Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 198 in total

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  1. Fulltext Chronic Viral Hepatitis in Malaysia: "Where are we now?"
    Raihan R, Mohamed R, Radzi Abu Hassan M, Md Said R
    Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol, 2017 Jan-Jun;7(1):65-67.
    PMID: 29201775 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1214
    Malaysia is a country where an estimated 1 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and an estimated 2.5% of the adult population are positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Effective nationwide vaccine coverage seems to be a highly effective measure to prevent new HBV infection. Treatment of HCV infection is also a regular practice in Malaysia. These measures highlight the possibility to reach the World Health Organization elimination target by 2030. To achieve this target, the Health Ministry and other nongovernmental organizations, such as My Commitment to Cure (MyC2C) are working together to develop a strategic road map to reach the global elimination target in Malaysia by 2030. How to cite this article: Raihan R, Mohamed R, Hasan MRA, Rosaida MS. Chronic Viral Hepatitis in Malaysia: "Where are we now?" Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(1):65-67.
  2. Increased frequency of late-senescent T cells lacking CD127 in chronic hepatitis C disease
    Barathan M, Mohamed R, Saeidi A, Vadivelu J, Chang LY, Gopal K, et al.
    Eur J Clin Invest, 2015 May;45(5):466-74.
    PMID: 25721991 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12429
    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes persistent disease in ~85% of infected individuals, where the viral replication appears to be tightly controlled by HCV-specific CD8+ T cells. Accumulation of senescent T cells during infection results in considerable loss of functional HCV-specific immune responses.
  3. Peripheral loss of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCRVα7·2(+) mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients
    Barathan M, Mohamed R, Vadivelu J, Chang LY, Saeidi A, Yong YK, et al.
    Eur J Clin Invest, 2016 Feb;46(2):170-80.
    PMID: 26681320 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12581
    Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an important role in innate host defence. MAIT cells appear to undergo exhaustion and are functionally weakened in chronic viral infections. However, their role in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear.
  4. Fulltext Helicobacter pylori cagA gene variants in Malaysians of different ethnicity
    Mohamed R, Hanafiah A, Rose IM, Manaf MR, Abdullah SA, Sagap I, et al.
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2009 Jul;28(7):865-9.
    PMID: 19247698 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0712-x
    We have defined DNA repeat variability in the 3'-terminus of the cagA gene of Helicobacter pylori strains from Malaysian patients of different ethnicities. We identified different alleles based on the EPIYA repeats. cagA types A-B-D and A-B-B-D are more similar to the sequence of Japanese strains, whereas cagA types A-B-C, A-B-C-C, A-B and A-C displayed similarity to strain 26695 sequences. A significant association was found between cagA genotypes and patients' ethnicity, with cagA type A-B-D being predominantly isolated from Chinese patients and cagA type A-B-C from Malays and Indians. Our data further corroborate the possibility that variant biological activity of CagA may affect the host specificity and/or pathogenicity of H. pylori.
  5. Fulltext Understanding the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes of the public towards liver diseases in Malaysia
    Mohamed R, Yip C, Singh S
    Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023 Jul 01;35(7):742-752.
    PMID: 37161976 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002548
    BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the commonest etiologies of liver-related deaths in Malaysia. Herein, this study aims to explore and understand the knowledge and attitudes of the public toward liver-related health and diseases in Malaysia.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional, self-reported, web-based questionnaire was conducted among 500 adults between February and March 2020. Questionnaire items pertained to the knowledge and attitudes toward liver-related health and diseases.

    RESULTS: Half of the respondents were aged ≥35 years and 52.0% were males. Gaps in knowledge included the lack of awareness of different types of hepatitis, including the potential transmission risks and complications of HBV and HCV. About half acknowledged liver fibrosis and cirrhosis as key determinants of liver-related disease progression. A higher proportion rightly recognized the diagnostic test for HCV (40.8%) than HBV (30.0%) despite more being aware of HBV than HCV. Less than one-third were aware of the risk factors, screening tests, and complications of NAFLD. Despite the majority (92.8%) agreeing that regular screening was important for liver health, only 67.0% attended recent health screening and one-fifth were unlikely to seek medical consultation upon exposure to viral hepatitis risk factors. Reasons for this low urgency included the perception of being healthy, cost-related concerns, and societal discrimination.

