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Orbital Morphometry: A Computed Tomography Analysis

Singh J, Rahman RA, Rajion ZA, Abdullah J, Mohamad I

J Craniofac Surg, 2017 Jan;28(1):e64-e70.
PMID: 27922969 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003218

INTRODUCTION: The human orbit is a complex anatomic region, which plays predominant role in the evaluation of craniofacial complex. A thorough understanding of the relationship of the distance from orbital rim to the important vital structures of the orbital apex is required for the surgeon to perform safe and effective surgery.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the depth and distances from various points of the orbital rim to the fissures and foramina of the orbital apex between genders in the local population.
METHODOLOGY: Linear measurements were conducted on 60 orbits from 30 patients who had undergone head computed tomography scan. These measurements were done utilizing the multiplanar reconstruction modes on computed tomography images with minimum slice thickness of 1 mm.
RESULTS: Males have statistically significant larger orbits than females with higher mean measurements in all parameters, except for the distance from posterior ethmoidal foramen to the optic canal which was the same. However, there were no significant differences in all parameters between the right and left orbits.
CONCLUSION: This study provides the absolute limit of safe internal orbital dissection in respect to the local population. Despite males having larger orbits than females, it is clinically negligible.
Fulltext Transcriptome profiling of sulfate deprivation responses in two agarophytes Gracilaria changii and Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta)

Lee WK, Namasivayam P, Ong Abdullah J, Ho CL

Sci Rep, 2017 04 24;7:46563.
PMID: 28436444 DOI: 10.1038/srep46563

Seaweeds survive in marine waters with high sulfate concentration compared to those living at freshwater habitats. The cell wall polymer of Gracilaria spp. which supplies more than 50% of the world agar is heavily sulfated. Since sulfation reduces the agar quality, it is interesting to investigate the effects of sulfate deprivation on the sulfate contents of seaweed and agar, as well as the metabolic pathways of these seaweeds. In this study, two agarophytes G. changii and G. salicornia were treated under sulfate deprivation for 5 days. The sulfate contents in the seaweed/agar were generally lower in sulfate-deprivated samples compared to those in the controls, but the differences were only statistically significant for seaweed sample of G. changii and agar sample of G. salicornia. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of sulfate-deprivated and untreated seaweed samples revealed 1,292 and 3,439 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; ≥1.5-fold) in sulfate-deprivated G. changii and G. salicornia, respectively, compared to their respective controls. Among the annotated DEGs were genes involved in putative agar biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, carbon metabolism and oxidative stress. These findings shed light on the sulfate deprivation responses in agarophytes and help to identify candidate genes involved in agar biosynthesis.
Outcome of children with traumatic brain injury in rural Malaysia

Kumaraswamy N, Naziah A, Abdullah J, Ariff MMed AR, Abdullah MR, Ghazaime G

J Clin Neurosci, 2002 May;9(3):251-5.
PMID: 12093129

Malaysia had the second highest crude accident rate in the world until 1998. Most children who were involved in these road traffic accidents required intensive neurosurgical care management. We report a prospective study on 36 paediatric neurotrauma patients in rural North East West Malaysia who underwent uniform intensive therapy and were subsequently followed up over a period of 2 years. The modified paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale with support of the revised Wechlser Intelligence Scale for children was used to test the outcome of these children over a period of two years. All patients were managed aggressively in our intensive care as well as our high dependency units. Our results indicate that improvement in outcome is seen after a six month period. Midline shift, duration of coma and duration of transport were found to be significant variables associated with bad outcome. Other variables i.e. age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale on admission and on site, and lesions of the dominant lobe were not found to be associated with good outcome in these patients.
Bovine pericardium for dural graft: clinical results in 22 patients

Baharuddin A, Go BT, Firdaus MN, Abdullah J

Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2002 Sep;104(4):342-4.
PMID: 12140102

Bovine pericardium has widely been used for grafts in cardiac surgery and seems to have suitable properties for use as a dural graft. We report our experience of using locally processed bovine pericardium for dural grafts in 22 patients undergoing cranial operations.
Malignant paraganglioma of frontoethmoidal region

