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  1. A Brief Review on Breast Carcinoma and Deliberation on Current Non Invasive Imaging Techniques for Detection
    Vairavan R, Abdullah O, Retnasamy PB, Sauli Z, Shahimin MM, Retnasamy V
    Curr Med Imaging Rev, 2019;15(2):85-121.
    PMID: 31975658 DOI: 10.2174/1573405613666170912115617
    BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma is a life threatening disease that accounts for 25.1% of all carcinoma among women worldwide. Early detection of the disease enhances the chance for survival.

    DISCUSSION: This paper presents comprehensive report on breast carcinoma disease and its modalities available for detection and diagnosis, as it delves into the screening and detection modalities with special focus placed on the non-invasive techniques and its recent advancement work done, as well as a proposal on a novel method for the application of early breast carcinoma detection.

    CONCLUSION: This paper aims to serve as a foundation guidance for the reader to attain bird's eye understanding on breast carcinoma disease and its current non-invasive modalities.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diagnostic Imaging/methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods; Mammography/methods; Neoplasm Staging/methods; Thermography/methods; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods; Transillumination/methods; Ultrasonography, Mammary/methods; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods; Elasticity Imaging Techniques/methods; Early Detection of Cancer/methods*
  2. Radiation dose and diagnostic image quality associated with iterative reconstruction in coronary CT angiography: A systematic review
    Abdullah KA, McEntee MF, Reed W, Kench PL
    J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2016 Aug;60(4):459-68.
    PMID: 27241506 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12473
    The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the radiation dose reduction achieved using iterative reconstruction (IR) compared to filtered back projection (FBP) in coronary CT angiography (CCTA) and assess the impact on diagnostic image quality. A systematic search of seven electronic databases was performed to identify all studies using a developed keywords strategy. A total of 14 studies met the criteria and were included in a review analysis. The results showed that there was a significant reduction in radiation dose when using IR compared to FBP (P  0.05). The mean ± SD difference of image noise, signal-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-noise ratio (CNR) were 1.05 ± 1.29 HU, 0.88 ± 0.56 and 0.63 ± 1.83 respectively. The mean ± SD percentages of overall image quality scores were 71.79 ± 12.29% (FBP) and 67.31 ± 22.96% (IR). The mean ± SD percentages of coronary segment analysis were 95.43 ± 2.57% (FBP) and 97.19 ± 2.62% (IR). In conclusion, this review analysis shows that CCTA with the use of IR leads to a significant reduction in radiation dose as compared to the use of FBP. Diagnostic image quality of IR at reduced dose (30-41%) is comparable to FBP at standard dose in the diagnosis of CAD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Coronary Angiography/methods*; Computed Tomography Angiography/methods*
  3. Strategy for ventricular septal defect closure after prior gastric pull-through
    Sivalingam S, Krishnasamy S, Yakub MA
    Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, 2015 Jun;23(5):612-4.
    PMID: 24962807 DOI: 10.1177/0218492314540667
    A 9-year-old boy was referred with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect. At birth, he had undergone a right thoracotomy with ligation of a tracheoesophageal fistula, cervical esophagostomy, and feeding gastrostomy. At 2 years of age, he had gastric tube reconstruction with a pull-through retrosternally, anterior to the heart, and an end-to-end esophagogastric anastomosis. Via a right anterolateral thoracotomy through the previous scar, the entire gastric tube was mobilized away from the sternum to facilitate a median sternotomy. With the patient supine, a median sternotomy was performed without difficulty, and the ventricular septal defect was closed under cardiopulmonary bypass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiopulmonary Bypass/methods*; Cardiac Surgical Procedures/methods; Thoracotomy/methods*; Sternotomy/methods*
  4. Investigation of interaction studies of cefpirome with ACE-inhibitors in various buffers
    Nawaz M, Arayne MS, Sultana N, Abbas HF
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2015 Feb 25;137:1050-4.
