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  1. Fulltext Evaluations of bacterial contaminated full thickness burn wound healing in Sprague Dawley rats Treated with Tualang honey
    Sukur SM, Halim AS, Singh KK
    Indian J Plast Surg, 2011 Jan;44(1):112-7.
    PMID: 21713196 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.81459
    AIM: The effect of Tualang honey on wound healing in bacterial contaminated full-thickness burn wounds was evaluated in 36 male Sprague Dawley rats.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12/group). Three full-thickness burn wounds were created on each rat. Each group of rats was inoculated with a different organism in the burn wounds: Group A was inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Group B was inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Group C was inoculated with Acinetobacter baumannii. One wound on each rat was dressed with either Tualang honey, Chitosan gel or Hydrofibre silver. Each wound size was measured on day 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 of the study.

    RESULTS: The mean wound size of the Tualang honey-treated wounds was not statistically different than that of the Chitosan gel or Hydrofibre silver-treated wounds when the wounds were compared throughout the entire experiment (P > 0.05). However, comparing the mean wound size on day 21 alone revealed that the Tualang honey-treated wounds were smaller in comparison to that of the Chitosan gel and Hydrofibre silver-treated groups.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that topical application of Tualang honey on burn wounds contaminated with P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii gave the fastest rate of healing compared with other treatments.

  2. Fulltext Tocotrienol supplementation improves late-phase fracture healing compared to alpha-tocopherol in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a biomechanical evaluation
    Mohamad S, Shuid AN, Mokhtar SA, Abdullah S, Soelaiman IN
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:372878.
    PMID: 22829855 DOI: 10.1155/2012/372878
    This study investigated the effects of α-tocopherol and palm oil tocotrienol supplementations on bone fracture healing in postmenopausal osteoporosis rats. 32 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The first group was sham operated (SO), while the others were ovariectomised. After 2 months, the right femora were fractured under anesthesia and fixed with K-wire. The SO and ovariectomised-control rats (OVXC) were given olive oil (vehicle), while both the alpha-tocopherol (ATF) and tocotrienol-enriched fraction (TEF) groups were given alpha-tocopherol and tocotrienol-enriched fraction, respectively, at the dose of 60 mg/kg via oral gavages 6 days per week for 8 weeks. The rats were then euthanized and the femora dissected out for bone biomechanical testing to assess their strength. The callous of the TEF group had significantly higher stress parameter than the SO and OVXC groups. Only the SO group showed significantly higher strain parameter compared to the other treatment groups. The load parameter of the OVXC and ATF groups was significantly lower than the SO group. There was no significant difference in the Young's modulus between the groups. In conclusion, tocotrienol is better than α-tocopherol in improving the biomechanical properties of the fracture callous in postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model.
  3. Fulltext Combined Effects of Eurycoma longifolia and Testosterone on Androgen-Deficient Osteoporosis in a Male Rat Model
    Saadiah Abdul Razak H, Shuid AN, Naina Mohamed I
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:872406.
    PMID: 22924057 DOI: 10.1155/2012/872406
    Androgen-deficient osteoporosis in men is treated with testosterone therapy, which is associated with side effects. Eurycoma longifolia (EL) is known to possess androgenic properties and has been reported to protect bone from androgen-deficient osteoporosis in experimental animal models. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of combination therapy of EL and testosterone (T) in treating androgen-deficient osteoporosis. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into: sham-operated (SHAM), orchidectomized-control (ORX), orchidectomized with testosterone (ORX + T), orchidectomized with EL (ORX + EL), and orchidectomized with combined T and EL therapy (ORX + T + EL). EL was administered via oral gavages daily at the dose of 15 mg/kg. T was injected intramuscularly at 8 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg for the ORX + T and ORX + T + EL groups, respectively. Following 6 weeks of treatment, the osteocalcin levels of ORX + T and ORX + T + EL groups were significantly lower than the SHAM group (P < 0.05). The posttreatment CTX levels of ORX + T and ORX + T + EL groups were significantly lower than their pretreatment levels (P < 0.05). Biomechanically, the strain parameter of the ORX + T + EL group was significantly higher than the ORX group (P < 0.05). Thus, the combination therapy of EL and low-dose T has potential for treatment of androgen-deficient osteoporosis. The lower T dose is beneficial in reducing the sideeffects of testosterone therapy.
