Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 275 in total

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  1. Fulltext A review of autobiographical memory studies on patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
    Zhang Y, Kuhn SK, Jobson L, Haque S
    BMC Psychiatry, 2019 11 14;19(1):361.
    PMID: 31727046 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2346-6
    BACKGROUND: Patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders demonstrate various cognitive deficiencies, the most pertinent one being impairment in autobiographical memory. This paper reviews quantitative research investigating deficits in the content, and characteristics, of autobiographical memories in individuals with schizophrenia. It also examines if the method used to activate autobiographical memories influenced the results and which theoretical accounts were proposed to explain the defective recall of autobiographical memories in patients with schizophrenia.

    METHODS: PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched for articles published between January 1998 and December 2018. Fifty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies implemented the generative retrieval strategy by inducing memories through cue words or pictures, the life-stage method, or open-ended retrieval method. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement guidelines were followed for this review.

    RESULTS: Most studies reported that patients with schizophrenia retrieve less specific autobiographical memories when compared to a healthy control group, while only three studies indicated that both groups performed similarly on memory specificity. Patients with schizophrenia also exhibited earlier reminiscence bumps than those for healthy controls. The relationship between comorbid depression and autobiographical memory specificity appeared to be independent because patients' memory specificity improved through intervention, but their level of depression remained unchanged. The U-shaped retrieval pattern for memory specificity was not consistent. Both the connection between the history of attempted suicide and autobiographical memory specificity, and the relationship between psychotic symptoms and autobiographical memory specificity, remain inconclusive. Patients' memory specificity and coherence improved through cognitive training.

    CONCLUSIONS: The overgeneral recall of autobiographical memory by patients with schizophrenia could be attributed to working memory, the disturbing concept of self, and the cuing method implemented. The earlier reminiscence bump for patients with schizophrenia may be explained by the premature closure of the identity formation process due to the emergence of psychotic symptoms during early adulthood. Protocol developed for this review was registered in PROSPERO (registration no: CRD42017062643).

    Matched MeSH terms: Memory Disorders/epidemiology*; Memory Disorders/psychology*; Memory Disorders/therapy; Memory, Episodic*
  2. New insights on brain-derived neurotrophic factor epigenetics: from depression to memory extinction
    Poon CH, Heng BC, Lim LW
    Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2021 01;1484(1):9-31.
    PMID: 32808327 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14458
    Advances in characterizing molecular profiles provide valuable insights and opportunities for deciphering the neuropathology of depression. Although abnormal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in depression has gained much support from preclinical and clinical research, how it mediates behavioral alterations in the depressed state remains largely obscure. Environmental factors contribute significantly to the onset of depression and produce robust epigenetic changes. Epigenetic regulation of BDNF, as one of the most characterized gene loci in epigenetics, has recently emerged as a target in research on memory and psychiatric disorders. Specifically, epigenetic alterations of BDNF exons are heavily involved in mediating memory functions and antidepressant effects. In this review, we discuss key research on stress-induced depression from both preclinical and clinical studies, which revealed that differential epigenetic regulation of specific BDNF exons is associated with depression pathophysiology. Considering that BDNF has a central role in depression, we argue that memory extinction, an adaptive response to fear exposure, is dependent on BDNF modulation and holds promise as a prospective target for alleviating or treating depression and anxiety disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory/physiology; Memory Disorders/genetics*; Memory Disorders/physiopathology
  3. The Potential Role of Melatonin on Memory Function: Lessons from Rodent Studies
    Zakaria R, Ahmad AH, Othman Z
    Folia Biol. (Praha), 2016;62(5):181-187.
