Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 325 in total

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  1. Fulltext THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADSORBENT DERIVED FROM MORINGA OLEIFERA AS A WATER TREATMENT AGENT
    Farasyahida A. Samad, Wan Salida Wan Mansor, idayatul Aini Zakaria
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(4):51-60.
    MyJurnal
    Clean, safe and readily available water is very crucial in everyday life, especially for health, hygiene, and the productivity of the community. Unfortunately, increase in contaminants in water supplies from human activities and industrialization is very worrying. Conventional wastewater treatment includes the usage of alum that will affect health with prolonged consumption. This research was carried out to focus on the development of wastewater treatment system using adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds. Adsorbent was successfully synthesized from the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Characterization of the sample was made using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the effectiveness of water treatment was analyzed using Turbidity Meter. Then, all samples were tested against kaolin wastewater. XRD results showed that all the adsorbent samples were amorphous in nature. FTIR results indicated that there were hydroxyl group and carboxylic group in the sample representing numerous oxygen-riddled functional groups on the surface. From SEM results, it was clearly shown that the pore structure and size of Moringa oleifera affected the capability of adsorption where the smaller the size, the more effective the sample. Turbidity test showed that the sample that worked best for wastewater treatment was adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds in size of 125µm that was heated for 4 hours with 93.76% turbidity removal. Therefore, this study proved that the adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds is very suitable for high turbidity wastewater treatment. Further studies investigating the combination of conventional activated carbon with adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds should be conducted before these samples are made available for further use so that we can compare which sample works best for wastewater treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  2. Fulltext REMOVAL OF CADMIUM IONS FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER BY USINGPennisetum purpureum(ELEPHANT GRASS) AS LOW COSTBIODEGRADABLE ADSORBENT (BIOSORBENT)
    LING SHING YUN, ASMADI ALI
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(1):103-112.
    MyJurnal
    At present, heavy metal pollution is a major environmental concern and the adsorption technique is a potent method for removal of these heavy metals from wastewater. Activated carbon is one of the best adsorbents for metal ionsremoval but it is sometimes restricted due to high cost and problems with regeneration hamper large scale application. Low cost adsorbent is alternatively being introduced to replace activated carbon since it is available in large quantity, renewable and inexpensive. Hence, Pennisetum purpureum(elephant grass) was investigated for its potential in cadmium ions removal. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses.The effects of pH (1 to 5), initial metal ion concentration (5 to 25 mg/L), contact time (10 to 60 minutes) and adsorbent dosage (0.2 to 1.0 g) on cadmium ions removal were conducted by batch adsorption experiments. In this study, the FT-IR results demonstrated that the functional groups for untreated and nitric acid-treated P. purpureum mainly consisted of carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine groups which are able to bind with positively charged cadmium ions. SEM micrographs have proven that nitric acid modification would remove the surface impurities of P. purpureum, which increased the surface roughness, produced deep, open pores and better pore size distribution. From the BET and BJH analyses, the treated P. purpureum was mesoporous, had larger surface area and pore volume compared to untreated P. purpureum. The best pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time were pH 4, 0.6 g and 30 minutes, respectively. The highest removal percentage of cadmium ions for both untreated and treated P. purpureum were 92% and 98% correspondingly. The results shown strengthened the fact that both biosorbents have great potential in cadmium ions removal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  3. Can treatment of Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) improve its utilisation in the diet in small ruminants?-a review
    Chung ELT, Predith M, Nobilly F, Samsudin AA, Jesse FFA, Loh TC
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2018 Jun 20.
    PMID: 29926360 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1641-4
    Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  4. Fulltext Improving phosphorus availability in an acid soil using organic amendments produced from agroindustrial wastes
    Ch'ng HY, Ahmed OH, Majid NM
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:506356.
    PMID: 25032229 DOI: 10.1155/2014/506356
    In acid soils, soluble inorganic phosphorus is fixed by aluminium and iron. To overcome this problem, acid soils are limed to fix aluminium and iron but this practice is not economical. The practice is also not environmentally friendly. This study was conducted to improve phosphorus availability using organic amendments (biochar and compost produced from chicken litter and pineapple leaves, resp.) to fix aluminium and iron instead of phosphorus. Amending soil with biochar or compost or a mixture of biochar and compost increased total phosphorus, available phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus fractions (soluble inorganic phosphorus, aluminium bound inorganic phosphorus, iron bound inorganic phosphorus, redundant soluble inorganic phosphorus, and calcium bound phosphorus), and organic phosphorus. This was possible because the organic amendments increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminium, and exchangeable iron. The findings suggest that the organic amendments altered soil chemical properties in a way that enhanced the availability of phosphorus in this study. The amendments effectively fixed aluminium and iron instead of phosphorus, thus rendering phosphorus available by keeping the inorganic phosphorus in a bioavailable labile phosphorus pool for a longer period compared with application of Triple Superphosphate without organic amendments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal/chemistry*
  5. Fulltext Effect of CO₂ flow rate on the Pinang frond-based activated carbon for methylene blue removal
    Herawan SG, Ahmad MA, Putra A, Yusof AA
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:545948.
