Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 539 in total

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  1. Fulltext The role of psychiatrists and muslim faith healers in mental health issues
    Zul Azlin Razali, Faiz Tahir, M.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(101):31-35.
    MyJurnal
    Following the announcement of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act 2013, Muslim faith healers are slowly gaining grounds to make their practice mainstream. One of the major characteristics of Muslim faith healers is the strong inclination to attribute mental illnesses to Jinn possession (demonic possession). Unlike other traditional healers, Muslim faith healers’ primary mode of treatment is Ruqyah, an incantation or generally considered as ‘Du’a or prayers. This article is a sharing by a psychiatrist who has been actively engaging with faith healers in order to understand the world of faith healing including the attitude and knowledge of both the healers and clients while attempting to educate them on modern psychiatry based on bio-psycho-socio-spiritual paradigm. The methodology: 1) Involvement in symposium, seminar and focused group discussion, either as participant or as speaker. 2) Collaborating with local spiritual leader to conduct workshop on mental illness in mosques. 3) Writing articles in scientific and popular publications with and without faith healers as the collaborators. 4) Appearing in radio advocating and discussing about the dilemma of mental illness issue from the religious perspectives, and 5) Participate in workshop conducted by Muslim faith healers. As a result, several issues come to the author’s attention. The divisions of Muslim faith healers are rather complicated, for example Malay traditional healers or bomoh should not be categorized in the same group as Muslim faith healers. The oft-quoted ‘Islamic Medicine’ is problematic in view that it is laced with elements of local cultural value and practice which are not necessarily authentically Islamic. Since Malays make up the biggest community in Malaysia, one has to differentiate between Islam and Muslim. Majority of Muslims misunderstood the term Ruqyah as a form of healing exclusively done by the Muslim faith healers. In conclusion, psychiatrists should engage more proactively with faith and spiritual healers in order to curb stigmatization and delay in seeking psychiatric care and treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  2. Fulltext The role of attention deficit hyperactive disorder in developing substance use disorder: a case report
    Rakesh, S., Hazli, Z., Ahmad Nabil, M.R.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;24(1):91-95.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Individuals with ADHD are known to have more risk of developing substance use disorder (SUD). However the underlying mechanisms behind it are not straightforward. Method: We report a case of an adult with ADHD, who has a long standing history of polysubstance use, since the age of 10. He had multiple relapses, even after numerous efforts undertaken to keep him drug-free. Result: ADHD symptoms were not optimally treated during admission. He had preference towards opioid-based and amphetamine-type substances in order to attain euphoria. Conclusion: Taking into account the biological and psycho-social condition of this man, we discussed the role of ADHD from the perspective of dysfunctional rewards system and other possible factors in explaining his drug-craving behavior.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  3. The rising tsunami of poor muscle health and sarcopenia in Asia-Pacific: Time for focused attention and targeted interventions
    Chew STH, Nguyen HTT, Joshi S, Kamaruzzaman SB, Landi F, Manuel MV, et al.
    Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2024 Feb;117:105275.
    PMID: 37988852 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105275
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  4. The resolution of the Latah paradox
    Simons RC
    J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1980 Apr;168(4):195-206.
    PMID: 7365478
    Latah is a culture-bound syndrome from Malaysia and Indonesia. Persons exhibiting the Latah syndrome respond to minimal stimuli with exaggerated startles, often exclaimning normally inhibited sexually denotative words. Sometimes Latahs after being startled obey the commands or imitate the actions of persons about them. Most episodes of Latah are intentionally provoked for the amusement of onlookers. Similar sets of interactive behaviors have been reported from genetically and culturally unrelated populations (e.g., Bantu, Ainu, and French Canadians). Since competent anthropological investigators have shown Latah to be intimately tied to specific factors in the cultural systems of the Southeast Asian societies in which it is found, its occurrence elswhere has been considered paradoxical. New data, including films and videotapes of hyperstartling persons from Malaysia, the Philippines, Japan, and the United States, suggest a model capable of resolving the apparent paradox by showing how the various forms of latah are culture-specific exploitations of a neurophysiological potential shared by humans and other mammals. Latah provides an especially revealing example of the complex ways in which neurophysiological, experiential, and cultural variables interact to produce a strongly marked and phenomenon.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  5. Fulltext The pyramid counteracts chronic prenatal restraint-stress effects on the milestones, anthropometry, and body, brain and adrenal gland weights of pups in rats
    George, Mitchel Constance, Murthy, Krishna Dilip, Zainal Arifin Mustapha
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018;12(1):49-56.