    PMID: 27978412
    Pineal melatonin biosynthesis is regulated by the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Melatonin has been found to modulate the learning and memory process in human as well as in animals. Endogenous melatonin modulates the process of newly acquired information into long-term memory, while melatonin treatment has been found to reduce memory deficits in elderly people and in various animal models. However, the mechanisms mediating the enhancing effect of melatonin on memory remain elusive. This review intends to explore the possible mechanisms by looking at previous data on the effects of melatonin treatment on memory performance in rodents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory/drug effects*; Memory Disorders/drug therapy; Memory Disorders/physiopathology
  4. Fulltext Tualang honey improves memory performance and decreases depressive-like behavior in rats exposed to loud noise stress
    Azman KF, Zakaria R, AbdAziz C, Othman Z, Al-Rahbi B
    Noise Health, 2015 Mar-Apr;17(75):83-9.
    PMID: 25774610 DOI: 10.4103/1463-1741.153388
    Recent evidence has exhibited dietary influence on the manifestation of different types of behavior induced by stressor tasks. The present study examined the effects of Tualang honey supplement administered with the goal of preventing or attenuating the occurrence of stress-related behaviors in male rats subjected to noise stress. Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: i) nonstressed with vehicle, ii) nonstressed with Tualang honey, iii) stressed with vehicle, and iv) stressed with honey. The supplement was given once daily via oral gavage at 0.2 g/kg body weight. Two types of behavioral tests were performed, namely, the novel object recognition test to evaluate working memory and the forced swimming test to evaluate depressive-like behavior. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using IBM SPSS 18.0. It was observed that the rats subjected to noise stress expressed higher levels of depressive-like behavior and lower memory functions compared to the unexposed control rats. In addition, our results indicated that the supplementation regimen successfully counteracted the effects of noise stress. The forced swimming test indicated that climbing and swimming times were significantly increased and immobility times significantly decreased in honey-supplemented rats, thereby demonstrating an antidepressant-like effect. Furthermore, cognitive function was shown to be intensely affected by noise stress, but the effects were counteracted by the honey supplement. These findings suggest that subchronic exposure to noise stress induces depressive-like behavior and reduces cognitive functions, and that these effects can be attenuated by Tualang honey supplementation. This warrants further studies to examine the role of Tulang honey in mediating such effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory; Memory, Short-Term*
  5. Fulltext Cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction after a stroke diagnosis: a post-stroke memory assessment
    Al-Qazzaz NK, Ali SH, Ahmad SA, Islam S, Mohamad K
    Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2014;10:1677-91.
    PMID: 25228808 DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S67184
    Cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction following stroke diagnosis are common symptoms that significantly affect the survivors' quality of life. Stroke patients have a high potential to develop dementia within the first year of stroke onset. Currently, efforts are being exerted to assess stroke effects on the brain, particularly in the early stages. Numerous neuropsychological assessments are being used to evaluate and differentiate cognitive impairment and dementia following stroke. This article focuses on the role of available neuropsychological assessments in detection of dementia and memory loss after stroke. This review starts with stroke types and risk factors associated with dementia development, followed by a brief description of stroke diagnosis criteria and the effects of stroke on the brain that lead to cognitive impairment and end with memory loss. This review aims to combine available neuropsychological assessments to develop a post-stroke memory assessment (PSMA) scheme based on the most recognized and available studies. The proposed PSMA is expected to assess different types of memory functionalities that are related to different parts of the brain according to stroke location. An optimal therapeutic program that would help stroke patients enjoy additional years with higher quality of life is presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory; Memory Disorders
  6. MRI Brain Classification Using the Quantum Entropy LBP and Deep-Learning-Based Features
    Hasan AM, Jalab HA, Ibrahim RW, Meziane F, Al-Shamasneh AR, Obaiys SJ
    Entropy (Basel), 2020 Sep 15;22(9).