  4. Fulltext Effects of Eurycoma longifolia on Testosterone Level and Bone Structure in an Aged Orchidectomised Rat Model
    Tajul Ariff AS, Soelaiman IN, Pramanik J, Shuid AN
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:818072.
    PMID: 22966245 DOI: 10.1155/2012/818072
    Testosterone replacement is the choice of treatment in androgen-deficient osteoporosis. However, long-term use of testosterone is potentially carcinogenic. Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has been reported to enhance testosterone level and prevent bone calcium loss but there is a paucity of research regarding its effect on the bone structural parameters. This study was conducted to explore the bone structural changes following EL treatment in normal and androgen-deficient osteoporosis rat model. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 months were divided into normal control, normal rat supplemented with EL, sham-operated, orchidectomised-control, orchidectomised with testosterone replacement, and orchidectomised with EL supplementation groups. Testosterone serum was measured both before and after the completion of the treatment. After 6 weeks of the treatment, the femora were processed for bone histomorphometry. Testosterone replacement was able to raise the testosterone level and restore the bone volume of orchidectomised rats. EL supplementation failed to emulate both these testosterone actions. The inability of EL to do so may be related to the absence of testes in the androgen deficient osteoporosis model for EL to stimulate testosterone production.
  5. Fulltext The effects of virgin coconut oil on bone oxidative status in ovariectomised rat
    Abujazia MA, Muhammad N, Shuid AN, Soelaiman IN
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:525079.
    PMID: 22927879 DOI: 10.1155/2012/525079
    Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was found to have antioxidant property due to its high polyphenol content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the virgin coconut oil on lipid peroxidation in the bone of an osteoporotic rat model. Normal female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months old were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 8 rats in each group: baseline, sham, ovariectomised (OVX) control group, and OVX given 8% VCO in the diet for six weeks. The oxidative status of the bone was assessed by measuring the index of lipid peroxidation, which is malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as well as the endogenous antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the tibia at the end of the study. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in MDA levels in the OVX-VCO group compared to control group. Ovariectomised rats treated with VCO also had significantly higher GPX concentration. The SOD level seemed to be increased in the OVX-VCO group compared to OVX-control group. In conclusion, VCO prevented lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant enzymes in the osteoporotic rat model.
  6. Fulltext Vitamin e and bone structural changes: an evidence-based review
    Naina Mohamed I, Borhanuddin B, Shuid AN, Mohd Fozi NF
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:250584.
    PMID: 23118786 DOI: 10.1155/2012/250584
    Purpose. This paper explores the effects of vitamin E on bone structural changes. Methods. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant studies about vitamin E and osteoporosis/bone structural changes. A comprehensive search in Medline and CINAHL for relevant studies published between the years 1946 and 2012 was conducted. The main inclusion criteria were published in English, studies had to report the association or effect of vitamin E and osteoporosis-related bone changes, and the osteoporosis-related bone changes should be related to lifestyle variables, aging, or experimentally-induced conditions. Results. The literature search identified 561 potentially relevant articles, whereby 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were three human epidemiological studies and eight animal experimental studies included in this paper. Four animal studies reported positive bone structural changes with vitamin E supplementation. The rest of the studies had negative changes or no effect. Studies with positive changes reported better effects with tocotrienol vitamin E isomer supplementation. Conclusions. This evidence-based review underscores the potential of vitamin E being used for osteoporosis. The effect of one of the vitamin E isomers, tocotrienols, on bone structural changes warrants further exploration. Controlled human observational studies should be conducted to provide stronger evidence.
  7. Fulltext Two different isomers of vitamin e prevent bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model
    Muhammad N, Luke DA, Shuid AN, Mohamed N, Soelaiman IN
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:161527.