    PMID: 25300038 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.152
    This work describes a RP-HPLC method for the determination and interaction studies of cefpirome with ACE-inhibitors (captopril, enalapril and lisinopril) in various buffers. The separation and interaction of cefpirome with ACE-inhibitors was achieved on a Purospher Star, C18 (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm) column. Mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (80:20, v/v, pH 3.3); however, for the separation of lisinopril, it was modified to methanol-water (40:60, v/v, pH 3.3) and pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1). In all cases, UV detection was performed at 225 nm. Interactions were carried out in physiological pH i.e., pH 1 (simulated gastric juice), 4 (simulated full stomach), 7.4 (blood pH) and 9 (simulated GI), drug contents were analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Method was found linear in the concentration range of 1.0-50.0 μg mL(-1) with correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.999. Precision (RSD%) was less than 2.0%, indicating good precision of the method and accuracy was 98.0-100.0%. Furthermore, cefpirome-ACE-inhibitors' complexes were also synthesized and results were elucidated on the basis of FT-IR, and (1)H NMR. The interaction results show that these interactions are pH dependent and for the co-administration of cefpirome and ACE-inhibitors, a proper interval should be given.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase/methods
  5. Fulltext Completed local ternary pattern for rotation invariant texture classification
    Rassem TH, Khoo BE
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:373254.
    PMID: 24977193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/373254
    Despite the fact that the two texture descriptors, the completed modeling of Local Binary Pattern (CLBP) and the Completed Local Binary Count (CLBC), have achieved a remarkable accuracy for invariant rotation texture classification, they inherit some Local Binary Pattern (LBP) drawbacks. The LBP is sensitive to noise, and different patterns of LBP may be classified into the same class that reduces its discriminating property. Although, the Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) is proposed to be more robust to noise than LBP, however, the latter's weakness may appear with the LTP as well as with LBP. In this paper, a novel completed modeling of the Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) operator is proposed to overcome both LBP drawbacks, and an associated completed Local Ternary Pattern (CLTP) scheme is developed for rotation invariant texture classification. The experimental results using four different texture databases show that the proposed CLTP achieved an impressive classification accuracy as compared to the CLBP and CLBC descriptors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Image Enhancement/methods*; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods*
  6. Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish: comparison of detection methods
    Keyon AS, Guijt RM, Gaspar A, Kazarian AA, Nesterenko PN, Bolch CJ, et al.
    Electrophoresis, 2014 May;35(10):1496-503.
    PMID: 24591173 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300353
    Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are produced by marine and freshwater microalgae and accumulate in shellfish including mussels, oysters, and scallops, causing possible fatalities when inadvertently consumed. Monitoring of PST content of shellfish is therefore important for food safety, with currently approved methods based on HPLC, using pre- or postcolumn oxidation for fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). CE is an attractive alternative for screening and detection of PSTs as it is compatible with miniaturization and could be implemented in portable instrumentation for on-site monitoring. In this study, CE methods were developed for C(4) D, FLD, UV absorption detection, and MS-making this first report of C(4) D and FLD for PSTs detection. Because most oxidized toxins are neutral, MEKC was used in combination with FLD. The developed CZE-UV and CZE-C(4) D methods provide better resolution, selectivity, and separation efficiency compared to CZE-MS and MEKC-FLD. The sensitivity of the CZE-C(4) D and MEKC-FLD methods was superior to UV and MS, with LOD values ranging from 140 to 715 ng/mL for CZE-C(4) D and 60.9 to 104 ng/mL for MEKC-FLD. With the regulatory limit for shellfish samples of 800 ng/mL, the CZE-C(4) D and MEKC-FLD methods were evaluated for the screening and detection of PSTs in shellfish samples. While the CZE-C(4) D method suffered from significant interferences from the shellfish matrix, MEKC-FLD was successfully used for PST screening of a periodate-oxidized mussel sample, with results confirmed by HPLC-FLD. This confirms the potential of MEKC-FLD for screening of PSTs in shellfish samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods*; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods*; Mass Spectrometry/methods*; Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods*
  7. Fulltext Application of three-dimensional computed tomography in craniofacial clinical practice and research
    Anderson PJ, Yong R, Surman TL, Rajion ZA, Ranjitkar S
    Aust Dent J, 2014 Jun;59 Suppl 1:174-85.