    CONCLUSION: Robust education efforts are needed to raise awareness and empower the community with knowledge of liver-related diseases, particularly viral hepatitis and NAFLD in Malaysia.

  6. Hepatitis B virus DNA methylation and its potential role in chronic hepatitis B
    Low WF, Ngeow YF, Chook JB, Tee KK, Ong SK, Peh SC, et al.
    Expert Rev Mol Med, 2022 Nov 16;25:e11.
    PMID: 36380484 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.38
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection led to 66% liver deaths world-wide in year 2015. Thirty-seven per cent of these deaths were the result of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although early diagnosis of HCC improves survival, early detection is rare. Methylation of HBV DNA including covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is more often encountered in HCC cases than those in CHB and cirrhosis. Three typical CpG islands within the HBV genome are the common sites for methylation. The HBV cccDNA methylation affects the viral replication and protein expression in the course of infection and may associate with the disease pathogenesis and HCC development. We review the current findings in HBV DNA methylation that provide insights into its role in HCC diagnosis.
  7. Development, validation and determination of multiclass pesticide residues in cocoa beans using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
    Zainudin BH, Salleh S, Mohamed R, Yap KC, Muhamad H
    Food Chem, 2015 Apr 1;172:585-95.
    PMID: 25442595 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.123
    An efficient and rapid method for the analysis of pesticide residues in cocoa beans using gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed, validated and applied to imported and domestic cocoa beans samples collected over 2 years from smallholders and Malaysian ports. The method was based on solvent extraction method and covers 26 pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) of different chemical classes. The recoveries for all pesticides at 10 and 50 μg/kg were in the range of 70-120% with relative standard deviations of less than 20%. Good selectivity and sensitivity were obtained with method limit of quantification of 10 μg/kg. The expanded uncertainty measurements were in the range of 4-25%. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the routine analysis of pesticide residues in cocoa beans via a monitoring study where 10% of them was found positive for chlorpyrifos, ametryn and metalaxyl.
  8. Method validation and determination of heavy metals in cocoa beans and cocoa products by microwave assisted digestion technique with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    Mohamed R, Zainudin BH, Yaakob AS
    Food Chem, 2020 Jan 15;303:125392.
    PMID: 31446362 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125392
    In this article, an easy and quick method based on microwave assisted acid digestion technique prior to quantification using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the analysis of heavy metals in cocoa beans, cocoa powder and chocolate was established and validated for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb). Limit of quantification for all elements were product dependent and varies from 7.84 to 194.52 µg/kg. The recoveries of the heavy metals at 250 and 1000 µg/kg spiking levels were ranged between 96.27-108.75%, 90.43-101.97% and 89.72-106.26% for cocoa beans, cocoa powder, and chocolate, respectively. Relative standard deviation values obtained were all below 20% and the expanded uncertainty measurements for the elements were less than 25%. The analysis of real samples found that the concentration level is far from the national alarming level except for cadmium in cocoa beans.
  9. Comprehensive strategy for pesticide residue analysis in cocoa beans through qualitative and quantitative approach
    Zainudin BH, Salleh S, Yaakob AS, Mohamed R
    Food Chem, 2021 Aug 06;368:130778.
    PMID: 34391100 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130778
    Multiresidue quantitative and qualitative screening method for the analysis of pesticide residues in dried cocoa beans was validated and applied to imported and domestic cocoa beans samples. The quantitative method comprises of 15 pesticides while the screening method covers 110 pesticides of different chemical classes. The method was based on modified QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Efficient Rugged Safe) extraction and detection using triple quadrupole (QQQ-MS) and ion mobility quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (IMS-QTOF). The method was quantitatively validated in terms of linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. On the other hand, screening detection limits were established for 110 pesticides. Finally, the optimized strategy was successfully applied for the routine analysis of pesticide residues in 137 cocoa bean samples and 32% of the total samples were found positive for ametryn, chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, and metalaxyl.
  10. Fulltext Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is an independent predictor of liver fibrosis among pediatrics non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
    Ting YW, Jalaludin MY, Zaini AA, Mohamed R
    Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022;13:1071350.
    PMID: 36589844 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1071350
    BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR), one of the key components of the metabolic syndrome, is recognized as the pathophysiological hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aims to investigate the relationship between surrogate markers of IR and the severity of NAFLD among overweight or obese children.

