnerability along the Yellow River. And the vulnerability factors of various urban agglomerations showed a significant evolutionary trend; the obstacle degree values have declined, and the importance of tourism and leisure functions has gradually increased. Based on the above conclusions, we propose several suggestions to enhance the quality of urban development along the Yellow River urban agglomeration. Including formulating a three-level development strategy, paying attention to ecological and environmental protection, developing domestic and foreign trade, and properly planning and managing the tourism industry.
  11. Wang J, Mahmood Q, Qiu JP, Li YS, Chang YS, Chi LN, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:617861.
    PMID: 25685798 DOI: 10.1155/2015/617861
    Palm oil is one of the most important agroindustries in Malaysia. Huge quantities of palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose a great threat to aqueous environment due to its very high COD. To make full use of discharged wastes, the integrated "zero discharge" pilot-scale industrial plant comprising "pretreatment-anaerobic and aerobic process-membrane separation" was continuously operated for 1 year. After pretreatment in the oil separator tank, 55.6% of waste oil in raw POME could be recovered and sold and anaerobically digested through 2 AnaEG reactors followed by a dissolved air flotation (DAF); average COD reduced to about 3587 mg/L, and biogas production was 27.65 times POME injection which was used to generate electricity. The aerobic effluent was settled for 3 h or/and treated in MBR which could remove BOD3 (30°C) to less than 20 mg/L as required by Department of Environment of Malaysia. After filtration by UF and RO membrane, all organic compounds and most of the salts were removed; RO permeate could be reused as the boiler feed water. RO concentrate combined with anaerobic surplus sludge could be used as biofertilizer.
  12. Wu WH, Kuo TC, Lin YT, Huang SW, Liu HF, Wang J, et al.
    PLoS One, 2013;8(12):e83711.
    PMID: 24391812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083711
    Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease can be classified into three genotypes and many subtypes. The objectives of this study were to conduct a molecular epidemiological study of EV71 in the central region of Taiwan from 2002-2012 and to test the hypothesis that whether the alternative appearance of different EV71 subtypes in Taiwan is due to transmission from neighboring countries or from re-emergence of pre-existing local strains. We selected 174 EV71 isolates and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to amplify their VP1 region for DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. We found that the major subtypes of EV71 in Taiwan were B4 for 2002 epidemic, C4 for 2004-2005 epidemic, B5 for 2008-2009 epidemic, C4 for 2010 epidemic and B5 for 2011-2012 epidemic. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 2002 and 2008 epidemics were associated with EV71 from Malaysia and Singapore; while both 2010 and 2011-2012 epidemics originated from different regions of mainland China including Shanghai, Henan, Xiamen and Gong-Dong. Furthermore, minor strains have been identified in each epidemic and some of them were correlated with the subsequent outbreaks. Therefore, the EV71 infection in Taiwan may originate from pre-existing minor strains or from other regions in Asia including mainland China. In addition, 101 EV71 isolates were selected for the detection of new recombinant strains using the nucleotide sequences spanning the VP1-2A-2B region. No new recombinant strain was found. Analysis of clinical manifestations showed that patients infected with C4 had significantly higher rates of pharyngeal vesicles or ulcers than patients infected with B5. This is the first study demonstrating that different EV 71 genotypes may have different clinical manifestations and the association of EV71 infections between Taiwan and mainland China.
  13. Che Azemin MZ, Ab Hamid F, Aminuddin A, Wang JJ, Kawasaki R, Kumar DK
    Exp Eye Res, 2013 Nov;116:355-358.
    PMID: 24512773 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.010
    The fractal dimension is a global measure of complexity and is useful for quantifying anatomical structures, including the retinal vascular network. A previous study found a linear declining trend with aging on the retinal vascular fractal dimension (DF); however, it was limited to the older population (49 years and older). This study aimed to investigate the possible models of the fractal dimension changes from young to old subjects (10-73 years). A total of 215 right-eye retinal samples, including those of 119 (55%) women and 96 (45%) men, were selected. The retinal vessels were segmented using computer-assisted software, and non-vessel fragments were deleted. The fractal dimension was measured based on the log-log plot of the number of grids versus the size. The retinal vascular DF was analyzed to determine changes with increasing age. Finally, the data were fitted to three polynomial models. All three models are statistically significant (Linear: R2 = 0.1270, 213 d.f., p 
  14. Wang J, Luo E, Hirai M, Arai M, Abdul-Manan E, Mohamed-Isa Z, et al.
    Acta Med. Okayama, 2008 Oct;62(5):327-32.
    PMID: 18985093
    The Malaysian people consist of several ethnic groups including the Malay, the Chinese, the Indian and the Orang Asli (aboriginal Malaysians). We collected blood samples from outpatients of 2 hospitals in the State of Selangor and identified 27 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient subjects among these ethnic groups. In the Malay, G6PD Viangchan (871GA, 1311CT, IVS11 nt93TC) and G6PD Mahidol (487GA) types, which are common in Cambodia and Myanmar, respectively, were detected. The Malay also had both subtypes of G6PD Mediterranean:the Mediterranean subtype (563CT, 1311CT, IVS11 nt93TC) and the Indo-Pakistan subtype (563CT, 1311C, IVS11 nt93T). In Malaysians of Chinese background, G6PD Kaiping (1388GA), G6PD Canton (1376GT) and G6PD Gaohe (95AG), which are common in China, were detected. Indian Malaysians possessed G6PD Mediterranean (Indo-Pakistan subtype) and G6PD Namoru (208TC), a few cases of which had been reported in Vanuatu and many in India. Our findings indicate that G6PD Namoru occurs in India and flows to Malaysia up to Vanuatu. We also discovered 5 G6PD-deficient cases with 2 nucleotide substitutions of 1311CT and IVS11 nt93TC, but without amino-acid substitution in the G6PD molecule. These results indicate that the Malaysian people have incorporated many ancestors in terms of G6PD variants.