    MyJurnal
    Prenatal exposure to chronic stress during critical periods of foetal development produces depression, attention and learning deficits, hormonal imbalances and affects the brain. The effect of prenatal restraint-stress on the postnatal developmental milestones, anthropometric measurements, and the body, brain and adrenal gland weights of the pups were examined and compared with the unrestrained control and the restrained group under the pyramid at postnatal day 10 and 21. Pregnant rats were restrained (9h/day) from gestation day 7 until parturition. Results showed significant delay in the milestones by one day in the restraint control (RC) compared to the unrestrained normal control (NC), while pups of the restrained pyramid (RP) group did not show the delay. Significant decreases in the anthropometric measurements, body and brain weights in RC group were observed at both postnatal days, while the RP group results matched with the NC group. Significant increase in the adrenal weights was found in the RC group compared to NC group and not the RP group. Results suggest prenatal restraint-stress definitely hampers the developmental milestones, anthropometric measurements, and body and brain weights of the young offspring. Results suggest, pyramid environment counteracts and protects the deleterious effects of chronic prenatal stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  6. Fulltext The prevalence and risk factors of sexual dysfunction in gynaecological cancer patient
    Tee, B.C., Ahmad Rasidi, M.S., Mohd Rushdan, M.N., Ismail, A., Sidi, H.
    Medicine & Health, 2014;9(1):53-61.
    MyJurnal
    Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in gynaecological cancer patients. Most of the time, sexual dysfunction in gynaecological cancer is underdiagnosed as there is overlapping of symptoms with other psychological morbidities, interplaying of multiple risks, patients’ reluctance to complain or incompetence of health care provider to assess. Determining the risk factors of sexual dysfunction in cancer patients enables us to pay more attention to those who are vulnerable and to device strategies for early detection, prevention and treatment of sexual dysfunction in them. The main aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its risk factors in gynaecological cancer patients in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Star, Malaysia. Sexual function of eighty-three gynaecological cancer patients who were married were assessed with self-rated MVFSFI (Malay version Female Sexual Function Index). Self-rated WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization- Quality of Life- 26) which assessed the domains of quality of life was used while MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview) was used for diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction among the married gynaecological cancer patients was 65% (54/83). Sexual dysfunction was significantly associated with low education level (OR 3.055, CI 1.009-9.250), shorter duration of cancer (OR 0.966, CI 0.966- 0.998), ongoing chemotherapy (OR 3.045, CI 1.149-8.067), pain perception (OR 3.230, CI 1.257-8.303), absence of sexual intercourse for more than one month (OR 1.862) and three domains of quality of life such as physical health, psychological health and social relationship (OR 0.942, CI 0.908-0.978; OR 0.955, CI 0.916-0.995; OR 0.933, CI 0.894-0.973, respectively). However, sexual dysfunction was not associated with major depressive disorder (χ2 ² = 1.224, p = 0.268). The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in gynaecological cancer patients was comparable to other studies of similar population. Since, the risk factors of sexual dysfunction in gynaecological cancer patients are multidimensional, the process of assessment and management need to be holistic and patient-oriented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  7. Fulltext The prevalence and risk factors of major depressive disorders in gynaecological cancer patients
    Tee, B.C., Phang, C.K., Rasidi, A., Rushdan, M., Aliyasand, I., Hatta, S.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2013;9(2):53-61.