    PMID: 23118785 DOI: 10.1155/2012/161527
    Postmenopausal osteoporotic bone loss occurs mainly due to cessation of ovarian function, a condition associated with increased free radicals. Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble vitamin, is a potent antioxidant which can scavenge free radicals in the body. In this study, we investigated the effects of alpha-tocopherol and pure tocotrienol on bone microarchitecture and cellular parameters in ovariectomized rats. Three-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into ovariectomized control, sham-operated, and ovariectomized rats treated with either alpha-tocopherol or tocotrienol. Their femurs were taken at the end of the four-week study period for bone histomorphometric analysis. Ovariectomy causes bone loss in the control group as shown by reduction in both trabecular volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) and an increase in trabecular separation (Tb.S). The increase in osteoclast surface (Oc.S) and osteoblast surface (Ob.S) in ovariectomy indicates an increase in bone turnover rate. Treatment with either alpha-tocopherol or tocotrienol prevents the reduction in BV/TV and Tb.N as well as the increase in Tb.S, while reducing the Oc.S and increasing the Ob.S. In conclusion, the two forms of vitamin E were able to prevent bone loss due to ovariectomy. Both tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol exert similar effects in preserving bone microarchitecture in estrogen-deficient rat model.
  8. Fulltext Labisia pumila prevents complications of osteoporosis by increasing bone strength in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
    Fathilah SN, Abdullah S, Mohamed N, Shuid AN
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:948080.
    PMID: 22991574
    Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is the main treatment postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, ERT causes serious side effects, such as cancers and thromboembolic problems. Labisia pumila var. alata (LPva) is a herb with potential as an alternative to ERT to prevent complications of osteoporosis, especially fragility fractures. This study was conducted to determine the effects of LPva on the biomechanical strength of femora exposed to osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency, using the postmenopausal rat model. Thirty-two female rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham-operated (Sham), ovariectomized control (OVXC), ovariectomized with Labisia pumila var. alata (LP), and ovariectomized with ERT (Premarin) (ERT). The LPva and ERT were administered via oral gavage daily at doses of 17.5 mg/kg and 64.5 μg/kg, respectively. Following two months of treatment, the rats were euthanized, and their right femora were prepared for bone biomechanical testing. The results showed that ovariectomy compromised the femoral strength, while LPva supplementation to the ovariectomized rats improved the femoral strength. Therefore, LPva may be as effective as ERT in preventing fractures due to estrogen-deficient osteoporosis.
  9. Fulltext The effects of tualang honey on bone metabolism of postmenopausal women
    Mohd Effendy N, Mohamed N, Muhammad N, Mohamad IN, Shuid AN
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:938574.
    PMID: 22973408 DOI: 10.1155/2012/938574
    Osteoporosis which is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration with a consequent increase in bone fragility can be associated with various stimuli such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Postmenopausal women are more prone to osteoporosis due to reduction in estrogen which may further lead to elevation of oxidative stress and lipid accumulation which will promote osteoblasts apoptosis. Proinflammatory cytokines are elevated following estrogen deficiency. These cytokines are important determinants of osteoclasts differentiation and its bone resorption activity. The main treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Despite its effectiveness, ERT, however, can cause many adverse effects. Therefore, alternative treatment that is rich in antioxidant and can exert an anti-inflammatory effect can be given to replace the conventional ERT. Tualang honey is one of the best options available as it contains antioxidant as well as exerting anti-inflammatory effect which can act as a free radical scavenger, reducing the oxidative stress level as well as inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine. This will result in survival of osteoblasts, reduced osteoclastogenic activity, and consequently, reduce bone loss. Hence, Tualang honey can be used as an alternative treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with minimal side effects.
  10. Fulltext Use of medicinal plants and natural products for treatment of osteoporosis and its complications
    Soelaiman IN, Das S, Shuid AN, Mo H, Mohamed N
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:764701.
    PMID: 23476703 DOI: 10.1155/2013/764701
  11. Fulltext Palm tocotrienol-rich fraction improves vascular proatherosclerotic changes in hyperhomocysteinemic rats
    Norsidah KZ, Asmadi AY, Azizi A, Faizah O, Kamisah Y
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:976967.