    PMID: 24027443 DOI: 10.1155/2013/545948
    Activated carbons are regularly used the treatment of dye wastewater. They can be produced from various organics materials having high level of carbon content. In this study, a novel Pinang frond activated carbon (PFAC) was produced at various CO₂ flow rates in the range of 150-600 mL/min at activation temperature of 800°C for 3 hours. The optimum PFAC sample is found on CO₂ flow rate of 300 mL/min which gives the highest BET surface area and pore volume of 958 m²/g and 0.5469 mL/g, respectively. This sample shows well-developed pore structure with high fixed carbon content of 79.74%. The removal of methylene blue (MB) by 95.8% for initial MB concentration of 50 mg/L and 72.6% for 500 mg/L is achieved via this sample. The PFAC is thus identified to be a suitable adsorbent for removing MB from aqueous solution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal/chemistry*
  6. Fulltext Characterization of activated carbons from oil-palm shell by CO2 activation with no holding carbonization temperature
    Herawan SG, Hadi MS, Ayob MR, Putra A
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:624865.
    PMID: 23737721 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624865
    Activated carbons can be produced from different precursors, including coals of different ranks, and lignocellulosic materials, by physical or chemical activation processes. The objective of this paper is to characterize oil-palm shells, as a biomass byproduct from palm-oil mills which were converted into activated carbons by nitrogen pyrolysis followed by CO2 activation. The effects of no holding peak pyrolysis temperature on the physical characteristics of the activated carbons are studied. The BET surface area of the activated carbon is investigated using N2 adsorption at 77 K with selected temperatures of 500, 600, and 700°C. These pyrolysis conditions for preparing the activated carbons are found to yield higher BET surface area at a pyrolysis temperature of 700°C compared to selected commercial activated carbon. The activated carbons thus result in well-developed porosities and predominantly microporosities. By using this activation method, significant improvement can be obtained in the surface characteristics of the activated carbons. Thus this study shows that the preparation time can be shortened while better results of activated carbon can be produced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal/chemistry*
  7. Comparison of Plaque Removal and Wear between Charcoal Infused Bristle and Nylon Bristle Toothbrushes: A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study
    Kini V, Yadav S, Rijhwani JA, Farooqui A, Joshi AA, Phad SG
    J Contemp Dent Pract, 2019 Mar 01;20(3):377-384.
    PMID: 31204332
    AIM: To compare plaque removal and wear between charcoal infused bristle toothbrushes (T1) and nylon bristle toothbrushes (T2) in a randomized clinical crossover study.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-over study was conducted in 2 phases of 6 weeks duration each with an intervening 2-week washout. Twenty-five participants meeting inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into groups A (13) and B (12). In phase 1: group A was assigned T1 and group B was assigned T2. Toothbrushing was advised twice daily for 2 minutes by modified bass technique after meals. At baseline, 3 weeks and 6 weeks the wear index (WI), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded. Following washout in phase 2 group A was assigned T2 and group B was assigned T1 and the same study protocol was followed.

    RESULTS: Intra-group comparison between baseline, 3 and 6 weeks by the paired t-test resulted in significant reduction in PI, GI and increase in WI (p <0.05) for T1 and T2. Inter-group comparison using the unpaired t-test resulted in WI for T1 being significantly higher (p <0.05) at 3 weeks and lower at 6 weeks (p <0.05) compared to T2. PI for T1 was significantly higher at 3 weeks (p <0.05) and lower at 6 weeks (p <0.05) compared to T2. No significant difference in GI scores between T1 and T2 at 3 and 6 weeks was observed (p >0.05).

    CONCLUSION: Charcoal infused bristles demonstrated less wear and more plaque removal compared to nylon bristles.

    CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Charcoal infused bristles demonstrate less wear compared to nylon bristles.