    MyJurnal

    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in gynaecological cancer patients is a disabling illness with significant mental and physical suffering. Determining the risk factors of MDD in cancer patients enables us to pay more attention to those who are vulnerable and to device effective strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of MDD and its associated risk factors in gynaecological cancer patients at Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Star. This is a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study of 120 gynaecological cancer patients in Gynae-Oncology Unit in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Star. Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI) was used for diagnosis of MDD. Socio-demographic data and clinical variables were collected. MVFSFI (Malay version Female Sexual Function Index) was used to determine sexual dysfunction, and WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization – Quality of Life-26) was performed to assess quality of life. The prevalence of MDD in gynaecological cancer patients in the study was 18%. The variables found to be significantly associated with MDD were lack of perceived social support, greater physical pain perception, presence of past psychiatric history, and poorer quality of life. Meanwhile, sexual dysfunction was not associated with MDD. Logistic regression analysis revealed that only the psychological health domain of QOL was significantly associated with MDD, and contributed to 60% of the variation in MDD. The prevalence of MDD in gynaecological cancer patients is higher than those in the general population. In view that MDD can compromise cancer prognosis and patient’s well-being, psychosocial intervention is recommended as a part of multi- disciplinary and comprehensive management of gynaecological cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  8. The potential role of nanoyttria in alleviating oxidative stress biomarkers: Implications for Alzheimer's disease therapy
    Tang KS
    Life Sci, 2020 Oct 15;259:118287.
    PMID: 32814066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118287
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that requires immediate attention. Oxidative stress that leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species is a contributing factor to the disease progression by promoting synthesis and deposition of amyloid-β, the main hallmark protein in AD. It has been previously demonstrated that nanoyttria possesses antioxidant properties and can alleviate cellular oxidative injury in various toxicity and disease models. This review proposed that nanoyttria could be used for the treatment of AD. In this paper, the evidence on the antioxidant potential of nanoyttria is presented and its prospects on AD therapy are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  9. Fulltext The needs of traumatic brain injury survivors' caregivers and the implication required during the COVID-19 pandemic: Public health issues
    Othman H, Ludin SM, Saidi S, Awang MS
    J Public Health Res, 2021 Apr 14;10(2).
    PMID: 33855403 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2205
    BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors require attention and dependence from their primary caregiver. This is because TBI is a defect that affects both the psychological and physical functions of the victim. Caregivers play an essential role in providing the adequate care victims need to adjust to the new problems they may experience due to their condition, as family members alone may not be able to provide for their needs. In particular, TBI caregivers may face specific challenges when assisting their patients in handling unexpected changes to their daily routines. Therefore, this quantitative study aims to explore the needs of caregivers, their coping mechanisms towards stressful and traumatic circumstances, and how they provide care to their loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    DESIGN AND METHODS: It was conducted with ten caregivers of individuals suffering from traumatic brain injury, that were selected using a theoretical sampling method. Data were obtained using a semi-structured interview guide, which helped the caregivers provide their responses. Meanwhile, data analysis was performed using the NVIVO analysis software.

    RESULTS: The results showed that there were, three significant themes namely, (a) Support needed, (b) the information need for care, and (c) developing self-resilience. The results also showed that caregivers really need support from the various parties, and the participants lack information on specific care techniques for the severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, caregivers require approval and seek more useful information to provide excellent care to their loved ones. Being aware of the caregiver's needs would enable them to offer improved customized care.

