Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 115 in total

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  1. Tan TS, Syed Hassan S, Yap WB
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2017 Jun;64(6):446-451.
    PMID: 28370088 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12738
    The study aimed to construct a recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing the nonstructural (NS) 1 protein of influenza A virus H5N1 on its cell wall. The NS1 gene was first amplified and fused to the pSGANC332 expression plasmid. The NS1 protein expression was carried out by Lact. casei strain C1. PCR screening and DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of recombinant pSG-NS1-ANC332 plasmid in Lact. casei. The plasmid was stably maintained (98·94 ± 1·65%) by the bacterium within the first 20 generations without selective pressure. The NS1 was expressed as a 49-kDa protein in association with the anchoring peptide. The yield was 1·325 ± 0·065 μg mg(-1) of bacterial cells. Lactobacillus casei expressing the NS1 on its cell wall was red-fluorescently stained, but the staining was not observed on Lact. casei carrying the empty pSGANC332. The results implied that Lact. casei strain C1 is a promising host for the expression of surface-bound NS1 protein using the pSGANC332 expression plasmid.

    SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study has demonstrated, for the first time, the expression of nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein of influenza A virus H5N1 on the cell wall of Lactobacillus casei using the pSGANC332 expression plasmid. Display of NS1 protein on the bacterial cell wall was evident under an immunofluorescence microscopic observation. Lactobacillus casei carrying the NS1 protein could be developed into a universal oral influenza vaccine since the NS1 is highly conserved among influenza viruses.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall/genetics; Cell Wall/metabolism
  2. Lee PY, Gam LH, Yong VC, Rosli R, Ng KP, Chong PP
    J Appl Microbiol, 2014 Sep;117(3):854-65.
    PMID: 24909754 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12562
    This study was conducted to identify antigenic proteins of Candida tropicalis that are targeted by the host immune system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall/immunology*; Cell Wall/chemistry
  3. Latha LY, Darah I, Kassim MJ, Sasidharan S
    Ultrastruct Pathol, 2010 Aug;34(4):219-25.
    PMID: 20594042 DOI: 10.3109/01913121003651513
    The antibacterial activity of Vernonia cinerea (L.) extract was investigated using the broth dilution method. The extract showed a favorable antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 mg/mL. V. cinerea extract at (1/2), 1, or 2 times the MIC significantly inhibited bacterial growth with a noticeable drop in optical density (OD) of the bacterial culture, thus confirming the antibacterial activity of the extract on P. aeruginosa. Imaging using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy was done to determine the major alterations in the microstructure of the extract-treated P. aeruginosa. The main abnormalities noted via SEM and TEM studies were the alteration in morphology of the bacterial cells. The main reason for this destruction was the severe alterations of the cell wall with the formation of holes, invaginations, and morphological disorganization caused by the extract. The authors conclude that the extract may be used as a candidate for the development of antimicrobial agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall/drug effects; Cell Wall/ultrastructure
  4. Strout G, Russell SD, Pulsifer DP, Erten S, Lakhtakia A, Lee DW
    Ann Bot, 2013 Oct;112(6):1141-8.
    PMID: 23960046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct172
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Blue-green iridescence in the tropical rainforest understorey sedge Mapania caudata creates structural coloration in its leaves through a novel photonic mechanism. Known structures in plants producing iridescent blues consist of altered cellulose layering within cell walls and in special bodies, and thylakoid membranes in specialized plastids. This study was undertaken in order to determine the origin of leaf iridescence in this plant with particular attention to nano-scale components contributing to this coloration.

    METHODS: Adaxial walls of leaf epidermal cells were characterized using high-pressure-frozen freeze-substituted specimens, which retain their native dimensions during observations using transmission and scanning microscopy, accompanied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to identify the role of biogenic silica in wall-based iridescence. Biogenic silica was experimentally removed using aqueous Na2CO3 and optical properties were compared using spectral reflectance.

    KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Blue iridescence is produced in the adaxial epidermal cell wall, which contains helicoid lamellae. The blue iridescence from cell surfaces is left-circularly polarized. The position of the silica granules is entrained by the helicoid microfibrillar layers, and granules accumulate at a uniform position within the helicoids, contributing to the structure that produces the blue iridescence, as part of the unit cell responsible for 2 ° Bragg scatter. Removal of silica from the walls eliminated the blue colour. Addition of silica nanoparticles on existing cellulosic lamellae is a novel mechanism for adding structural colour in organisms.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall/metabolism; Cell Wall/chemistry
  5. Thomas J, Idris NA, Collings DA
    J Microsc, 2017 10;268(1):13-27.
    PMID: 28654160 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12582
    Pontamine fast scarlet 4B is a red paper and textiles dye that has recently been introduced as a fluorescent probe for plant cell walls. Pontamine exhibits bifluorescence, or fluorescence dependent on the polarization of the excitation light: Because cellulose is aligned within the cell wall, pontamine-labelled cell walls exhibit variable fluorescence as the excitation polarization is modulated. Thus, bifluorescence measurements require polarized excitation that can be directly or indirectly modulated. In our confocal microscopy observations of various cellulose samples labelled with pontamine, we modulated excitation polarization either through sample rotation or by the confocal's scanfield rotation function. This variably rotated laser polarizations on Leica confocal microscopes, but not those from other makers. Beginning with samples with directly observable microfibril orientations, such as purified bacterial cellulose, the velamen of orchid roots and the inner S2 layer of radiata pine compression wood, we demonstrate that modelling the variations in pontamine fluorescence with a sine curve can be used to measure the known microfibril angles. We then measured average local microfibril angles in radiata pine samples, and showed similar microfibril angles in compression and normal (opposite) wood. Significantly, bifluorescence measurements might also be used to understand the degree of local cellulose alignment within the cell wall, as opposed to variations in the overall cellulose angle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  6. Lawson T, Mayes S, Lycett GW, Chin CF
    Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev, 2018 Oct;34(2):181-197.
    PMID: 29902948 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1482092
    Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process that involves the synthesis and modification of the cell wall leading up to the formation of an edible fruit. During the period of fruit ripening, new cell wall polymers and enzymes are synthesized and trafficked to the apoplast. Vesicle trafficking has been shown to play a key role in facilitating the synthesis and modification of cell walls in fruits. Through reverse genetics and gene expression studies, the importance of Rab guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) as integral regulators of vesicle trafficking to the cell wall has been revealed. It has been a decade since a rich literature on the involvement of Rab GTPase in ripening was published. Therefore, this review sets out to summarize the progress in studies on the pivotal roles of Rab GTPases in fruit development and sheds light on new approaches that could be adopted in the fields of postharvest biology and fruit-ripening research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  7. Ridzuan, P.M., Nasir Mohamad, Salwani Ismail, Nor Iza A. Rahman, Sanusi, N.A., Rabiatul Adawiyah Umar, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Trichophyton rubrum is a common pathogenic fungal species that is responsible for causing infection on
    human skin, hair and nail. The antifungal-resistant strains complicate the treatment regime.
    Hydroxychavicol (HC) is one of the main compounds from Piper betel leaf that have antifungal potential and
    its mechanism of action has not been studied yet. The objective of this preliminary study to determine the
    antifungal properties of HC against T. rubrum using transmission electron microscope (TEM) on gross and
    ultrastructure of T. rubrum hypha. T. rubrum was treated with HC and miconazole (MI) at concentrations of
    1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days continuously. Generally, fungi structures became more
    severely damaged at increasing treatment duration. Microscopically, the fungi’s cell wall treated with HC
    showed a rough surface, shrinkage and demolition similar to the MI treated group. The fungi organelles were
    also demolished and disorganized. This study revealed that HC has the ability to inhibit T. rubrum growth
    and has potential to be an antifungal agent for skin infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  8. Muhamad Haikal Zainal, Khairul Baqir Alkhair Khairul Amin, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Sharifah Aminah Syed Mohamad, Abd Malik Marwan Ali, Fathiah Abdullah, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Many kinds of substrates have been used to investigate bioelectricity production with Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). Dry algae biomass has the highest maximum power density compared to other substrates due to high carbon sources from its lipid. However, the bacterial digestion of algae biomass is not simple because of the complexity and strength of the algal cell wall structure. An algae biomass extraction is needed to break the cell wall structure and facilitate digestion. Spray drying method is commonly used in highvalue products but may degrade some algal components which are crucial for microbial degradation in MFC, while the freeze-drying method is able to preserve algal cell constituents. The MFC was fed with freeze dried and spray dried algae biomass to produce energy and determine the degradation efficiency. Results showed the average voltage generated was 739 mV and 740 mV from freeze dried and spray dried algae biomass, respectively. The maximum power density of freeze dried algae biomass is 159.9 mW/m2 and spray dried algae biomass is 152.3 mW/m2. Freeze dried algae biomass has 54.2% of COD removal and 28.4% of Coulombic Efficiency while spray dried algae biomass has 50.1% of COD removal and 24.9% of Coulombic Efficiency.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  9. Wong KS, Lee L, Yeo LY, Tan MK
    R Soc Open Sci, 2019 Mar;6(3):181560.