    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  8. Long-term impact of biochar on the immobilisation of nickel (II) and zinc (II) and the revegetation of a contaminated site
    Shen Z, Som AM, Wang F, Jin F, McMillan O, Al-Tabbaa A
    Sci Total Environ, 2016 Jan 15;542(Pt A):771-6.
    PMID: 26551277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.057
    A field remediation treatment was carried out to examine the long-term effect of biochar on the immobilisation of metals and the revegetation of a contaminated site in Castleford, UK. The extracted concentrations of nickel (Ni) (II) and zinc (Zn) (II) in the carbonic acid leaching tests were reduced by 83-98% over three years. The extracted Ni (II) and Zn (II) concentrations three years after the treatment were comparable to a cement-based treatment study carried out in a parallel manner on the same site. The sequential extraction results indicated that biochar addition (0.5-2%) increased the residue fractions of Ni (II) (from 51% to 61-66%) and Zn (II) (from 7% to 27-35%) in the soils through competitive sorption, which may have resulted in the reduction of leachabilities of Ni (II) (from 0.35% to 0.12-0.15%) and Zn (II) (from 0.12% to 0.01%) in the plots with biochar compared with that without biochar three years after the treatment. The germination of grass in the plots on site failed. Further laboratory pot study suggested that larger amounts of biochar (5% or more) and compost (5% or more) were needed for the success of revegetation on this site. This study suggests the effectiveness and potential of biochar application in immobilising heavy metals in contaminated site in the long term.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  9. Engineering conversion of Asteraceae plants into biochars for exploring potential applications: A review
    Nguyen DTC, Le HTN, Nguyen TT, Nguyen TTT, Liew RK, Bach LG, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2021 Nov 25;797:149195.
    PMID: 34346381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149195
    Asteraceae presents one of the most globally prevalent, cultivated, and fundamental plant families. However, a large amount of agricultural wastes has been yearly released from Asteraceae crops, causing adverse impacts on the environment. The objective of this work is to have insights into their biomass potentials and technical possibility of conversion into biochars. Physicochemical properties are systematically articulated to orientate environmental application, soil amendment, and other utilizations. Utilizations of Asteraceae biochars in wastewater treatment can be categorized by heavy metal ions, organic dyes, antibiotics, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and explosive compounds. Some efforts were made to analyze the production cost, as well as the challenges and prospects of Asteraceae-based biochars.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  10. Biochar amendment improves alpine meadows growth and soil health in Tibetan plateau over a three year period
    Rafiq MK, Bai Y, Aziz R, Rafiq MT, Mašek O, Bachmann RT, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2020 May 15;717:135296.
    PMID: 31839318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135296
    Previous biochar research has primarily focused on agricultural annual cropping systems with very little attention given to highly fragile, complex and diverse natural alpine grassland ecosystems. The present study investigated the effect of biochar on the growth of alpine meadows and soil health. This study was conducted in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau over a three year period to investigate the effect of three rice husk biochar application rates alone and combination with high and low NPK fertilizer dosages on alpine meadow productivity, soil microbial diversity as well as pH, carbon and nitrogen content at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth. At the end of the 3rd year soil samples were analysed and assessed by combined analysis of variance. The results showed that biochar application in combination with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer had a significant increase in fresh and dry biomass during the second and third year of the study as compared to control and alone biochar application (p ≤ 0.05). Biochar alone and in combination with NPK fertilizer resulted in a significant increase in the soil pH and carbon contents of the soil. XPS results, the SEM imaging and EDS analysis of aged biochar demonstrated that the biochar has undergone complex changes over the 3 years as compared to fresh biochar. This research suggests that biochar has positive effect on alpine meadow growth and soil health and may be an effective tool for alpine meadow restoration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  11. Selective adsorption and recovery of volatile fatty acids from fermented landfill leachate by activated carbon process
    Talebi A, Razali YS, Ismail N, Rafatullah M, Azan Tajarudin H
    Sci Total Environ, 2020 Mar 10;707:134533.