    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  10. Fulltext The needs and problems in epilepsy caregiving: a qualitative exploration
    Lua, Pei Lin, Nor Khaira Wahida Khairuzzaman, Zariah Abdul Aziz, Foo, Jimmy Lee Kok
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(1):116-126.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Living with epilepsy imposes great challenges on both patients and their family caregivers but most researchers only explored the impact on patients, with less attention given to family caregivers. Our study intended to explore the needs and problems of epilepsy family caregivers of epilepsy patients encountered during the caregiving process. Methods: Respondents were recruited from the Neurology Clinic of Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah (HSNZ), Kuala Terengganu. A semi-structured interview was conducted using openended and broad questions asking about their general experience in caregiving, daily routine activities, caregiving effects, caregiving difficulties and caregivers’ needs. The interviewed data were later transcribed into verbatim before further analysis using the QSR International’s NVivo10 software. Results: Fifteen Malay Muslim family caregivers between the age of 19 and 66 years participated. Most were females (53%), married (67%), with education level at secondary school or equivalent (73%) and were homemakers (40%). In particular, respondents expressed the need for extra support from their family members and experts in terms of physical (care relief), mental, and financial aspects. In addition, the major caregiving problems identified included: (i) emotional disturbances (sad, angry, depressed, and anxious); (ii) care giving challenges (family adjustments, physical burden, psychological burden, and time management); and (iii) financial issues (not working and limited family income). Some advantages in caregiving were also reported. Conclusion: In conclusion, their experiences while taking care of their loved ones in terms of feelings, beliefs and needs exposed the difficulties in caregiving, causing substantial emotional pressure which could later lead to poor quality of caregiving. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 16 (1): Januray – June 2015: XX XX.

    Study site: Neurology Clinic of Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah (HSNZ), Kuala Terengganu.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  11. Fulltext The mutual constraints of states and global value chains during COVID-19: The case of personal protective equipment
    Dallas MP, Horner R, Li L
    World Dev, 2021 Mar;139:105324.
    PMID: 33293754 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105324
    Shortages of critical medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic have turned global value chains (GVCs) in personal protective equipment (PPE) into a political lightning rod. Some blame excessive outsourcing and foreign dependency for causing shortages, thus urging greater state intervention; others applaud GVCs for their flexibility and scaling up of production, while blaming states for undermining GVC operations. Using policy process-tracing and monthly trade data of seven PPE products across the US, Europe, China and Malaysia, this paper goes beyond the binary debate of either the 'failure' or 'success' of GVCs to show when and under what conditions states interacted with GVCs to produce mixed outcomes in provisioning countries with PPEs. We identify interactions between the type of state intervention and two key structural features of GVCs - geographic distribution of production and technological attributes of the product. Conceptually, the paper demonstrates the mutual constraints of states and GVCs, and highlights structural factors involved in the relationship. Looking to the future of GVCs, we caution against wholesale declarations that GVCs should be abandoned or maintained, instead concluding that paying attention to GVC structure, states and their interactions are crucial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  12. Fulltext The influence of depassivating element on the performance of aluminium anodes
    Daud, M., Mohd Kamarudin, S.R., Samsu, Z., Ripin, M.S., Sattar, M.S., Rejab, R.
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2013;2013(2):16-20.
    MyJurnal
    The corrosion behaviour of ternary aluminium alloy sacrificial anodes with small amount addition of tin as depassivating element in natural seawater was studied by means of conventional DC electrochemical measurements. Metallurgical microscope was employed in order to observe the changing of microstructure caused by tin present in ternary alloys. The relationship between microstructure and electrochemical results was examined and particular attention paid to the cause of the electrochemical efficiency of anode performance. The results indicate that the proper precipitates uniformly distributed of tin are influence on improving electrochemical performance of alumnium alloy anode.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  13. Fulltext The influence of colour on memory performance: a review
    Dzulkifli MA, Mustafar MF
    Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Mar;20(2):3-9.