Sharma HS, Madhavan M, Othman NH, Muhamad M, Abdullah JM

Auris Nasus Larynx, 1999 Oct;26(4):487-93.
PMID: 10530746

Nonchromaffin paragangliomas are unusual tumours arising from widely distributed paraganglionic tissues probably of neural crest origin. In the head and neck region they are usually seen as carotid body or jugulotympanic tumours. Other rarely reported sites in the head and neck region are the orbit, nose and larynx. This report deals with a case of sinonasal paraganglioma which was initially treated with surgery and radiotherapy. Twenty two years later the tumour recurred and showed a rapid growth due to malignant transformation which we believe is late effect of radiotherapy. The clinical features, histopathology and role of radiotherapy in sinonasal paragangliomas together with a review of the medical literature have been discussed.
Permeability studies of artificial and natural cancellous bone structures

Syahrom A, Abdul Kadir MR, Abdullah J, Öchsner A

Med Eng Phys, 2013 Jun;35(6):792-9.
PMID: 22959618 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.08.011

In the development of artificial cancellous bones, two major factors need to be considered: the integrity of the overall structure and its permeability. Whilst there have been many studies analysing the mechanical properties of artificial and natural cancellous bones, permeability studies, especially those using numerical simulation, are scarce. In this study, idealised cancellous bones were simulated from the morphological indices of natural cancellous bone. Three different orientations were also simulated to compare the anisotropic nature of the structure. Computational fluid dynamics methods were used to analyse fluid flow through the cancellous structures. A constant mass flow rate was used to determine the intrinsic permeability of the virtual specimens. The results showed similar permeability of the prismatic plate-and-rod model to the natural cancellous bone. The tetrakaidecahedral rod model had the highest permeability under simulated blood flow conditions, but the plate counterpart had the lowest. Analyses on the anisotropy of the virtual specimens showed the highest permeability for the horizontal orientation. Linear relationships were found between permeability and the two physical properties, porosity and bone surface area.
Inhibitory effect of asiatic acid on acetylcholinesterase, excitatory post synaptic potential and locomotor activity

Nasir MN, Abdullah J, Habsah M, Ghani RI, Rammes G

Phytomedicine, 2012 Feb 15;19(3-4):311-6.
PMID: 22112723 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.004

The asiatic acid, a triterpenoids isolated from Centella asiatica was used to delineate its inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) properties, excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) and locomotor activity. This study is consistent with asiatic acid having an effect on AChE, a selective GABA(B) receptor agonist and no sedative effect on locomotor.
Mechanical and microarchitectural analyses of cancellous bone through experiment and computer simulation

Syahrom A, Abdul Kadir MR, Abdullah J, Öchsner A

Med Biol Eng Comput, 2011 Dec;49(12):1393-403.
PMID: 21947767 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-011-0833-0

The relationship between microarchitecture to the failure mechanism and mechanical properties can be assessed through experimental and computational methods. In this study, both methods were utilised using bovine cadavers. Twenty four samples of cancellous bone were extracted from fresh bovine and the samples were cleaned from excessive marrow. Uniaxial compression testing was performed with displacement control. After mechanical testing, each specimen was ashed in a furnace. Four of the samples were exemplarily scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and three dimensional models of the cancellous bones were reconstructed for finite element simulation. The mechanical properties and the failure modes obtained from numerical simulations were then compared to the experiments. Correlations between microarchitectural parameters to the mechanical properties and failure modes were then made. The Young's modulus correlates well with the bone volume fraction with R² = 0.615 and P value 0.013. Three different types of failure modes of cancellous bone were observed: oblique fracture (21.7%), perpendicular global fracture (47.8%), and scattered localised fracture (30.4%). However, no correlations were found between the failure modes to the morphological parameters. The percentage of error between computer predictions and the actual experimental test was from 6 to 12%. These mechanical properties and information on failure modes can be used for the development of synthetic cancellous bone.
Preparation and quantification of radioactive particles for tracking hydrodynamic behavior in multiphase reactors

Yunos MA, Hussain SA, Yusoff HM, Abdullah J

Appl Radiat Isot, 2014 Sep;91:57-61.
PMID: 24907683 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.05.015