    PMID: 31865088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134533
    An adsorption-desorption process was applied on fermented landfill leachate to adsorb and recover acetic and butyric acid, using activated carbon. In this study, the first, volatile fatty acids adsorption process from fermented leachate was optimized, by investigating various affecting factors such as pH, time, agitation speed, activated carbon dosage, and temperature. The optimum condition for maximum adsorption of 88.94% acetic acid and 98.53% butyric acid, was 19.79 %wt activated carbon dosage, 40.00 rpm of agitation speed, in 9.45 °C and contact time of 179.89 h, while the pH of the substrate was kept fixed at pH:3.0. Results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential revealed that carbon is the dominant component in the adsorbent with a significant effect to remove organic impurities, and it was observed that the activated carbon after the adsorption process showed an amorphous structure peak with a large internal surface area and pore volume. The results exposed that the adsorption on the surface of activated carbon was due to the chemisorption, and the chemisorption mechanism was supported by covalent bonding. The kinetic study displayed excellent fit to Pseudo-second order kinetics model. The second phase of this study was to recover the adsorbed VFAs using multistage desorption unit, in which application of deionized water and ethanol (as desorption agents) resulted in 89.1% of acetic acid and 67.8% of the butyric acid recovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  12. Evaluation of oil palm fiber biochar and activated biochar for sulphur dioxide adsorption
    Iberahim N, Sethupathi S, Bashir MJK, Kanthasamy R, Ahmad T
    Sci Total Environ, 2022 Jan 20;805:150421.
    PMID: 34818803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150421
    The emission of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas from power plants and factories to the atmosphere has been an environmental challenge globally. Thus, there is a great interest to control the SO2 gas emission economically and effectively. This study aims to use and convert abundantly available oil palm fiber (OPF) biomass into an adsorbent to adsorb SO2 gas. The preparation of OPF biochar and activated biochar was optimised using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on selected parameters (i.e., pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, holding time, activation temperature, activation time and CO2 flowrate). The best adsorbent was found to be the OPF activated biochar (OPFAB) compared to OPF biochar. OPFAB prepared at 753 °C for 73 min of activation time with 497 ml/min of CO2 flow yields the best adsorption capacity (33.09 mg/g) of SO2. Meanwhile, OPF pyrolysed at 450 °C of heating temperature, 12 °C/min of heating rate and 98 min of holding time yield adsorption capacity at 18.62 mg/g. Various characterisations were performed to investigate the properties and mechanism of the SO2 adsorption process. Thermal regeneration shows the possibilities for the spent adsorbent to be recycled. The findings imply OPFAB as a promising adsorbent for SO2 adsorption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal*
  13. Production of bio-fertilizer from microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm kernel shell for cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
    Nam WL, Phang XY, Su MH, Liew RK, Ma NL, Rosli MHNB, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2018 May 15;624:9-16.
    PMID: 29245037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.108
    Microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) was performed to produce biochar, which was then tested as bio-fertilizer in growing Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The pyrolysis approach produced biochar containing a highly porous structure with a high BET surface area of up to 270m2/g and low moisture content (≤10wt%), exhibiting desirable adsorption properties to be used as bio-fertilizer since it can act as a housing that provides many sites on which living microorganisms (mycelium or plant-growth promoting bacteria) and organic nutrients can be attached or adsorbed onto. This could in turn stimulate plant growth by increasing the availability and supply of nutrients to the targeted host plant. The results from growing Oyster mushroom using the biochar recorded an impressive growth rate and a monthly production of up to about 550g of mushroom. A shorter time for mycelium growth on one whole baglog (21days) and the highest yield of Oyster mushroom (550g) were obtained from cultivation medium added with 20g of biochar. Our results demonstrate that the biochar-based bio-fertilizer produced from microwave vacuum pyrolysis of PKS shows exceptional promise as growth promoting material for mushroom cultivation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  14. Utilization of current pyrolysis technology to convert biomass and manure waste into biochar for soil remediation: A review
    Tan S, Zhou G, Yang Q, Ge S, Liu J, Cheng YW, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2023 Mar 15;864:160990.
    PMID: 36539095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160990
    Traditional disposal of animal manures and lignocellulosic biomass is restricted by its inefficiency and sluggishness. To advance the carbon management and greenhouse gas mitigation, this review scrutinizes the effect of pyrolysis in promoting the sustainable biomass and manure disposal as well as stimulating the biochar industry development. This review has examined the advancement of pyrolysis of animal manure (AM) and lignocellulosic biomass (LB) in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operability. In particular, the applicability of pyrolysis biochar in enhancing the crops yields via soil remediation is highlighted. Through pyrolysis, the heavy metals of animal manures are fixated in the biochar, thereby both soil contamination via leaching and heavy metal uptake by crops are minimized. Pyrolysis biochar is potentially use in soil remediation for agronomic and environmental co-benefits. Fast pyrolysis assures high bio-oil yield and revenue with better return on investment whereas slow pyrolysis has low revenue despite its minimum investment cost because of relatively low selling price of biochar. For future commercialization, both continuous reactors and catalysis can be integrated to pyrolysis to ameliorate the efficiency and economic value of pyrolysis biochar.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  15. Nanomaterials in biochar: Review of their effectiveness in remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils
    Mazarji M, Bayero MT, Minkina T, Sushkova S, Mandzhieva S, Bauer TV, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2023 Jul 01;880:163330.