    PMID: 23983571 MyJurnal
    Human cognition involves many mental processes that are highly interrelated, such as perception, attention, memory, and thinking. An important and core cognitive process is memory, which is commonly associated with the storing and remembering of environmental information. An interesting issue in memory research is on ways to enhance memory performance, and thus, remembering of information. Can colour result in improved memory abilities? The present paper highlights the relationship between colours, attention, and memory performance. The significance of colour in different settings is presented first, followed by a description on the nature of human memory. The role of attention and emotional arousal on memory performance is discussed next. The review of several studies on colours and memory are meant to explain some empirical works done in the area and related issues that arise from such studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  14. Fulltext The influence of adult attachment on relationship quality among multi-ethnic group of parents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children
    Fatahyah Yahya, Rizal Abu Bakar, Nur Fatihah Mat Yusoff
    Journal of Cognitive Sciences & Human Development, 2016;1(2):84-98.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to explore the influence of adult attachment on relationship quality among parents having children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A correlational research design was used to achieve the research objectives. Sixty eight parents of children with ADHD participated in this study. Two measures were used in this study: the Experience in Close Relationship (ECR) and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The findings indicated that when the anxiety attachment level of the participants was high, the marital satisfaction was low.The findings of this study can make a contribution to those focusing on conflict resolution and marital quality with a deeper understanding on the interpersonal problems in the relationship from attachment theory perspectives. It is suggested that a longitudinal research be conducted in the future with both groups of clinical and community in order to explore how attachment variables can predict relationship adjustment and child adjustment overtime.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  15. Fulltext The implementation of OSH management system in small and medium enterprise for sustainable development
    Muhammad Hasbullah, M.A., Leman, A.M., Baba, I.
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):91-94.
    MyJurnal
    Occupational safety and health (OSH) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have not received the proper
    attention not only in Malaysia, but also in most countries all over the world, in terms of research or support for
    implementation. In Malaysia, many agencies such as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH),
    Social Safety Organization (SOCSO), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and many more
    agencies related to OSH have been in collaborations to conduct and promote a safety working environment and to
    protect human rights economically, morally and legally. This research mainly focuses on the implementation of the
    occupational safety and health in small and medium industries in the southern region of peninsular of Malaysia. This
    exploratory study will be based on conducting a survey to 500 SMEs owners and workers throughout the southern
    region of Malaysia to get the in-depth knowledge on how the implementation of safety and health management system
    in the SMEs will affect them both morally and economically. A site visit will also be conducted in order to enhance
    and to get to know the real situation happening in the real working environment. The results of this study will be used
    to make and initial evaluation of the implementations of OSH management system in SMEs and hopefully will help
    for future interventions and researches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  16. Fulltext The impact of luminance contrast on attention and memory
    Yap SL, Tan XB, Tan CS
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2017;31:90-98.
    Previous studies have found that luminance contrast may enhance attention and attention is positively correlated with memory. However, little attention has been given to understand the impact of luminance contrast on memory. The present study attempts to address this gap by examining the effect of luminance contrast on attention and memory. A total of 159 undergraduates were randomly assigned to three luminance contrast conditions (high vs. moderate vs. low) and were administered a modified d2 test and modified words memory test. Multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effect of luminance contrast on memory performance. Participants in the high and moderate luminance contrast groups recalled more words than counterparts in the low contrast group. However, the effect of luminance contrast on attention was not significant, though planned comparison found that high contrast group scored higher than low contrast group. The findings not only shed light on improvement of memory but also have implication for design and marketing and consumer behaviours study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  17. The effects of search-irrelevant working memory content on visual search
    Calleja MO, Willoughby AR
    Atten Percept Psychophys, 2023 Feb;85(2):293-300.