    PMID: 31032012 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181560
    Seeds, which are high in protein and essential nutrients, must go through a hydration process before consumption. The ability to rapidly increase water absorption can significantly reduce the soaking time as well as the amount of energy needed for cooking seeds. Many studies in the literature employ high-power (102 W) low-frequency (104 Hz) ultrasound; although their results are very promising where more than 100% increase in water content can be obtained between the treated and untreated seeds, the high-power and low-frequency ultrasound often causes acoustic cavitation under high intensity, which can severely disrupt the cell walls and damage the seeds. In our study, however, we demonstrate that treating the seeds via a miniature surface acoustic wave device, which operates at low-power (100 W) and high-frequency (107 Hz) range, gives rise to a higher water absorption rate without the acoustic cavitations. By comparing the water content between the treated and untreated seeds, an increase of up to 2600% (for chickpeas) and 6350% (for mung bean) can be obtained after 60 min. A significantly higher water absorption in mung beans can be attributed to the larger pore size when compared with the acoustic wavelength in water, enabling an efficient transmission of acoustic wave inside the pores. Our results also indicate that the germination time can be reduced by half for treated seeds as compared to the untreated seeds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  10. Muhammad Syazwan Fauzi, Lan DN, Hakimah Osman, Supri A. Ghani
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:869-874.
    Epoxy shape memory foam (ESM) was produced by an advanced aqueous method. Mixture of epoxy, sodium bicarbonate,
    hardener and ammonium chloride was premixed and emulsified in distilled water by using high speed stirring (at 1200
    rpm). The content of sodium bicarbonate used was 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr. Besides that, ammonium chloride was used
    (based on stoichiometrical content) to also function as acidifying agent in initiating the decomposition process of sodium
    bicarbonate at lower foaming temperature. The foam morphology was observed using SEM. It was found that higher
    sodium bicarbonate produced more porosity, more cell size, thinner cell wall and more cell interconnection. Epoxy shape
    memory foam with 10 phr of sodium bicarbonate exhibited good shape memory property and better compression set.
    Shape memory behaviour was measured by the recovered time of the transformed sample to its original shape.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  11. M.A.M. Fuad, N. Mohammad-Noor, A.K.C. Jalal, B.Y. Kamaruzzaman
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:947-955.
    This study was conducted to study the morphological features of species under the genus Chaetoceros isolated from the coastal waters of Pahang, Malaysia. The species were isolated, cultivated and viewed under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four taxa were successfully isolated and cultivated in pure culture, namely Chaetoceros affinis var. affinis, Chaetoceros affinis var. willei, Chaetoceros anastomosans and Chaetoceros baculites. Both varieties of C. affinis were considered as distinct taxa where both strains can be distinguished based on morphological characteristics. C. affinis var. affinis has a thick cell wall compared with C. affinis var. willei. C. anastomosans has special features including a silica bar on the intersection of setae and the production of mucous. The length of the aperture opening is a new record from this study. The new record obtained for C. baculites includes the size of the aperture, the terminal setae, spinal arrangement, the thinness of the cell wall and the location of the species in tropical waters. Detailed data on each species will be added to the taxonomic information for future studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  12. Tan TT, Demura T, Ohtani M
    Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo), 2019;36(1):1-6.