Radioactive particle tracking (RPT) has emerged as a promising and versatile technique that can provide rich information about a variety of multiphase flow systems. However, RPT is not an off-the-shelf technique, and thus, users must customize RPT for their applications. This paper presents a simple procedure for preparing radioactive tracer particles created via irradiation with neutrons from the TRIGA Mark II research reactor. The present study focuses on the performance evaluation of encapsulated gold and scandium particles for applications as individual radioactive tracer particles using qualitative and quantitative neutron activation analysis (NAA) and an X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray Micro-CT) scanner installed at the Malaysian Nuclear Agency.
Cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide metabolite levels as a biomarker in severe traumatic brain injury

Kandasamy R, Kanti Pal H, Swamy M, Abdullah J

Int J Neurosci, 2013 Jun;123(6):385-91.
PMID: 23270401 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.761983

Nitric oxide has a definitive role in the complex pathophysiology of traumatc brain injury (TBI). This prospective cohort study investigated the changes in nitric oxide metabolite (NOx) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their correlation with factors associated with severity and prognosis after severe TBI. NOx levels were measured in CSF obtained via ventriculostomy in 44 adult patients admitted after severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8/15). The overall mean level of CSF NOx in the study population was 7.40 ± 1.59 μmol/L. Levels of CSF NOx were found to be significantly higher in subgroups of patients with poorer outcome measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale score (p < 0.042), in patients with high intracranial pressure (ICP) readings (p < 0.027) and in those with higher Marshall computed tomography (CT) grading scores (p < 0.026). Simple logistic regression demonstrated that CSF NOx levels were a significant predictor of ICP (b = 0.493, 95%CI: 1.03, 2.58, p = 0.033). A patient with 1 μmol/L increase in NOx level had 1.6 times the odds to have an ICP ≥ 20 mmHg when other confounders were not adjusted. NOx level is also a significant predictor of Marshall CT grading (b = 0.473, 95%CI: 1.02, 2.50, p = 0.037). A patient with 1 μmol/L increase in NOx level had 1.6 times the odds to have a high Marshall grade when other confounders were not adjusted. It can be concluded that CSF NOx levels may serve as a potentially useful biomarker in severe TBI given its significant association with ICP readings as well as Marshall CT grading.
Chitosan-based tyrosinase optical phenol biosensor employing hybrid nafion/sol-gel silicate for MBTH immobilization

Abdullah J, Ahmad M, Heng LY, Karuppiah N, Sidek H

Talanta, 2006 Oct 15;70(3):527-32.
PMID: 18970803 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.12.061

The development of an optical biosensor based on immobilization of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) in hybrid nafion/sol-gel silicate film and tyrosinase in chitosan film for the detection of phenolic compounds has been described. Tyrosinase was immobilized in chitosan film deposited on the hybrid nafion/sol-gel silicate film containing MBTH. The enzymatic oxidation product of phenolic compounds were stabilized through formation of adduct with MBTH to produce a maroon color adduct. The color intensity of adduct was found to increase proportionally with the increase of the substrate concentrations after 5min exposure. The linearity of the biosensor towards phenol, catechol and m-cresol were in the respective concentration range of 0.5-7.0, 0.5-10.0 and 1.0-13.0mg/L with detection limit of 0.18, 0.23 and 0.43mg/L, respectively. The biosensor shows a good stability for at least 3 months.
Fulltext Intraventricular angiolipoma

Lee HK, Ghani AR, Sayuthi S, Abdullah J, Mustaffa F, Othman N, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2007 Oct;62(4):339-40.
PMID: 18551942 MyJurnal

We report a case of 50-year-old man who was presented with recurrent episodes of left sided hemiparesis. CT scan and MRI brain revealed a large intraventricular fatty lesion. Histopathological examination showed a picture of angiolipoma.
Fulltext Recurrent paediatric supratentorial extraventricular ependymoma associated with genetic mutation at exon 4 of p53 gene

Ghani AR, Abdullah JM, Ghazali M, Ahmad F, Ahmad KA, Madhavan M

Singapore Med J, 2008 Jul;49(7):e192-4.
PMID: 18695856

Recurrent supratentorial extraventricular ependymoma in a four-year-old Malay boy treated twice surgically in combination with cranial radiotherapy is reported. He presented with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure and a history of focal seizure. Computed tomography of the brain showed a left supratentorial extraventricular cystic lesion causing a mass effect. The tumour histology was ependymoma (WHO grade II). The clinical course, radiological characteristics and management of this tumour are discussed. Molecular genetic analysis of p53 and p27 genes revealed substitution of nucleotide G to C at location nucleotide 12139, exon 4 of gene p53. No alteration was detected at exon 5-6 and 8 of p53 gene and exon 1 and 2 of p27 gene.
Acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth in rodent