    PMID: 33286802 DOI: 10.3390/e22091033
    Brain tumor detection at early stages can increase the chances of the patient's recovery after treatment. In the last decade, we have noticed a substantial development in the medical imaging technologies, and they are now becoming an integral part in the diagnosis and treatment processes. In this study, we generalize the concept of entropy difference defined in terms of Marsaglia formula (usually used to describe two different figures, statues, etc.) by using the quantum calculus. Then we employ the result to extend the local binary patterns (LBP) to get the quantum entropy LBP (QELBP). The proposed study consists of two approaches of features extractions of MRI brain scans, namely, the QELBP and the deep learning DL features. The classification of MRI brain scan is improved by exploiting the excellent performance of the QELBP-DL feature extraction of the brain in MRI brain scans. The combining all of the extracted features increase the classification accuracy of long short-term memory network when using it as the brain tumor classifier. The maximum accuracy achieved for classifying a dataset comprising 154 MRI brain scan is 98.80%. The experimental results demonstrate that combining the extracted features improves the performance of MRI brain tumor classification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term; Memory, Long-Term
  7. An improved SPEI drought forecasting approach using the long short-term memory neural network
    Dikshit A, Pradhan B, Huete A
    J Environ Manage, 2021 Apr 01;283:111979.
    PMID: 33482453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111979
    Droughts are slow-moving natural hazards that gradually spread over large areas and capable of extending to continental scales, leading to severe socio-economic damage. A key challenge is developing accurate drought forecast model and understanding a models' capability to examine different drought characteristics. Traditionally, forecasting techniques have used various time-series approaches and machine learning models. However, the use of deep learning methods have not been tested extensively despite its potential to improve our understanding of drought characteristics. The present study uses a deep learning approach, specifically the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to predict a commonly used drought measure, the Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) at two different time scales (SPEI 1, SPEI 3). The model was compared with other common machine learning method, Random Forests, Artificial Neural Networks and applied over the New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia, using hydro-meteorological variables as predictors. The drought index and predictor data were collected from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) dataset spanning from 1901 to 2018. We analysed the LSTM forecasted results in terms of several drought characteristics (drought intensity, drought category, or spatial variation) to better understand how drought forecasting was improved. Evaluation of the drought intensity forecasting capabilities of the model were based on three different statistical metrics, Coefficient of Determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The model achieved R2 value of more than 0.99 for both SPEI 1 and SPEI 3 cases. The variation in drought category forecasted results were studied using a multi-class Receiver Operating Characteristic based Area under Curves (ROC-AUC) approach. The analysis revealed an AUC value of 0.83 and 0.82 for SPEI 1 and SPEI 3 respectively. The spatial variation between observed and forecasted values were analysed for the summer months of 2016-2018. The findings from the study show an improvement relative to machine learning models for a lead time of 1 month in terms of different drought characteristics. The results from this work can be used for drought mitigation purposes and different models need to be tested to further enhance our capabilities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term*
  8. Fulltext Effects of a Multi-Component Training Program on Healthy Older Adults' Prospective Memory Performance: Assessing Change Over Time
    Farzin A, Ibrahim R, Madon Z, Basri H, Farzin S, Motalebizadeh A
    Front Public Health, 2021;9:594953.
    PMID: 33968872 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.594953
    Prospective Memory (PM) is a cognitive function affected by aging. PM is the memory of future intentions and is significantly involved in everyday life, especially among older adults. Nevertheless, there are a few studies focused on PM training among healthy older adults and these studies did not report the optimal duration of training regarding improving PM performance among older adults. The present study aimed to determine the effective duration for training PM performance among healthy older adults. The current study was a randomized, controlled, single-blind, within-participants crossover trial including a training program with a duration of 12 h. The sample of 25 older adults aged 55 to 74 years recruited from the active members of the University of the Third Age (U3A), Kuala Lumpur/Selangor, their family members, and friends. The study design ensured some participants would receive the training after baseline while others would wait for 6 weeks after the baseline before receiving the training. All participants were evaluated five times: at baseline, 6, 12, 16, and at 24 weeks post-baseline. Moreover, the training program ensured all participants were assessed after each training session. The minimum number of hours to achieve training effects for this multi-component training program was eight. Results supported the efficacy of the training program in improving PM performance among healthy older adults. Also, the optimal duration for the multicomponent training program on PM performance among healthy older adults was obtained. This trial is registered at isrctn.com (#ISRCTN57600070).