    PMID: 23573162 DOI: 10.1155/2013/976967
    This study investigated the effects of palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on aortic proatherosclerotic changes in rats fed with a high methionine diet. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. The first group was the control (fed with a basal diet). Another five groups were fed with 1% methionine diet for 10 weeks. From week 6 onward, folate (8 mg/kg diet) or palm TRF (30, 60, and 150 mg/kg diets) was added into the diet of the last four rat groups, respectively. The high methionine diet raised the plasma total homocysteine and aortic lipid peroxidation, which were reduced by the palm TRF and folate supplementations. Plasma nitric oxide was reduced in the high methionine group compared to the control (3.72 ± 0.57 versus 6.65 ± 0.53  μ mol/L, P < 0.05), which reduction was reversed by the palm TRF (60 and 150 mg/kg) and folate supplementations. The increased aortic vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in the methionine group (2.58 ± 0.29) was significantly reduced by the folate (1.38 ± 0.18) and palm TRF at 150 mg/kg (1.19 ± 0.23). Palm TRF was comparable to folate in reducing high methionine diet-induced plasma hyperhomocysteinemia, aortic oxidative stress, and inflammatory changes in rats.
  12. Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction with in situ derivatization for the determination of trace amounts of metformin hydrochloride (anti-diabetic drug) in biological fluids
    Ben-Hander GM, Makahleh A, Saad B, Saleh MI
    J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2013 Dec 15;941:123-30.
    PMID: 24200841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.007
    A three phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization (in situ HF-LPME) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method was developed for the trace determination of metformin hydrochloride (MH) in biological fluids. A new derivatization agent pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBC) was used. Several parameters that affect the derivatization and extraction efficiency were studied and optimized (i.e., type of organic solvent, volume of NaOH (4M) and derivatization agent in the donor phase, acceptor phase (HCl) concentration, stirring speed, temperature, time and salt addition). Under the optimum conditions (organic solvent, dihexyl ether; volume of NaOH (4M) and derivatization agent (10mg PFBC in 1mL acetonitrile) in the donor phase, 600 and100μL, respectively; acceptor phase, 100mM HCl (10μL); stirring speed, 300rpm; extraction time, 30min; derivatization temperature, 70°C; without addition of salt) an enrichment factor of 210-fold was achieved. Good linearity was observed over the range of 1-1000ngmL(-1) (r(2)=0.9998). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.56 and 1.68ngmL(-1), respectively. The proposed method has been applied for the determination of MH in biological fluids (plasma and urine) and water samples. Prior to the microextraction treatment of plasma samples, deproteinization step using acetonitrile was conducted. The proposed method is simple, rapid, sensitive and suitable for the determination of MH in a variety of samples.
  13. Fulltext Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack supplementation on eccentric leg press exercise-induced muscle damage in rugby players
    Zakaria AZ, Washif JA, Lim BH, Nosaka K
    Biol Sport, 2023 Jul;40(3):691-697.
    PMID: 37398958 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.119290
    Eurycoma longifolia Jack (ELJ) is a herbal plant that has androgenic and antioxidant effects. We investigated the short-term effect of ELJ supplementation on muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. Eighteen young (19-25 years), well-trained rugby 7s players were assigned to an ELJ or a placebo (PLA) group (n = 9/group). Each participant took four 100-mg capsules a day for seven days prior to performing a leg press eccentric exercise to failure in a double-blind fashion. Peak force, peak power and jump height in countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump reactive strength index (RSI), muscle soreness assessed by a 100-mm visual analogue scale, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and salivary hormones were measured at 24 h before and 0.5, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the exercise. Changes in the variables over time were compared between the groups by two-factor mixed-design ANOVA. The number of eccentric contractions performed was similar (P = 0.984) between the ELJ (21 ± 5) and PLA groups (21 ± 5). Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations did not change (P > 0.05) after the supplementation for both groups. CMJ peak power (-9.4 ± 5.6%) and height (-10.6 ± 4.9%), and RSI (-15.2 ± 16.2%) decreased at 24 h after exercise (P < 0.05), and muscle soreness (peak: 89 ±10 mm) and plasma CK activity (peak: 739 ± 420 IU/L) increased after exercise (P < 0.05) without significant differences between groups. These results showed that 7-day ELJ supplementation prior to the leg press eccentric exercise had no significant effects on hormones, performance and muscle damage markers for the athletes.