    METHODOLOGY: A total of 56 consecutive children aged 6 to 18 years old were recruited from the pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) clinic in University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) from 2016 to 2019. Data on anthropometric measurements, clinical components of metabolic syndrome and fasting serum insulin were collected. Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG: HDL-C), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) were calculated. Transient elastography was performed with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis assessed by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), respectively.

    RESULTS: A total of 44 children (78.6%) had liver steatosis and 35.7% had presence of significant liver fibrosis (stage F≥2). Majority (89.3%) are obese and 24 children (42.9%) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Higher number of children with T2DM and significant liver fibrosis were associated with higher tertiles of TG: HDL-C ratio (p<0.05). Top tertile of TG: HDL-C ratio was an independent predictor of liver fibrosis (OR=8.14, 95%CI: 1.24-53.36, p=0.029). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of HOMA-IR (0.77) and TG: HDL-C ratio (0.71) were greater than that of metabolic syndrome (0.70), T2DM (0.62) and SPISE (0.22). The optimal cut-off values of HOMA-IR and TG: HDL-C ratio for detecting liver fibrosis among children with NAFLD are 5.20 and 1.58, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Children with NAFLD and higher TG: HDL-C ratio are more likely to have liver fibrosis. TG: HDL-C ratio is a promising tool to risk stratify those with NAFLD who are at risk of developing advanced liver disease.