    PMID: 31275042 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.1119b
    Xylem is an essential conductive tissue in vascular plants, and secondary cell wall polymers found in xylem vessel elements, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are promising sustainable bioresources. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying xylem vessel element differentiation is an important step towards increasing woody biomass and crop yields. Establishing in vitro induction systems, in which vessel element differentiation is induced by phytohormonal stimuli or by overexpression of specific transcription factors, has been vital to this research. In this review, we present an overview of these in vitro induction systems, and describe two recently developed in vitro induction systems, VISUAL (Vascular cell Induction culture System Using Arabidopsis Leaves) and the KDB system. Furthermore, we discuss the potentials and limitations of each of these new in vitro induction systems for advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving xylem vessel element differentiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  13. Yew GY, Chew KW, Malek MA, Ho YC, Chen WH, Ling TC, et al.
    Biotechnol Biofuels, 2019;12:252.
    PMID: 31666807 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1591-8
    Background: The extraction of lipids from microalgae requires a pretreatment process to break the cell wall and subsequent extraction processes to obtain the lipids for biofuels production. The multistep operation tends to incur high costs and are energy intensive due to longer process operations. This research work applies the combination of radicals from hydrogen peroxide with an organic solvent as a chemical pretreatment method for disrupting the cell wall of microalgae and simultaneously extracting lipids from the biomass in a one-step biphasic solution.

    Result: Several parameters which can affect the biphasic system were analyzed: contact time, volume of solvent, volume ratio, type of organic solvent, biomass amount and concentration of solvents, to extract the highest amount of lipids from microalgae. The results were optimized and up to 83.5% of lipid recovery yield and 94.6% of enhancement was successfully achieved. The results obtain from GC-FID were similar to the analysis of triglyceride lipid standard.

    Conclusion: The profound hybrid biphasic system shows great potential to radically disrupt the cell wall of microalgae and instantaneously extract lipids in a single-step approach. The lipids extracted were tested to for its comparability to biodiesel performance.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  14. Lee SH, Md Tahir P, Lum WC, Tan LP, Bawon P, Park BD, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Jul 29;12(8).
    PMID: 32751175 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081692
    Citric acid (CA) can be found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit. CA is widely used in many fields but its usage as a green modifying agent and binder for wood is barely addressed. Esterification is one of the most common chemical reactions applied in wood modification. CA contains three carboxyl groups, making it possible to attain at least two esterification reactions that are required for crosslinking when reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the cell wall polymers. In addition, the reaction could form ester linkages to bring adhesivity and good bonding characteristics, and therefore CA could be used as wood binder too. This paper presents a review concerning the usage of CA as a wood modifying agent and binder. For wood modification, the reaction mechanism between wood and CA and the pros and cons of using CA are discussed. CA and its combination with various reactants and their respective optimum parameters are also compiled in this paper. As for the major wood bonding component, the bonding mechanism and types of wood composites bonded with CA are presented. The best working conditions for the CA in the fabrication of wood-based panels are discussed. In addition, the environmental impacts and future outlook of CA-treated wood and bonded composite are also considered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  15. Kurl DN
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 1997;418:607-10.
    PMID: 9331725
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall/genetics; Cell Wall/immunology*; Cell Wall/chemistry
  16. Mohd Helmy Ibrahim, Mohd Nazip Suratman, Razali Abd Kader
    MyJurnal
    Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G.sepium at three intervals according to age groups (three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years of age as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3 % with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. fibre diameter (22.4 m) was significantly lower (p0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 m and 24.7 m), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness was 0.83 m, 18.3 m, and 6.2 m, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups in this study. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G. sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacture and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilization of this species for these products to determine its full potential.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  17. Tabet, Tamer A., Wajir, Julynnie, Fauziah Abdul Aziz
    MyJurnal
    The term microfibril angle, MFA in wood science refers to the angle between the direction of the helical windings of cellulose microfibrils in the secondary cell wall, S2 layer of fibres and tracheids and the long axis of the cell. In this study, the mean MFA of the cell walls were determined for thin samples of thickness 200.0 µm from pith and outwards, for eight ages of Acacia mangium wood. The determination of MFA was based on a diffraction pattern arising from cellulose crystal planes of the type 002 generated by x-ray diffraction and recorded using an electronic detector. The results show an inversely relationship between MFA and age of tree in Acacia mangium wood. MFA decreased from 26.13° at age 3 year-old to 0.20° at tree of age 15 year-old for the pith region. The most significant drop occurred from 16.14° at age 7 yearold to 11.30° at age 9 year-old. An inversely relationship between MFA and storage modulus E’ was evidence in Acacia mangium at age 10-year-old. The results showed that about 76.22% variation of loss modulus E” was attributed to the MFA, while about 66.4% of the variation of glass transition Tg was explained by MFA under the same experimental conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  18. Hata EM, Yusof MT, Zulperi D
    Plant Pathol J, 2021 Apr;37(2):173-181.