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
  9. An in-depth review of the methods, findings, and theories associated with odor-evoked autobiographical memory
    Hackländer RPM, Janssen SMJ, Bermeitinger C
    Psychon Bull Rev, 2019 Apr;26(2):401-429.
    PMID: 30406397 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1545-3
    Over the past nearly 35 years, there has been sporadic interest in what has commonly come to be known as the Proust phenomenon, whereby autobiographical memories are retrieved and experienced differently when evoked by odors as compared with other types of cues, such as words, images or sounds. The purpose of this review is threefold. First, we provide a detailed analysis of the methods used to investigate Proust effects. Second, we review and analyze the various findings from the literature and determine what we feel to be the most important and stable findings. Third, we provide a series of previously postulated and new hypotheses that attempt to account for the various findings. Given the early stage of research, the current review aims to provide a measure of organization to the field, as well serve as a guide for how future investigations may address the topic. We conclude with the recommendation that research in this area shift its focus from establishing the phenomenon towards explaining its causes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
  10. Fulltext Piloting digital memory album project for older adult with mild to moderate dementia in Malaysia – a feasibility study
    Ponnusamy Subramaniam, Kwai Ching Kan, Shazli Ezzat Ghazali, Rosdinom Razali
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):243-244.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: There are increasing trend in using information and communication technology to enhance the deliverance of reminiscence work for people with dementia. Thus this study aimed to explore the feasibility of Digital Memory Album (DMA) to support reminiscence work and subsequently evaluate the psychosocial benefits of the DMA system for older adults with dementia living in community. Method: This was an exploratory case study involved five participants with mild to moderate dementia and their primary caregivers. Each participant had an opportunity to review their own life history using Life Review Experience Form (LREF) with the researcher for 8 consecutive weeks in which subsequently facilitated in development of a personalised digital life story. Caregivers provided additional information to support the development of DMA. The whole process was audio recorded. The digital life story was presented in multimedia format and displayed using the DMA. The DMA was given to the participants for review. Qualitative data was collected using semi structure questions with the participants and caregivers immediately after the completion of DMA and 6 weeks after having the DMA as a gift. Results: Analysis of the audio-records and interview data indicated that DMA promoted psychosocial wellbeing which included enjoyment, comfort, stimulate long term memory and enhanced communication and social interactions with family members and friends. Caregivers expressed the DMA helped them in recollecting the past and better understanding of their loved ones. It also reoriented their focus on their loved ones from their disability to the remaining strength. Conclusion: For the first time, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using DMA in improving the psychosocial wellbeing for people with dementia in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory; Memory, Long-Term
  11. Autobiographical memory impairment among Rohingya refugee people: roles of direct and indirect trauma exposures and PTSD symptom severity
    Khan S, Haque S
    Cogn Emot, 2021 12;35(8):1573-1587.
    PMID: 34644246 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1990018
    Literature indicates that trauma exposure leads to autobiographical memory (AM) impairment, but the differential effects of direct and indirect trauma on memory remain unclear. We investigated AMs of 100 Rohingya refugees (Meanage = 35.79; SDage = 15.36) recruited from camps in Bangladesh and communities in Malaysia. Each participant retrieved ten memories to word cues and rated to what extent those memories were self-defining on a 5-point scale. They also completed the PTSD-8 scale and a trauma checklist reporting the types of traumatic events they experienced. Results showed that participants with frequent exposure to direct and indirect trauma recalled more traumatic memories. Surprisingly, more direct-trauma memories appeared to be specific than indirect trauma and non-trauma memories. As expected, individuals who scored higher on the PTSD-8 scale recalled more non-specific AMs. Rohingyas in Bangladesh who migrated months before data collection, thus retaining recent trauma experiences , retrieved more non-specific memories than those in Malaysia who migrated years ago. The direct trauma memories of the Malaysian cohort were more self-defining than their counterparts. The participant's ability to recall more direct trauma memories with specificity could be attributed to the repeated recall of those memories to the relevant authorities of the host countries to justify their refugee status.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
  12. Nonsynaptic plasticity model of long-term memory engrams
    Cacha LA, Ali J, Rizvi ZH, Yupapin PP, Poznanski RR
    J Integr Neurosci, 2017;16(4):493-509.