Harizal SN, Mansor SM, Hasnan J, Tharakan JK, Abdullah J

J Ethnopharmacol, 2010 Sep 15;131(2):404-9.
PMID: 20643198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.013

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mitragyna speciosa Korth (ketum) is widely used in Malaysia as a medicinal agent for treating diarrhea, worm infestations and also acts as an analgesic and antipyretic.
AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the acute toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract in vivo in 4-weeks-old Sprague-Dawley rats.
METHODOLOGY: Rats were orally administrated single dose of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract and the control group received 430 mg/kg of morphine orally. There were 10 rats in each group. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. Eight parameters were tested: cage side observation, body weight measurement, food and water consumption, blood pressure, absolute and relative organ weight, hematology, biochemical analysis and histopathology, to look for evidence of toxicity.
RESULT: No mortality was noted after 14 days of treatment. In general, behavior, food and water consumption, hematological studies and organ weights showed no significant changes. The standardized methanol extraction of Mitragyna speciosa Korth increased rat blood pressure (systolic: 147.4+/-1.01, 131.64+/-4.94 and 137.8+/-4.46) after an hour of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses, respectively. Biochemical studies showed significant elevation of ALT, AST, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and albumin (p>0.05), at all levels of doses. But, nephrotoxicity evidenced by elevated creatinine was seen only at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Histological examination showed congestion of sinusoids, hemorrhage hepatocytes, fatty change, centrilobular necrosis and increased number of Kuppfer cells in the liver of all Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract treated groups.
CONCLUSION: Oral administration of standardized methanolic extraction of Mitragyna speciosa Korth resulted in increasing rat blood pressure after an hour of drug administration. The highest dose of extract also induced acute severe hepatotoxicity and mild nephrotoxicity. However, Mitragyna speciosa Korth shows no effects on body weight, food and water consumption, absolute and relative organ weight and also hematology parameters.
Stacked films immobilization of MBTH in nafion/sol-gel silicate and horseradish peroxidase in chitosan for the determination of phenolic compounds

Abdullah J, Ahmad M, Heng LY, Karuppiah N, Sidek H

Anal Bioanal Chem, 2006 Nov;386(5):1285-92.
PMID: 17031625

The stacked-film immobilization of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) in hybrid nafion/sol-gel silicate film and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in chitosan, performed in order to allow the determination of phenolic compounds, was investigated via an optical method. The stacked films were deposited onto a microscope glass slide by a spin-coating technique. The quinone or free radical product formed by the enzymatic reactions of phenolic compounds interacts with MBTH to form azo-dye products, which can be measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 500 nm. The color intensity of the product was found to increase in proportion to the phenolic concentration after 5 min of exposure. The response of the biosensor was linear over concentration ranges of 0.025-0.500, 0.010-0.070 and 0.050-0.300 mM for guaiacol, resorcinol and o-cresol, respectively, and gave detection limits of 0.010, 0.005 and 0.012 mM. The sensor exhibited good sensitivity and stability for at least two months.
Fulltext Intra-cranial metastatic lacrimal gland tumour

Wahab NA, Ramasamy U, George J, Madhavan M, Arif AR, Abdullah J

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):641-3.
PMID: 17623971 MyJurnal

We report a case of an adult who presented with progressive swelling in the right eye with suggestive of intracranial lesion on imaging. Histopathological revealed a lacrimal gland malignant mixed tumour.
Fulltext Extradural spinal cord and intraabdominal ganglioneuroblastoma

Kanakaraj G, Zamzuri I, Abdullah J, Mohd Ghazali M, Mahamood Z, Shafiee A, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Dec;60(5):663-6.
PMID: 16515125

We report a rare case of a giant extradural and intraabdominal ganglioneuroblastoma in a young Malay girl who presented to a paediatrician initially at 5 days of life with a palpable abdominal mass. Unfortunately, the parents refused any form of surgical intervention until the child was 3 years old. She subsequently underwent vascular embolisation followed by the removal of this large tumour both via the abdomen and through a laminectomy approach and subsequently refused chemotherapy. The c-myc amplication in this patient was absent and there were no chromosomal aberrations, During the 2 year folow-up the patient remained well, and ambulatory with no tumour recurrence.
Preliminary report on spiegelberg pre and post-operative monitoring of severe head-injured patients who received decompressive craniectomy

Abdullah J, Zamzuri I, Awang S, Sayuthi S, Ghani A, Tahir A, et al.