    PMID: 24611727 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12154
    Following the invention of the first computed tomography (CT) scanner in the early 1970s, many innovations in three-dimensional (3D) diagnostic imaging technology have occurred, leading to a wide range of applications in craniofacial clinical practice and research. Three-dimensional image analysis provides superior and more detailed information compared with conventional plain two-dimensional (2D) radiography, with the added benefit of 3D printing for preoperative treatment planning and regenerative therapy. Current state-of-the-art multidetector CT (MDCT), also known as medical CT, has an important role in the diagnosis and management of craniofacial injuries and pathology. Three-dimensional cone beam CT (CBCT), pioneered in the 1990s, is gaining increasing popularity in dental and craniofacial clinical practice because of its faster image acquisition at a lower radiation dose, but sound guidelines are needed to ensure its optimal clinical use. Recent innovations in micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) have revolutionized craniofacial biology research by enabling higher resolution scanning of teeth beyond the capabilities of MDCT and CBCT, presenting new prospects for translational clinical research. Even after four decades of refinement, CT technology continues to advance and broaden the horizons of craniofacial clinical practice and phenomics research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods*; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods*; X-Ray Microtomography/methods; Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods
  8. Solid waste bin detection and classification using Dynamic Time Warping and MLP classifier
    Islam MS, Hannan MA, Basri H, Hussain A, Arebey M
    Waste Manag, 2014 Feb;34(2):281-90.
    PMID: 24238802 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.030
    The increasing requirement for Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a significant challenge for municipal authorities. A number of integrated systems and methods have introduced to overcome this challenge. Many researchers have aimed to develop an ideal SWM system, including approaches involving software-based routing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), or sensor intelligent bins. Image processing solutions for the Solid Waste (SW) collection have also been developed; however, during capturing the bin image, it is challenging to position the camera for getting a bin area centralized image. As yet, there is no ideal system which can correctly estimate the amount of SW. This paper briefly discusses an efficient image processing solution to overcome these problems. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) was used for detecting and cropping the bin area and Gabor wavelet (GW) was introduced for feature extraction of the waste bin image. Image features were used to train the classifier. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifier was used to classify the waste bin level and estimate the amount of waste inside the bin. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves was used to statistically evaluate classifier performance. The results of this developed system are comparable to previous image processing based system. The system demonstration using DTW with GW for feature extraction and an MLP classifier led to promising results with respect to the accuracy of waste level estimation (98.50%). The application can be used to optimize the routing of waste collection based on the estimated bin level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Refuse Disposal/methods*; Transportation/methods; Waste Management/methods*
  9. Novel techniques for enhancement and segmentation of acne vulgaris lesions
    Malik AS, Humayun J, Kamel N, Yap FB
    Skin Res Technol, 2014 Aug;20(3):322-31.
    PMID: 24329769 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12122
    BACKGROUND: More than 99% acne patients suffer from acne vulgaris. While diagnosing the severity of acne vulgaris lesions, dermatologists have observed inter-rater and intra-rater variability in diagnosis results. This is because during assessment, identifying lesion types and their counting is a tedious job for dermatologists. To make the assessment job objective and easier for dermatologists, an automated system based on image processing methods is proposed in this study.
    OBJECTIVES: There are two main objectives: (i) to develop an algorithm for the enhancement of various acne vulgaris lesions; and (ii) to develop a method for the segmentation of enhanced acne vulgaris lesions.
    METHODS: For the first objective, an algorithm is developed based on the theory of high dynamic range (HDR) images. The proposed algorithm uses local rank transform to generate the HDR images from a single acne image followed by the log transformation. Then, segmentation is performed by clustering the pixels based on Mahalanobis distance of each pixel from spectral models of acne vulgaris lesions.