    PMID: 28891529 DOI: 10.3233/JIN-170038
    Using steady-state electrical properties of non-ohmic dendrite based on cable theory, we derive electrotonic potentials that do not change over time and are localized in space. We hypothesize that clusters of such stationary, local and permanent pulses are the electrical signatures of enduring memories which are imprinted through nonsynaptic plasticity, encoded through epigenetic mechanisms, and decoded through electrotonic processing. We further hypothesize how retrieval of an engram is made possible by integration of these permanently imprinted standing pulses in a neural circuit through neurotransmission in the extracellular space as part of conscious recall that acts as a guiding template in the reconsolidation of long-term memories through novelty characterized by uncertainty that arises when new fragments of memories reinstate an engram by way of nonsynaptic plasticity that permits its destabilization. Collectively, these findings seem to reinforce this hypothesis that electrotonic processing in non-ohmic dendrites yield insights into permanent electrical signatures that could reflect upon enduring memories as fragments of long-term memory engrams.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory; Memory, Long-Term
  13. Fulltext Understanding the reminiscence bump: A systematic review
    Munawar K, Kuhn SK, Haque S
    PLoS One, 2018;13(12):e0208595.
    PMID: 30533033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208595
    One of the most consistently observed phenomena in autobiographical memory research is the reminiscence bump: a tendency for middle-aged and elderly people to access more personal memories from approximately 10-30 years of age. This systematic review (PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017076695) aimed to synthesize peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the reminiscence bump. The researchers conducted searches in nine databases for studies published between the date of inception of each database and the year 2017. Keywords used included: reminiscence, bump, peak, surge, blip, reminiscence effect, and reminiscence component. Sixty-eight quantitative studies, out of 523, met the inclusion criteria. The researchers implemented a thematic analytic technique for data extraction. Four main themes were generated: methods of memory activation/instruction for life scripts, types of memory/life scripts recalled, location of the reminiscence bump, and theoretical accounts for the bump. The two prevailing methods of memory activation implemented were the cuing method and important memories method. Three types of memories/life scripts were recalled: personal/autobiographical memory, memories for public events, and life script events. The findings illustrate differing temporal periods for the bump: approximately 10-30 years for memories for important events, approximately 5-30 years for memories that were induced by word cues, and 6-39 years for studies using life scripts. In explaining the bump, the narrative/identity account and cultural life script account received the most support.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
  14. Developments in the functions of autobiographical memory: An advanced review
    Sow F, Dijkstra K, Janssen SMJ
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci, 2023;14(3):e1625.
    PMID: 36165349 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1625
    In this advanced review, the development of the three most commonly used functions of autobiographical memory-directing behavior, social bonding, and self-continuity-and the support they have received in the literature are discussed. Support for this tripartite model often comes from correlational studies that use self-report measures, but participants in these studies may not be aware that they retrieved autobiographical memories to fulfill certain goals. Not only is more experimental research needed to confirm the findings from correlational studies, this kind of research needs to be more rigorous. Moreover, the functions of the tripartite model may not be the only autobiographical memory functions that can be distinguished. For example, there is already substantial support for the emotion-regulation function. Although memories can be used for multiple functions, patterns between aspects of the event (e.g., emotional valence) or memory (e.g., specificity) and their functionality have been found. In addition, individual differences (e.g., cultural background, depression symptoms) and situational factors (e.g., is there a goal that needs to be fulfilled) may regulate the functional deployment of autobiographical memories. Future research should therefore extend its focus on the conditions in which these functions can be observed. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
  15. Fulltext Examining relations between performance on non-verbal executive function and verbal self-regulation tasks in demographically-diverse populations
    Dutra NB, Chen L, Anum A, Burger O, Davis HE, Dzokoto VA, et al.