  14. Fulltext A novel approach based on neutrosophic Bonferroni mean operator of trapezoidal and triangular neutrosophic interval environments in multi-attribute group decision making
    Nagarajan D, Kanchana A, Jacob K, Kausar N, Edalatpanah SA, Shah MA
    Sci Rep, 2023 Jun 28;13(1):10455.
    PMID: 37380670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37497-z
    Neutrosophic multicriteria is a method of decision-making that uses indeterminacy to combine several criteria or elements, frequently with incomplete or ambiguous information, to find a solution. The neutrosophic multicriteria analysis enables the assessment of qualitative and subjective aspects and can assist in resolving conflicting goals and preferences. In the Neutrosophic Multi-Attribute Group Decision Making (NMAGDM) problems, all the information provided by the decision makers (DMs) is expressed as single value neutrosophic triangular and trapezoidal numbers examined in this study which can provide more flexibility and accuracy in capturing uncertainty and aggregating preferences. We offer a novel approach for determining the neutrosophic possibility degree of two and three trapezoidal and triangular neutrosophic sets and the concepts of neutrosophic possibility mean value. The trapezoidal and triangular neutrosophic Bonferroni mean (TITRNBM) operator and the trapezoidal and triangular neutrosophic weighted Bonferroni mean (TITRNWBM) operator are two aggregation methods we then create. Further, we examine the TITRNBM and TITRNWBM attributes and their uniqueness. The NMAGDM approach with trapezoidal and triangular information is suggested based on the TITRNWBM operator and possibility degree. Finally, a concrete example of manufacturing companies searching for the best supplier for assembling the critical parts is provided to validate the established strategies and show their practical applicability and efficacy.
  15. Fulltext The Osseous Pathology of Purpura Fulminans in a Two-Year-Old Child: A Case Report
    Mohd-Razali S, Ahmad-Affandi K, Ibrahim S, Abdul-Rashid AH, Abdul-Shukor N
    Malays Orthop J, 2023 Mar;17(1):180-183.
    PMID: 37064633 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2303.021
    Purpura fulminans (PF) is a severe clinical manifestation of Neisseria meningitides infection that is associated with high mortality rates in children. Survivors are frequently left with debilitating musculoskeletal sequelae. There is a paucity of reports on the musculoskeletal pathology of purpura fulminans. We report on a 2-year-old boy with purpura fulminans due to meningococcemia. The child developed distal gangrene in both the upper and lower limbs. Amputations were done for both lower limbs. Histological examination of the amputated specimens showed an inflammatory process and features of osteonecrosis. The latest follow-up at the age of 6 years showed a right knee valgus due to asymmetrical growth arrest of the proximal tibia. PF and its complications are challenging to treat and may require a multidisciplinary approach to improve patient's functional ability.
  16. Fulltext Unsteady natural convection flow of blood Casson nanofluid (Au) in a cylinder: nano-cryosurgery applications
    Azmi WFW, Mohamad AQ, Jiann LY, Shafie S
    Sci Rep, 2023 Apr 09;13(1):5799.
    PMID: 37032402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30129-6
    Nano-cryosurgery is one of the effective ways to treat cancerous cells with minimum harm to healthy adjacent cells. Clinical experimental research consumes time and cost. Thus, developing a mathematical simulation model is useful for time and cost-saving, especially in designing the experiment. Investigating the Casson nanofluid's unsteady flow in an artery with the convective effect is the goal of the current investigation. The nanofluid is considered to flow in the blood arteries. Therefore, the slip velocity effect is concerned. Blood is a base fluid with gold (Au) nanoparticles dispersed in the base fluid. The resultant governing equations are solved by utilising the Laplace transform regarding the time and the finite Hankel transform regarding the radial coordinate. The resulting analytical answers for velocity and temperature are then displayed and visually described. It is found that the temperature enhancement occurred by arising nanoparticles volume fraction and time parameter. The blood velocity increases as the slip velocity, time parameter, thermal Grashof number, and nanoparticles volume fraction increase. Whereas the velocity decreases with the Casson parameter. Thus, by adding Au nanoparticles, the tissue thermal conductivity enhanced which has the consequence of freezing the tissue in nano-cryosurgery treatment significantly.