  11. Fulltext Diversity and Characterization of Endophytic Fungi Isolated From the Tropical Mangrove Species, Rhizophora mucronata, and Identification of Potential Antagonists Against the Soil-Borne Fungus, Fusarium solani
    Hamzah TNT, Lee SY, Hidayat A, Terhem R, Faridah-Hanum I, Mohamed R
    Front Microbiol, 2018;9:1707.
    PMID: 30090097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01707
    Rhizophora mucronata is an important ecosystem entity of the Malaysian mangrove forest. Since the species grows in a harsh environment, any organism that is isolated from this species would be of huge interest due to its potential in having novel bioactive compounds. In the present work, we isolated, identified and characterized, a total of 78 fungal isolates harboring inside the leaf tissues of R. mucronata. Molecular identification using the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribe spacer (ITS) sequences returned with high similarity matches to known sequences in the GenBank. Maximum likelihood analysis revealed the phylogenetic relationship of all isolates from this study. Most of the dominating fungal endophytes were from the genera Pestalotiopsis, followed by Alternaria and Cladosporium. Six isolates representing the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, and Xylaria, were further screened for their antagonism activities. Dual culture test assay revealed their inhibition percentages against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani between 45-66%, and 0.8-23% when using non-volatile test assay. Of the six isolates, only Fusarium lateritium and Xylaria sp. showed antibacterial activities against the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg/mL. The DPPH radical scavenging assay recorded a high level of antioxidant activity in Xylaria sp., 3-fold above that of F. lateritium. We demonstrate for the first time, two members belonging to the endophytic fungal community in the tropical mangrove species that have potential use as antagonists and antibacterial agents for future biotechnological applications.
  12. Fulltext Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Advanced Liver Fibrosis Among Pediatric Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
    Ting YW, Wong SW, Anuar Zaini A, Mohamed R, Jalaludin MY
    Front Pediatr, 2019;7:491.
    PMID: 31850288 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00491
    Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children is a growing concern with potential significant outcome. This study aims to investigate the relationship between hepatic steatosis, metabolic syndrome, and liver fibrosis among children with obesity and diabetes mellitus. Methodology: Children aged 6-18 years old were recruited from pediatric obesity and diabetes clinic in University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) between year 2016 and 2019. Data on basic demographics, anthropometric measurements and clinical components of metabolic syndrome were collected. Transient elastography was performed with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis assessed by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) respectively. Mild, moderate and severe steatosis were defined as >248, >268, and >280 dB/m respectively, and LSM above 7.0 kPa for fibrosis stage F ≥ 2, 8.7 kPa for F ≥ 3, and 10.3 kPa for F4 (cirrhosis). Results: A total of 57 children (60% male) with median age of 13 years old were recruited. Fifty (87.7%) of the children are obese and 27 (54%) out of 50 are morbidly obese. Among 44 (77.2%) patients with steatosis, 40 (70.2%) had severe steatosis and 18 (40.9%) had developed liver fibrosis of stage 2 and above. Advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis was detected in 8 (18.2%) children with presence of steatosis. Twenty-three out of 57 (40.4%) was diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Fibrosis is three times more likely to occur in the presence of metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.545, 95% CI: 1.135-11.075, p = 0.026). Waist circumference is a significant predictor of fibrosis after multiple regression analysis. Conclusion: Obese children with metabolic syndrome are more likely to have advanced liver fibrosis compared to those without metabolic syndrome. Waist circumference predicts development of liver fibrosis.
  13. Fulltext Sleep Related Epilepsy and Pharmacotherapy: An Insight
    Kumar J, Solaiman A, Mahakkanukrauh P, Mohamed R, Das S
    Front Pharmacol, 2018;9:1088.
    PMID: 30319421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01088
    In the last several decades, sleep-related epilepsy has drawn considerable attention among epileptologists and neuroscientists in the interest of new paradigms of the disease etiology, pathogenesis and management. Sleep-related epilepsy is nocturnal seizures that manifest solely during the sleep state. Sleep comprises two distinct stages i.e., non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) that alternate every 90 min with NREM preceding REM. Current findings indicate that the sleep-related epilepsy manifests predominantly during the synchronized stages of sleep; NREM over REM stage. Sleep related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), benign partial epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes or benign rolandic epilepsy (BECTS), and Panayiotopoulos Syndrome (PS) are three of the most frequently implicated epilepsies occurring during the sleep state. Although some familial types are described, others are seemingly sporadic occurrences. In the present review, we aim to discuss the predominance of sleep-related epilepsy during NREM, established familial links to the pathogenesis of SHE, BECTS and PS, and highlight the present available pharmacotherapy options.
  14. Fulltext Genome Size, Molecular Phylogeny, and Evolutionary History of the Tribe Aquilarieae (Thymelaeaceae), the Natural Source of Agarwood
    Farah AH, Lee SY, Gao Z, Yao TL, Madon M, Mohamed R
    Front Plant Sci, 2018;9:712.
    PMID: 29896211 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00712
    The tribe Aquilarieae of the family Thymelaeaceae consists of two genera, Aquilaria and Gyrinops, with a total of 30 species, distributed from northeast India, through southeast Asia and the south of China, to Papua New Guinea. They are an important botanical resource for fragrant agarwood, a prized product derived from injured or infected stems of these species. The aim of this study was to estimate the genome size of selected Aquilaria species and comprehend the evolutionary history of Aquilarieae speciation through molecular phylogeny. Five non-coding chloroplast DNA regions and a nuclear region were sequenced from 12 Aquilaria and three Gyrinops species. Phylogenetic trees constructed using combined chloroplast DNA sequences revealed relationships of the studied 15 members in Aquilarieae, while nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences showed a paraphyletic relationship between Aquilaria species from Indochina and Malesian. We exposed, for the first time, the estimated divergence time for Aquilarieae speciation, which was speculated to happen during the Miocene Epoch. The ancestral split and biogeographic pattern of studied species were discussed. Results showed no large variation in the 2C-values for the five Aquilaria species (1.35-2.23 pg). Further investigation into the genome size may provide additional information regarding ancestral traits and its evolution history.
  15. Fulltext Budget impact analysis of two treatment approaches for hepatitis C in Malaysia through the use of voluntary and compulsory licensing options
    Azzeri A, Dahlui M, Mohamed R, McDonald SA, Jaafar H, Shabaruddin FH
    Front Public Health, 2023;11:1114560.
    PMID: 36935675 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114560
    INTRODUCTION: A scaled-up treatment cascade with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy is necessary to achieve global WHO targets for hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination in Malaysia. Recently, limited access to sofosbuvir/daclatasvir (SOF/DAC) is available through compulsory licensing, with access to sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) expected through voluntary licensing due to recent agreements. SOF/VEL has superior clinical outcomes but has higher drug acquisition costs compared to SOF/DAC. A stratified treatment cascade might be the most cost-efficient approach for Malaysia whereby all HCV patients are treated with SOF/DAC except for patients with cirrhosis who are treated with SOF/VEL.

    METHODS: This study aimed to conduct a 5-year budget impact analysis of the proposed stratified treatment cascade for HCV treatment in Malaysia. A disease progression model that was developed based on model-predicted HCV epidemiology data was used for the analysis, where all HCV patients in scenario A were treated with SOF/DAC for all disease stages while in scenario B, SOF/DAC was used only for non-cirrhotic patients and SOF/VEL was used for the cirrhotic patients. Healthcare costs associated with DAA therapy and disease stage monitoring were included to estimate the downstream cost implications.