    Dev Sci, 2022 Sep;25(5):e13228.
    PMID: 35025126 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13228
    Self-regulation is a widely studied construct, generally assumed to be cognitively supported by executive functions (EFs). There is a lack of clarity and consensus over the roles of specific components of EFs in self-regulation. The current study examines the relations between performance on (a) a self-regulation task (Heads, Toes, Knees Shoulders Task) and (b) two EF tasks (Knox Cube and Beads Tasks) that measure different components of updating: working memory and short-term memory, respectively. We compared 107 8- to 13-year-old children (64 females) across demographically-diverse populations in four low and middle-income countries, including: Tanna, Vanuatu; Keningau, Malaysia; Saltpond, Ghana; and Natal, Brazil. The communities we studied vary in market integration/urbanicity as well as level of access, structure, and quality of schooling. We found that performance on the visuospatial working memory task (Knox Cube) and the visuospatial short-term memory task (Beads) are each independently associated with performance on the self-regulation task, even when controlling for schooling and location effects. These effects were robust across demographically-diverse populations of children in low-and middle-income countries. We conclude that this study found evidence supporting visuospatial working memory and visuospatial short-term memory as distinct cognitive processes which each support the development of self-regulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/physiology
  16. Fulltext Implementation of Organizational Memory Information System to Leverage Tacit Knowledge
    Cheku Nurul Hasmaria Cheku Yahaya, Md Gapar Md Johar
    Journal of Management & Science, 2018;16(2):46-53.
    MyJurnal
    This paper aims to presents the implementation of Organizational Memory Information System (OMIS) framework in managing knowledge in organization. OMIS providing a way for organization to leveraging tacit knowledge in capturing, codifying, storing and transferring knowledge. Every year data, information and knowledge had increased then becomes wasted memories due to the retirement, replacement and resignation of staff. This can have a great impact if the knowledge is not used wisely for future purpose. This could give great impact when it is not used wisely. Organization become more efficient and competitive if they used the collections of memory in the form of collected data, information, and knowledge. Organizations which are not efficient will do the process, and study the same repeatedly. Implementation of this framework is a good way to increase effectiveness of knowledge sharing in university. But some knowledge is hard to capture especially tacit knowledge. Many organizations attempt to capture tacit knowledge and codify it so that it can be shared around the organization for greater value. So this paper is mainly focused on implementation of Organizational Memory Information System (OMIS) framework in order to manage knowledge more centralized and organized in organization.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory
  17. Fulltext Mobile phones: The effect of its presence on learning and memory
    Tanil CT, Yong MH
    PLoS One, 2020;15(8):e0219233.
    PMID: 32790667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219233
    Our aim was to examine the effect of a smartphone's presence on learning and memory among undergraduates. A total of 119 undergraduates completed a memory task and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). As predicted, those without smartphones had higher recall accuracy compared to those with smartphones. Results showed a significant negative relationship between phone conscious thought, "how often did you think about your phone", and memory recall but not for SAS and memory recall. Phone conscious thought significantly predicted memory accuracy. We found that the presence of a smartphone and high phone conscious thought affects one's memory learning and recall, indicating the negative effect of a smartphone proximity to our learning and memory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory
  18. Changes in Error Patterns during N-back Training Indicate Reliance on Subvocal Rehearsal
    Chooi WT, Logie R
    Mem Cognit, 2020 11;48(8):1484-1503.