  17. Fulltext A Survey of Deep Learning for Lung Disease Detection on Medical Images: State-of-the-Art, Taxonomy, Issues and Future Directions
    Kieu STH, Bade A, Hijazi MHA, Kolivand H
    J Imaging, 2020 Dec 01;6(12).
    PMID: 34460528 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging6120131
    The recent developments of deep learning support the identification and classification of lung diseases in medical images. Hence, numerous work on the detection of lung disease using deep learning can be found in the literature. This paper presents a survey of deep learning for lung disease detection in medical images. There has only been one survey paper published in the last five years regarding deep learning directed at lung diseases detection. However, their survey is lacking in the presentation of taxonomy and analysis of the trend of recent work. The objectives of this paper are to present a taxonomy of the state-of-the-art deep learning based lung disease detection systems, visualise the trends of recent work on the domain and identify the remaining issues and potential future directions in this domain. Ninety-eight articles published from 2016 to 2020 were considered in this survey. The taxonomy consists of seven attributes that are common in the surveyed articles: image types, features, data augmentation, types of deep learning algorithms, transfer learning, the ensemble of classifiers and types of lung diseases. The presented taxonomy could be used by other researchers to plan their research contributions and activities. The potential future direction suggested could further improve the efficiency and increase the number of deep learning aided lung disease detection applications.
  18. Evaluation of taste active peptides and amino acids from anchovy proteins in fish sauce by in silico approach
    Hakimi S, Kari NM, Ismail N, Ismail MN, Ahmad F
    Food Sci Biotechnol, 2022 Jul;31(7):767-785.
    PMID: 35720460 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01097-w
    Enzymatic activity and microbial fermentation play a prominent role in the bioconversion of complex muscle tissue into smaller units of peptides and amino acids, possibly contribute to sensory properties. Thus, this study screens and evaluate anchovy proteins with taste-active peptides and amino acids by the reaction of multiple enzymes using an in silico approach. Information about sensory components was provided based on an in silico analysis using tools available in the BIOPEP-UWM database. Proteins from anchovy, namely myosin heavy chain 6 alpha, myosin light chain 1, cytochrome B, and NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, were subjected to in silico digestion with the combination of 23 enzymes. This led to the release of taste-active peptides and amino acids, including umami, sweet, salty, sour, and bitter sensory properties. The combination of multiple enzymes released a more significant number of taste-active peptides and amino acids for both myosins compared to other proteins.
  19. Fulltext A Rare Case of Late- Onset Task-Specific Jaw Tremor
    Lau YH, Ong TL, Joseph JP, Mawardi AS
    J Clin Neurol, 2023 Jul;19(4):416-418.
    PMID: 37417439 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.0202
  20. A new step in kinetic proofreading due to misacylated-tRNA during ribosomal peptide bond formation
    Monajemi H, M Zain S, Wan Abdullah WAT
    Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 2021;40(6):635-646.
    PMID: 34047250 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1923742
    The translational accuracy in protein synthesis is contributed to by several mechanisms in the ribosome, generally called kinetic proofreading. This process in the ribosome inhibits the non-cognate codon-anticodon interaction. However, it is not sufficient for fidelity of protein synthesis since a wrong amino acid can easily be added to the growing polypeptide chain if a tRNA while cognate to the mRNA, carries a non-cognate amino acid. Therefore, additional to the kinetic proofreading, there must be some hitherto unknown characteristic in misacylated-tRNAs to stop the process of protein synthesis if such misacylated-tRNA is accommodated in the ribosomal A-site. In order to understand this characteristic, we have performed computational quantum chemistry analysis on five different tRNA molecules, each one attached to five different amino acids with one being cognate to the tRNA and the other four non-cognate. This study shows the importance of aminoacyl-tRNA binding energy in ensuring fidelity of protein synthesis.
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