    PMID: 37023818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163330
    Biochar can be used for soil remediation in environmentally beneficial manner, especially when combined with nanomaterials. After a decade of research, still, no comprehensive review was conducted on the effectiveness of biochar-based nanocomposites in controlling heavy metal immobilization at soil interfaces. In this paper, the recent progress in immobilizing heavy metals using biochar-based nanocomposite materials were reviewed and compared their efficacy against that of biochar alone. In details, an overview of results on the immobilization of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and As was presented by different nanocomposites made by various biochars derived from kenaf bar, green tea, residual bark, cornstalk, wheat straw, sawdust, palm fiber, and bagasse. Biochar nanocomposite was found to be most effective when combined with metallic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 and FeS) and carbonaceous nanomaterials (graphene oxide and chitosan). This study also devoted special consideration to different remediation mechanisms by which the nanomaterials affect the effectiveness of the immobilization process. The effects of nanocomposites on soil characteristics related to pollution migration, phytotoxicity, and soil microbial composition were assessed. A future perspective on nanocomposites' use in contaminated soils was presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  16. Fulltext Biochar from agricultural wastes: Environmental sustainability, economic viability and the potential as a negative emissions technology in Malaysia
    Saharudin DM, Jeswani HK, Azapagic A
    Sci Total Environ, 2024 Apr 01;919:170266.
    PMID: 38253094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170266
    Biochar used for soil amendment is considered a viable negative emissions technology as it can be produced easily from a wide range of biomass feedstocks, while offering numerous potential agricultural benefits. This research is the first to present a comprehensive sustainability assessment of large-scale biochar production and application in Malaysia. The five feedstocks considered comprise the country's most abundant agricultural wastes from palm oil (empty fruit bunches, fibres, palm fronds and shells) and rice (straw) plantations. Combined with process simulation, life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are used to assess the sustainability of biochar production via slow pyrolysis at different temperatures (300-600 °C), considering two functional units: i) production and application of 1 t of biochar; and ii) removal of 1 t of CO2from the atmosphere. The cradle-to-grave system boundary comprises all life cycle stages from biomass acquisition to biochar use for soil amendment. The positive impacts of the latter, such as carbon sequestration, fertiliser avoidance and reduction in soil N2O emissions, are also included. The global warming potential (GWP) is net-negative in all scenarios, ranging from -436 to -2,085 kg CO2 eq./t biochar and -660 to -933 kg CO2 eq./t CO2 removed. Per t of biochar, the systems with shells have the lowest GWP and those with straw the highest, all showing better performance if produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures. However, the temperature trend is opposite for all other 17 impacts considered, with fibres being the best option and fronds the worst for most categories. Per t CO2 removed, fronds have the highest impact in eight categories, including GWP, and shells the lowest in most categories. All impacts are lower for biochar production at higher temperatures. The main hotspot is the pyrolysis process, influencing the majority of impact categories and contributing 66-75 % to the life cycle costs. The costs range from US$116-197/t biochar and US$60-204/t CO2 removed. The least expensive systems per t biochar are those with straws and per t CO2 removed those with shells, while fronds are the worst option economically for both functional units. Utilising all available feedstocks could remove 6-12.4 Mt of CO2 annually, reducing the national emissions from the agricultural sector by up to 54 % and saving US$36.05 M annually on fertilisers imports. These results will be of interest to policy makers in Malaysia and other regions with abundant agricultural wastes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  17. Fulltext Phenol toxicity and phytoremediation
    Lee, Siew Yi, Janna Ong Abdullah
    The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2017;3(3):107-118.