Acta Neurochir. Suppl., 2005;95:311-4.
PMID: 16463872

The monitoring of craniospinal compliance is uncommonly used clinically despite it's value. The Spiegelberg compliance monitor calculates intracranial compliance (C = deltaV/deltaP) from a moving average of small ICP perturbations (deltaP) resulting from a sequence of up to 200 pulses of added volume (deltaV = 0.1 ml, total V = 0.2 ml) made into a double lumen intraventricular balloon catheter. The objective of this study was thus to determine the effectiveness of the decompressive craniectomy done on the worst brain site with regard to compliance (Cl), pressure volume index (PVI), jugular oximetry (SjVo2), autoregulation abnormalties, brain tissue oxygen (TiO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). This is a prospective cohort study of 17 patients who were enrolled after consent and approval of the ethics committee between the beginning of the year 2001 and end of the year 2002. For pre and post assessment on compliance and PVI, all 12 patients who survived were reported to become normal after decompressive craniectomy. There is no significant association between pre and post craniectomy assessment in jugular oxymetry (p > 0.05), autoregulation (p > 0.05), intracranial brain oxymetry (p = 0.125) and cerebral blood flow (p = 0.375). Compliance and PVI improved dramatically in all alive patients who received decompressive craniectomy. Compliance and PVI monitoring may be crucial in improving the outcome of severe head injured patients after decompressive craniectomy.
Which mild head injured patients should have follow-up after discharge from an accident and emergency ward? A study in a university hospital setting in Kelantan, Malaysia

Chan HC, Adnan WA, Jaalam K, Abdullah MR, Abdullah J

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2005 Jul;36(4):982-93.
PMID: 16295557

Mild head injury (MHI) is a common presentation to many hospitals in both rural and urban settings in Southeast Asia, but it is not well studied. We studied 330 patients that presented to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Emergency Department with possible MHI, with the intentions to identify prognostic factors that may improve the diagnosis of MHI in the emergency setting as well as to determine which patients would need follow-up. Patients' one-year outcomes were classified as discharged well (DW) for patients without post-traumatic signs and symptoms and discharged with long term follow-up (DFU) for patients with such signs and symptoms. Four patients died and 82 were DFU. An abnormal skull X ray was associated with mode of accident and type of transportation, older age, presence of vomiting, confusion, bleeding from ear, nose or throat, abnormal pupil size on the right side associated with orbital trauma, unequal pupillary reflexes, absence of loss of consciousness (LOC), a lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, multiple clinical presentations, and DFU. An abnormal CT scan was associated with older age, multiple clinical presentation, skull X-ray findings, and DFU. A similar analysis on outcomes revealed that mode of accident, older age, vomiting, confusion, headache, bleeding from ear, nose and throat, neurological deficits, absence of LOC, pupil size, multiple presentation, abnormal skull X ray, CT scan of the brain, and a GCS of 13 was associated with DFU. In conclusion, all patients involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), especially motorcycles, aged over 30 years of age, with multiple clinical presentations, including a lower GCS, and with abnormal radiological findings should have a longer follow-up due to persistent post-traumatic symptomatology.
Combination of vascularized outer-table calvarial bone graft based on the superficial temporal vessels and allomatrix for the repair of an orbito-frontal blow-out fracture in a child

Ali F, Halim AS, Najihah SZ, Ibrahim M, Abdullah J

J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2005 Oct;33(5):326-30.
PMID: 16125400

A vascularized outer-table calvarial bone graft was used for repairing a Posnick type 2 traumatic orbito-frontal bone defect supported by the use of a calcium-based putty (Allomatrix) in a 7-year-old girl. Gaps between the donor and recipient sites were filled with Allomatrix containing demineralized bone matrix particles. Four years later there was a good cosmetic result using an artificial left eye.

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