    RESULTS: Two metrics are used to evaluate the enhancement of acne vulgaris lesions, i.e., contrast improvement factor (CIF) and image contrast normalization (ICN). The proposed algorithm is compared with two other methods. The proposed enhancement algorithm shows better result than both the other methods based on CIF and ICN. In addition, sensitivity and specificity are calculated for the segmentation results. The proposed segmentation method shows higher sensitivity and specificity than other methods.
    CONCLUSION: This article specifically discusses the contrast enhancement and segmentation for automated diagnosis system of acne vulgaris lesions. The results are promising that can be used for further classification of acne vulgaris lesions for final grading of the lesions.
    KEYWORDS: acne grading; acne lesions; acne vulgaris; enhancement; segmentation
    Matched MeSH terms: Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*; Photography/methods*; Dermoscopy/methods*
  10. Application of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), HPLC and pNMR for interpretation primary crystallisation caused by combined low and high melting TAGs
    Saadi S, Ariffin AA, Ghazali HM, Miskandar MS, Boo HC, Abdulkarim SM
    Food Chem, 2012 May 1;132(1):603-12.
    PMID: 26434338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.095
    The main goal of the present work was to assess the mechanism of crystallisation, more precisely the dominant component responsible for primary crystal formations and fat agglomerations. Therefore, DSC results exhibited significant effect on temperature transition; peak sharpness and enthalpy at palm stearin (PS) levels more than 40wt.%. HPLC data demonstrated slight reduction in the content of POO/OPO at PS levels less than 40wt.%, while the excessive addition of PS more than 40wt.% increased significantly PPO/POP content. The pNMR results showed significant drop in SFC for blends containing PS less than 40wt.%, resulting in low SFC less than 15% at body temperature (37°C). Moreover, the values of viscosity (η) and shear stress (τ) at PS levels over 40wt.% expressed excellent internal friction of the admixtures. All the data reported indicate that PPO/POP was the major component of primary nucleus developed. In part, the levels of PS should be less than 40wt.%, if these blends are designed to be used for margarine production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calorimetry, Differential Scanning/methods*; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods*; Crystallization/methods*; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods*
  11. A haemostatic agent delivery system for endoscopic neurosurgical procedures
    Waran V, Sek K, Bahuri NF, Narayanan P, Chandran H
    Minim Invasive Neurosurg, 2011 Oct;54(5-6):279-81.
    PMID: 22278798 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1297997
    In endoscopic neurosurgery problems with haemostasis due to poor access exist. We have developed a system which allows the delivery of a variety of haemostatic agents in a more efficacious manner. The system has been used successfully in endoscopic skull base surgery and endoscopic surgery within the parenchyma of the brain using tube systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endoscopy/methods; Hemostasis, Surgical/methods; Drug Delivery Systems/methods; Neurosurgical Procedures/methods
  12. Open gastrostomy under ultrasound-guided bilateral oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane block: a case series
    Hasan MS, Ling KU, Vijayan R, Mamat M, Chin KF
    Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2011 Dec;28(12):888-9.
    PMID: 21857518 DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32834ad9bd
    Matched MeSH terms: Anesthesia, Conduction/methods; Gastrostomy/methods*; Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods*; Neuromuscular Blockade/methods*
  13. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review
    Hammond D
    Tob Control, 2011 Sep;20(5):327-37.
    PMID: 21606180 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.037630
    OBJECTIVE: To review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages.
    DATA SOURCES: Articles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant 'grey' literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labelling in conjunction with at least one of the following terms: smoking, tobacco, cigarette, product, package and pack.
    STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant articles available prior to January 2011 were screened for six methodological criteria. A total of 94 original original articles met inclusion criteria, including 72 quantitative studies, 16 qualitative studies, 5 studies with both qualitative and qualitative components, and 1 review paper: Canada (n=35), USA (n=29) Australia (n=16), UK (n=13), The Netherlands (n=3), France (n=3), New Zealand (n=3), Mexico (n=3), Brazil (n=2), Belgium (n=1), other European countries (n=10), Norway (n=1), Malaysia (n=1) and China (n=1).