    Study site: Kajang District Hospital and the Hospital Orang Asli Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
  15. Wang J, Vijaykrishna D, Duan L, Bahl J, Zhang JX, Webster RG, et al.
    J Virol, 2008 Apr;82(7):3405-14.
    PMID: 18216109 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02468-07
    The transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to Southeast Asian countries triggered the first major outbreak and transmission wave in late 2003, accelerating the pandemic threat to the world. Due to the lack of influenza surveillance prior to these outbreaks, the genetic diversity and the transmission pathways of H5N1 viruses from this period remain undefined. To determine the possible source of the wave 1 H5N1 viruses, we recently conducted further sequencing and analysis of samples collected in live-poultry markets from Guangdong, Hunan, and Yunnan in southern China from 2001 to 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of 73 H5N1 isolates from this period revealed a greater genetic diversity in southern China than previously reported. Moreover, results show that eight viruses isolated from Yunnan in 2002 and 2003 were most closely related to the clade 1 virus sublineage from Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia, while two viruses from Hunan in 2002 and 2003 were most closely related to viruses from Indonesia (clade 2.1). Further phylogenetic analyses of the six internal genes showed that all 10 of those viruses maintained similar phylogenetic relationships as the surface genes. The 10 progenitor viruses were genotype Z and shared high similarity (>/=99%) with their corresponding descendant viruses in most gene segments. These results suggest a direct transmission link for H5N1 viruses between Yunnan and Vietnam and also between Hunan and Indonesia during 2002 and 2003. Poultry trade may be responsible for virus introduction to Vietnam, while the transmission route from Hunan to Indonesia remains unclear.
  16. Zheng B, Xing G, Bi Y, Yan G, Wang J, Cheng Y, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2016 Jan;23(1):54-65.
    PMID: 26858539 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.08.009
    As a novel oral drug delivery system, proliposome was applied to improve the solubility of active components of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE). There are currently few reports focusing on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of proliposome of GbE (GbP). A rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of active components of GbP and a commercial tablet product (Ginaton) in rat plasma was developed and successfully validated. The method was applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of GbP and Ginaton in rat plasma. The results indicated that GbP has a significant effect on absorption, elimination and bioavailability of flavonoids and terpenoid lactones in comparison with Ginaton. The obtained results would be helpful for evaluating the absorption mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract in pharmacokinetic level and guiding the development of the novel oral drug delivery system.
  17. Rao R, Bhassu S, Bing RZ, Alinejad T, Hassan SS, Wang J
    J Invertebr Pathol, 2016 05;136:10-22.
    PMID: 26880158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.002
    The world production of shrimp such as the Malaysian giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is seriously affected by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). There is an urgent need to understand the host pathogen interaction between M. rosenbergii and WSSV which will be able to provide a solution in controlling the spread of this infectious disease and lastly save the aquaculture industry. Now, using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we will be able to capture the response of the M. rosenbergii to the pathogen and have a better understanding of the host defence mechanism. Two cDNA libraries, one of WSSV-challenged M. rosenbergii and a normal control one, were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform. After de novo assembly and clustering of the unigenes from both libraries, 63,584 standard unigenes were generated with a mean size of 698bp and an N50 of 1137bp. We successfully annotated 35.31% of all unigenes by using BLASTX program (E-value <10-5) against NCBI non-redundant (Nr), Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway (KEGG) and Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) databases. Gene Ontology (GO) assessment was conducted using BLAST2GO software. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by using the FPKM method showed 8443 host genes were significantly up-regulated whereas 5973 genes were significantly down-regulated. The differentially expressed immune related genes were grouped into 15 animal immune functions. The present study showed that WSSV infection has a significant impact on the transcriptome profile of M. rosenbergii's hepatopancreas, and further enhanced the knowledge of this host-virus interaction. Furthermore, the high number of transcripts generated in this study will provide a platform for future genomic research on freshwater prawns.
  18. Wang J, Mahmood Q, Qiu JP, Li YS, Chang YS, Li XD
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:398028.
    PMID: 26167485 DOI: 10.1155/2015/398028
    Large volumes of untreated palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose threat to aquatic environment due to the presence of very high organic content. The present investigation involved two pilot-scale anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors, continuously operated for 1 year to treat POME. Setting HRT at 9.8 d, the anaerobic EGSB reactors reduced COD from 71179 mg/L to 12341 mg/L and recycled half of sludge by a dissolved air flotation (DAF). The average effluent COD was 3587 mg/L with the consistent COD removal efficiency of 94.89%. Adding cationic polymer (PAM) dose of 30 mg/L to DAF unit and recycling its half of sludge caused granulation of anaerobic sludge. Bacilli and small coccid bacteria were the dominant microbial species of the reactor. The reactor produced 27.65 m(3) of biogas per m(3) of POME which was utilized for electricity generation.
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