    MyJurnal
    Widespread applications of phenol in manufacturing industries and oil refineries had resulted in unprecedented leakage of phenol into the environment, which can cause serious health effects such as tissue necrosis and cardiac arrhythmia upon contact or ingestion. Plants exposed to phenol had reduced seed germination index, inhibited growth or even fatality. There are many technologies currently practised to remediate phenol pollution such as physiochemical methods (adsorption to activated carbon and chemical oxidation), biological methods (biodegradation by bacteria or fungus, and soil bioaugmentation), and phytoremediation method (using hairy roots of plants). As physiochemical and microbial phenol degradation are destructive and costly, phytoremediation is widely studied as an alternative phenol remediator which is environmental friendly and cost effective. Microorganisms can detoxify the aromatic xenobiotic through the aerobic or anaerobic pathway. Aerobic degradation of phenol is through either the meta- or ortho-pathway of catechol cleavage while anaerobic degradation occurs through the benzoate pathway. In plants, degradation of phenol is also through catechol cleavage as in microorganisms. However, different enzyme systems were utilised in the different pathways involved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
  18. Dental abrasion pattern in a selected group of Malaysians
    Yaacob HB, Park AW
    J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 1990 Sep;32(3):175-80.
    PMID: 2230960
    Among 350 inhabitants of two villages, 31 (8.9%) cleaned their teeth using table salt and charcoal applied to their forefinger or a Melastoma brush. As a result, all had distinct forms of abrasion cavity on the labial surfaces of their teeth. All of the above three agents are highly abrasive and injurious to both the hard and soft oral tissues. This dying practice is only popular among a very small number of persons in the older age group, and should be discouraged.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal/adverse effects
  19. Evaluation of a magnetic activated charcoal modified with non-ionic silicone surfactant as a new magnetic solid phase extraction sorbent with triazine herbicides as model compounds in selected milk and rice samples
    Mohd NI, Gopal K, Raoov M, Mohamad S, Yahaya N, Lim V, et al.
    Talanta, 2019 May 01;196:217-225.
    PMID: 30683354 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.043
    The non-ionic silicone surfactant (OFX 0309) has been applied in cloud point extraction for the extraction of triazine herbicides in food samples. Evidence has shown that the non-ionic silicone surfactant demonstrated a good performance as an extractor toward triazine herbicides. In this present study, OFX 0309 surfactant was combined with activated charcoal (AC) due to their valuable properties. Activated charcoal modified with non-ionic silicone surfactant coated with magnetic nanoparticles (AC-OFX MNPs) was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, VSM, SEM, TEM and BET. This novel material was applied as a magnetic adsorbent for the pre-concentration and separation of triazine herbicides due to hydrophobic interaction between polysiloxane polyether of OFX 0309 surfactant and triazine herbicides. Under optimal conditions, the proposed magnetic solid phase extraction method using AC-OFX MNPs adsorbent was applied to extract triazine herbicides from selected milk and rice samples using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. The validation method revealed a good linearity (1 - 500 μg L-1) with the coefficient of determination (R2) in the range of 0.992-0.998 for the samples. The limits of detection (LOD) of the developed method were 0.04 - 0.05 µg L-1 (milk sample) and 0.02 - 0.05 µg L-1 (rice sample). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.134 - 0.176 µg L-1 (milk sample) and 0.075 - 0.159 µg L-1 (rice sample). The recoveries of the triazine compounds ranged from 81% to 109% in spiked milk samples and from 81% to 111% in spiked rice samples, with relative standard deviations (RSD) values lower than 13.5% and 12.1% for milk and rice samples, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that have investigated the use of magnetic nanoparticles coated activated charcoal modified with OFX 0309 surfactant for pretreatment of triazine herbicides in food samples analysis for simultaneous separation of organic pollutants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal/chemistry*
  20. Fulltext Asymmetric supercapacitor of functionalised electrospun carbon fibers/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/manganese oxide//activated carbon with superior electrochemical performance
    Mohd Abdah MAA, Azman NHN, Kulandaivalu S, Sulaiman Y
    Sci Rep, 2019 Nov 14;9(1):16782.
    PMID: 31728061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53421-w
    Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC) have shown a great potential candidate for high-performance supercapacitor due to their wide operating potential which can remarkably enhance the capacitive behaviour. In present work, a novel positive electrode derived from functionalised carbon nanofibers/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/manganese oxide (f-CNFs/PEDOT/MnO2) was prepared using a multi-step route and activated carbon (AC) was fabricated as a negative electrode for ASC. A uniform distribution of PEDOT and MnO2 on f-CNFs as well as porous granular of AC are well-observed in FESEM. The assembled f-CNFs/PEDOT/MnO2//AC with an operating potential of 1.6 V can achieve a maximum specific capacitance of 537 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and good cycling stability (81.06% after cycling 8000 times). Furthermore, the as-prepared ASC exhibited reasonably high specific energy of 49.4 Wh/kg and low charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 2.27 Ω, thus, confirming f-CNFs/PEDOT/MnO2//AC as a promising electrode material for the future energy storage system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcoal
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