    RESULTS: The evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and
    DESIGN: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation. The evidence also indicates that comprehensive warnings are effective among youth and may help to prevent smoking initiation. Pictorial health warnings that elicit strong emotional reactions are significantly more effective.
    CONCLUSIONS: Health warnings on packages are among the most direct and prominent means of communicating with smokers. Larger warnings with pictures are significantly more effective than smaller, text-only messages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Product Labeling/methods*; Smoking Cessation/methods; Product Packaging/methods; Health Communication/methods*
  14. Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the treatment of landfill leachate
    Umar M, Aziz HA, Yusoff MS
    Waste Manag, 2010 Nov;30(11):2113-21.
    PMID: 20675113 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.003
    Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fenton, electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton have been applied effectively to remove refractory organics from landfill leachate. The Fenton reaction is based on the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the wastewater or leachate in the presence of ferrous salt as a catalyst. The use of this technique has proved to be one of the best compromises for landfill leachate treatment because of its environmental and economical advantages. Fenton process has been used successfully to mineralize wide range of organic constituents present in landfill leachate particularly those recalcitrant to biological degradation. The present study reviews the use of Fenton and related processes in terms of their increased application to landfill leachate. The effects of various operating parameters and their optimum ranges for maximum COD and color removal are reviewed with the conclusion that the Fenton and related processes are effective and competitive with other technologies for degradation of both raw and pre-treated landfill leachate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrochemistry/methods; Refuse Disposal/methods*; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods; Water Purification/methods
  15. Fulltext Development of a kidney TeleUltrasound consultation system
    Hassan A, Ibrahim F
    J Digit Imaging, 2011 Apr;24(2):308-13.
    PMID: 20386951 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-010-9283-8
    This paper presents the development of kidney TeleUltrasound consultation system. The TeleUltrasound system provides an innovative design that aids the acquisition, archiving, and dissemination of medical data and information over the internet as its backbone. The system provides data sharing to allow remote collaboration, viewing, consultation, and diagnosis of medical data. The design is layered upon a standard known as Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM). The DICOM standard defines protocols for exchanging medical images and their associated data. The TeleUltrasound system is an integrated solution for retrieving, processing, and archiving images and providing data storage management using Structured Query Language (SQL) database. Creating a web-based interface is an additional advantage to achieve global accessibility of experts that will widely open the opportunity of greater examination and multiple consultations. This system is equipped with a high level of data security and its performance has been tested with white, black, and gray box techniques. And the result was satisfactory. The overall system has been evaluated by several radiologists in Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, and Sudan, the result is shown within this paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automatic Data Processing/methods*; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods; Information Storage and Retrieval/methods*; Teleradiology/methods*
  16. Extraction and reconstruction of retinal vasculature
    Ahmad Fadzil MH, Izhar LI, Venkatachalam PA, Karunakar TV
    J Med Eng Technol, 2007 Nov-Dec;31(6):435-42.
    PMID: 17994417 DOI: 10.1080/03091900601111201
    Information about retinal vasculature morphology is used in grading the severity and progression of diabetic retinopathy. An image analysis system can help ophthalmologists make accurate and efficient diagnoses. This paper presents the development of an image processing algorithm for detecting and reconstructing retinal vasculature. The detection of the vascular structure is achieved by image enhancement using contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization followed by the extraction of the vessels using bottom-hat morphological transformation. For reconstruction of the complete retinal vasculature, a region growing technique based on first-order Gaussian derivative is developed. The technique incorporates both gradient magnitude change and average intensity as the homogeneity criteria that enable the process to adapt to intensity changes and intensity spread over the vasculature region. The reconstruction technique reduces the required number of seeds to near optimal for the region growing process. It also overcomes poor performance of current seed-based methods, especially with low and inconsistent contrast images as normally seen in vasculature regions of fundus images. Simulations of the algorithm on 20 test images from the DRIVE database show that it outperforms many other published methods and achieved an accuracy range (ability to detect both vessel and non-vessel pixels) of 0.91 - 0.95, a sensitivity range (ability to detect vessel pixels) of 0.91 - 0.95 and a specificity range (ability to detect non-vessel pixels) of 0.88 - 0.94.