    RESULTS: The stratified treatment cascade with 109 in Scenario B was found to be cost-saving compared to Scenario A. The cumulative savings for the stratified treatment cascade was USD 1.4 million over 5 years.

    DISCUSSION: A stratified treatment cascade with SOF/VEL was expected to be cost-saving and can result in a budget impact reduction in overall healthcare expenditure in Malaysia.

  16. Construction of a microRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in De Novo Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients
    Esa E, Hashim AK, Mohamed EHM, Zakaria Z, Abu Hassan AN, Mat Yusoff Y, et al.
    Genet Test Mol Biomarkers, 2021 Mar;25(3):199-210.
    PMID: 33734890 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0182
    Background: The association between dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is well known. However, our understanding of the regulatory role of miRNAs in the cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) subtype pathway is still poor. The current study integrated miRNA and mRNA profiles to explore novel miRNA-mRNA interactions that affect the regulatory patterns of de novo CN-AML. Methods: We utilized a multiplexed nanoString nCounter platform to profile both miRNAs and mRNAs using similar sets of patient samples (n = 24). Correlations were assessed, and an miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. The underlying biological functions of the mRNAs were predicted by gene enrichment. Finally, the interacting pairs were assessed using TargetScan and microT-CDS. We identified 637 significant negative correlations (false discovery rate <0.05). Results: Network analysis revealed a cluster of 12 miRNAs representing the majority of mRNA targets. Within the cluster, five miRNAs (miR-495-3p, miR-185-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-409-3p, and miR-127-3p) were posited to play a pivotal role in the regulation of CN-AML, as they are associated with the negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation, negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation, and positive regulation of hematopoiesis. Conclusion: Three novel interactions in CN-AML were predicted as let-7i-5p:HOXA9, miR-495-3p:PIK3R1, and miR-495-3p:CDK6 may be responsible for regulating myeloid cell differentiation in CN-AML.
  17. Sequencing and analysis of chromosome 1 of Eimeria tenella reveals a unique segmental organization
    Ling KH, Rajandream MA, Rivailler P, Ivens A, Yap SJ, Madeira AM, et al.
    Genome Res, 2007 Mar;17(3):311-9.
    PMID: 17284678
    Eimeria tenella is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal tracts of domestic fowl and causes coccidiosis, a serious and sometimes lethal enteritis. Eimeria falls in the same phylum (Apicomplexa) as several human and animal parasites such as Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and the malaria parasite, Plasmodium. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of the first chromosome of E. tenella, a chromosome believed to carry loci associated with drug resistance and known to differ between virulent and attenuated strains of the parasite. The chromosome--which appears to be representative of the genome--is gene-dense and rich in simple-sequence repeats, many of which appear to give rise to repetitive amino acid tracts in the predicted proteins. Most striking is the segmentation of the chromosome into repeat-rich regions peppered with transposon-like elements and telomere-like repeats, alternating with repeat-free regions. Predicted genes differ in character between the two types of segment, and the repeat-rich regions appear to be associated with strain-to-strain variation.
  18. Fulltext Homozygous Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis in five live-born neonates
    Lavinya AA, Razali RA, Razak MA, Mohamed R, Moses EJ, Soundararajan M, et al.
    Haematologica, 2021 06 01;106(6):1758-1761.
    PMID: 33179475 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.268581
    Not available.
  19. Association of Malaysian Helicobacter pylori virulence polymorphisms with severity of gastritis and patients' ethnicity
    Alfizah H, Ramelah M, Rizal AM, Anwar AS, Isa MR
    Helicobacter, 2012 Oct;17(5):340-9.
    PMID: 22967117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00956.x
    Polymorphisms of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genes do exist and may contribute to differences in H. pylori infection and gastroduodenal diseases among races in the Malaysian population. This study was conducted to characterize the polymorphisms in H. pylori cagA and vacA in Malaysian population.
  20. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Malaysia
    Ahmad N, Zakaria WR, Mohamed R
    Helicobacter, 2011 Feb;16(1):47-51.
    PMID: 21241412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00816.x
    The prevalence of antibiotic resistance varies in geographic areas. The information on the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in our local setting is therefore relevant as a guide for the treatment options.
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