    PMID: 32661910 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01066-w
    Contemporary cognitive training literature suggests that training on an adaptive task produces improvements only in the trained task or near transfer effects. No study has yet systematically explained the mechanism behind improved performance on the N-back. In this study, we first investigated how improvements in an N-back task using eight pairs of phonologically similar words as stimuli occurred by examining error distributions of the task over training sessions. Nineteen participants (non-native English speakers) trained for 20 sessions over 5 weeks. We observed a reduction in false alarms to non-target words and fewer missed target words. Though the absolute number of phonological-based errors reduced as training progressed, the proportion of this error type did not decrease over time suggesting participants increasingly relied on subvocal rehearsal in completing the N-back. In the second experiment, we evaluated if improvements developed during N-back training transferred to tasks that relied on serial order memory using simple span tasks (letter span with phonologically distinct letters, letter span with phonologically similar letters, digit span forward, and digit span backward). Twenty-nine participants trained on the N-back and 16 trained on the Operation Span (OSPAN) for 15 sessions over 4 weeks. Neither group of participants showed improvements on any of the simple span tasks. In the third experiment, 20 participants (16 native English speakers) trained on the N-back for 15 sessions over 4 weeks also showed increasing reliance on subvocal rehearsal as they progressed through training. Self-report strategy use did not predict improvements on the N-back.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory
  19. Fulltext Visual perceptual skills (non-motor) among adults in Selangor of Malaysia
    Mohd Harimi, A.R., Sumithira N., Ashwini S., Mohd Fitri, H., K., Qiu-Ting
    Medicine & Health, 2020;15(2):37-46.
    MyJurnal
    Kemahiran persepsi visual adalah penting bagi golongan dewasa untuk menjalankan aktiviti harian mereka seperti membaca, menulis dan memandu. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kemahiran persepsi visual (bukan motor) dalam kalangan golongan dewasa di Selangor, Malaysia. Seramai 120 subjek dari Selangor yang berumur 20 hingga 59 tahun telah dipilih secara rawak dalam kajian keratan rentas ini. Kajian ini melibatkan pengukuran akuiti visual jauh dan dekat menggunakan carta Snellen dan carta penglihatan dekat Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), ujian saringan kognitif menggunakan soal selidik Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) serta penilaian kemahiran persepsi visual (bukan motor) menggunakan Ujian Kemahiran Persepsi Visual (Bukan Motor)-Revised (TVPS-R). Purata umur subjek ialah 39.41+11.81 tahun. Keputusan menunjukkan purata skor TVPS-R bagi setiap sub-ujian iaitu Visual Discrimination (VD), Visual Memory (VM), Visual-Spatial Relationships (VSR), Visual Form Constancy (VFC), Visual Sequential Memory (VSM), Visual Figure-Ground (VFG) dan Visual Closure (VC) adalah 14.12+1.10, 13.42+1.58, 14.53+1.26, 12.47+1.03, 12.35+2.26, 13.67+1.64 dan 13.73+2.23. Analisis ANOVA menunjukkan skor VD, VM dan VSM dipengaruhi oleh tahap pendidikan (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory
  20. Fulltext Considering phrasal verbs and collocations for ESL vocabulary teaching
    Weng, Brandon Chai An
    Borneo Akademika, 2020;4(4):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    Words have a habit of appearing in recurrent patterns. These recurring patterns may take the
    form of phrasal verbs, collocations, and other multi-word expressions (MWEs). Since these
    patterns constantly re-occur in both speech and writing, it would seem prudent to teach
    vocabulary to ESL learners in the manner in which words actually present themselves: in
    typical chunks. A common example of such a chunk would be “to deal with the problem”, in
    which “deal with” and “problem” are collocates. This paper contains three sections. The first
    examines what phrasal verbs and collocates are in the first place, and why they are particularly
    important for learners. The second part is a review of recent studies that support the teaching
    of MWEs and chunking pedagogy. This paper concludes by discussing the potential of
    incorporating chunking pedagogy in one’s own ESL vocabulary teaching.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory
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