    Matched MeSH terms: Image Enhancement/methods*; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*; Retinoscopy/methods*
  17. Processing of fresh palm fruits using microwaves
    Chow MC, Ma AN
    J Microw Power Electromagn Energy, 2007;40(3):165-73.
    PMID: 17645207
    Microwave heating was determined in this study to be suitable for the detachment and drying of palm fruits from whole bunches, cut bunches and spikelets. Microwave treatment of the palm fruits was able to attain the objectives of conventional fresh palm fruits sterilization processeses such as fruit softening, nut conditioning and halting of enzymatic lipolysis. Palm oil and kernel oil solvent extracted respectively from the microwave treated whole fruits and kernel were found to have a good quality of low free fatty acid content. This technology, together with the solvent extraction of the dehydrated fruits, may have the potential to be a continuous, dry and clean technology for palm oil milling.
    Matched MeSH terms: Desiccation/methods; Food Handling/methods*; Food Technology/methods; Heating/methods*
  18. Evaluation of medical image watermarking with tamper detection and recovery (AW-TDR)
    Zain JM, Fauzi AR
    Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2007;2007:5662-5.
    PMID: 18003297
    This paper will study and evaluate watermarking technique by Zain and Fauzi [1]. Recommendations will then be made to enhance the technique especially in the aspect of recovery or reconstruction rate for medical images. A proposal will also be made for a better distribution of watermark to minimize the distortion of the Region of Interest (ROI). The final proposal will enhance AW-TDR in three aspects; firstly the image quality in the ROI will be improved as the maximum change is only 2 bits in every 4 pixels, or embedding rate of 0.5 bits/pixel. Secondly the recovery rate will also be better since the recovery bits are located outside the region of interest. The disadvantage in this is that, only manipulation done in the ROI will be detected. Thirdly the quality of the reconstructed image will be enhanced since the average of 2 x 2 pixels would be used to reconstruct the tampered image.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation/methods*; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Product Labeling/methods; Information Storage and Retrieval/methods*
  19. Knowledge based system with embedded intelligent heart sound analyser for diagnosing cardiovascular disorders
    Javed F, Venkatachalam PA, Hani AF
    J Med Eng Technol, 2007 Sep-Oct;31(5):341-50.
    PMID: 17701779 DOI: 10.1080/03091900600887876
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, and due to the lack of early detection techniques, the incidence of CVD is increasing day by day. In order to address this limitation, a knowledge based system with embedded intelligent heart sound analyser (KBHSA) has been developed to diagnose cardiovascular disorders at early stages. The system analyses digitized heart sounds that are recorded from an electronic stethoscope using advanced digital signal processing and artificial intelligence techniques. KBHSA takes into account data including the patient's personal and past medical history, clinical examination, auscultation findings, chest x-ray and echocardiogram, and provides a list of diseases that it has diagnosed. The system can assist the general physician in making more accurate and reliable diagnosis under emergency conditions where expert cardiologists and advanced equipment are not readily available. To test the validity of the system, abnormal heart sound samples and medical data from 40 patients were recorded and analysed. The diagnoses made by the system were counter checked by four senior cardiologists in Malaysia. The results show that the findings of KBHSA coincide with those of cardiologists.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*; Phonocardiography/methods*; Sound Spectrography/methods*
  20. An efficient method for the computation of Legendre moments
    Yap PT, Paramesran R
    IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell, 2005 Dec;27(12):1996-2002.
    PMID: 16355666
    Legendre moments are continuous moments, hence, when applied to discrete-space images, numerical approximation is involved and error occurs. This paper proposes a method to compute the exact values of the moments by mathematically integrating the Legendre polynomials over the corresponding intervals of the image pixels. Experimental results show that the values obtained match those calculated theoretically, and the image reconstructed from these moments have lower error than that of the conventional methods for the same order. Although the same set of exact Legendre moments can be obtained indirectly from the set of geometric moments, the computation time taken is much longer than the proposed method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Image Enhancement/methods*; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods*; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
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