    PMID: 33866759 DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.05.2020.0083
    The genus Streptomyces demonstrates enormous promise in promoting plant growth and protecting plants against various pathogens. Single and consortium treatments of two selected Streptomyces strains (Streptomyces shenzhenensis TKSC3 and Streptomyces sp. SS8) were evaluated for their growth-promoting potential on rice, and biocontrol efficiency through induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediation against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak (BLS) disease. Seed bacterization by Streptomyces strains improved seed germination and vigor, relative to the untreated seed. Under greenhouse conditions, seed bacterization with consortium treatment TKSC3 + SS8 increased seed germination, root length, and dry weight by 20%, 23%, and 33%, respectively. Single and consortium Streptomyces treatments also successfully suppressed Xoc infection. The result was consistent with defense-related enzyme quantification wherein single and consortium Streptomyces treatments increased peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and β,1-3 glucanase (GLU) accumulation compared to untreated plant. Within all Streptomyces treatments, consortium treatment TKSC3 + SS8 showed the highest disease suppression efficiency (81.02%) and the lowest area under the disease progress curve value (95.79), making it the best to control BLS disease. Consortium treatment TKSC3 + SS8 induced the highest POX and GLU enzyme activities at 114.32 μmol/min/mg protein and 260.32 abs/min/mg protein, respectively, with both enzymes responsible for plant cell wall reinforcement and resistant interaction. Our results revealed that in addition to promoting plant growth, these Streptomyces strains also mediated ISR in rice plants, thereby, ensuring protection from BLS disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  19. Le CF, Yusof MY, Hassan H, Sekaran SD
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:9761.
    PMID: 25985150 DOI: 10.1038/srep09761
    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising class of novel antimicrobial agents owing to their potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, two lead peptides from unrelated classes of AMPs were systematically hybridized into a series of five hybrid peptides (DM1-DM5) with conserved N- and C-termini. This approach allows sequence bridging of two highly dissimilar AMPs and enables sequence-activity relationship be detailed down to single amino acid level. Presence of specific amino acids and physicochemical properties were used to describe the antipneumococcal activity of these hybrids. Results obtained suggested that cell wall and/or membrane targeting could be the principal mechanism exerted by the hybrids leading to microbial cell killing. Moreover, the pneumocidal rate was greater than penicillin (PEN). Combination treatment with both DMs and PEN produced synergism. The hybrids were also broad spectrum against multiple common clinical bacteria. Sequence analysis showed that presence of specific residues has a major role in affecting the antimicrobial and cell toxicity of the hybrids than physicochemical properties. Future studies should continue to investigate the mechanisms of actions, in vivo therapeutic potential, and improve rational peptide design based on the current strategy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
  20. Yew SM, Chan CL, Soo-Hoo TS, Na SL, Ong SS, Hassan H, et al.
    Genome Announc, 2013;1(3).
    PMID: 23723391 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00158-13
    Pyrenochaeta, classified under the order Pleosporales, is known to cause diseases in plants and humans. Here, we report a draft genome sequence of a Pyrenochaeta sp. isolated from a skin scraping, with an estimated genome size of 39.4 Mb. Genes associated with the synthesis of proteases, toxins, plant cell wall degradation, and multidrug resistance were found.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Wall
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