    PMID: 36596986 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02634-9
    Previous experiments investigating visual search have shown that distractors that are semantically related to a search target can capture attention and slow the search process. In two experiments, we examine if distractors exactly matching, or semantically related to, search-irrelevant information held in working memory (WM) can also influence visual search while ruling out potential effects of color similarity. Participants first viewed and memorized an image of an everyday object, then they determined if a target item was present or absent in a two-object search array. On exact-match trials, the memorized object appeared as a distractor; on semantic-match trials, an object semantically related to the memorized object appeared as a distractor. Both exact-match and semantic-match distractors slowed search when the target was present in the search array. Our findings extend previous findings by demonstrating WM-driven attentional guidance by complex objects rather than simple features. The results also suggest that visual search can be influenced by distractors sharing only semantic features with a search-irrelevant, but active, WM representation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention*
  18. The effects of polyphenols-rich tropical fruit juice on cognitive function and metabolomics profile - a randomized controlled trial in middle-aged women
    Rosli H, Shahar S, Rajab NF, Che Din N, Haron H
    Nutr Neurosci, 2021 Mar 05.
    PMID: 33666540 DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2021.1880312
    Objectives: Polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, have received attention in improving health issues during old age, including decline in cognitive function and other health parameters. We aimed to determine the effects of polyphenols-rich tropical fruit TP 3-in-1™ juice towards improving cognitive function, oxidative stress and metabolomics profiles among middle-aged women.Methods: This clinical trial involved 31 subjects with signs of poor cognitive function, as assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). They were randomized to receive either TP 3-in-1™ juice (n = 16) or placebo (n = 15). Study subjects consumed 500 ml of beverages for three times per day, three days per week, for a period of ten weeks. Juice supplementation provided 9135 mg GAE of total phenolic content and 194.1 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside of total anthocyanin monomer.Results: There was a significant interaction effects on RAVLT immediate recall (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  19. Fulltext The effects of music and auditory stimulation on autonomic arousal, cognition and attention: A systematic review
    Chee ZJ, Chang CYM, Cheong JY, Malek FHBA, Hussain S, de Vries M, et al.
    Int J Psychophysiol, 2024 May;199:112328.
    PMID: 38458383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112328
    According to the arousal-mood hypothesis, changes in arousal and mood when exposed to auditory stimulation underlie the detrimental effects or improvements in cognitive performance. Findings supporting or against this hypothesis are, however, often based on subjective ratings of arousal rather than autonomic/physiological indices of arousal. To assess the arousal-mood hypothesis, we carried out a systematic review of the literature on 31 studies investigating cardiac, electrodermal, and pupillometry measures when exposed to different types of auditory stimulation (music, ambient noise, white noise, and binaural beats) in relation to cognitive performance. Our review suggests that the effects of music, noise, or binaural beats on cardiac, electrodermal, and pupillometry measures in relation to cognitive performance are either mixed or insufficient to draw conclusions. Importantly, the evidence for or against the arousal-mood hypothesis is at best indirect because autonomic arousal and cognitive performance are often considered separately. Future research is needed to directly evaluate the effects of auditory stimulation on autonomic arousal and cognitive performance holistically.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
  20. Fulltext The effects of external and internal focus on the Press Behind Neck lift among Weightlifters
    Ahmad Fazlan Ghazalli, Mahamad Yusof Abdul Rani, Lee, Jeffrey Low Fook
    Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 2016;5(2):53-60.
    MyJurnal
    Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(2): 53-60, 2016 – Many previous studies
    focus on attention has consistently demonstrated that an external focus (movement effect)
    enhances motor performance and learning relative to an internal focus (body movements).
    However, the effectiveness of the external focus direction and internal focus on the press
    behind neck lift not yet again compared among the weightlifter. Therefore, the aim of this
    study was to identify the three conditions (external focus, internal focus and control) that
    brings the best performance in the press behind neck. Besides that, a total of 30 athletes
    Selangor weightlifters performed the pre-test before they are divided into treatment groups
    (external focus and internal focus) and a control group. There are changes in the score in
    force between the test scores (pre, post and retention test) and the group will be analyzed
    using Two Way ANOVA Repeated Measure. The results showed that, there are the main
    effect of testing, F(2, 54) = 1671.065 p = 0.001 means there is a significant difference
    between pre-test and post-test . There is a main effect for group, F (2, 27) = 16,646, p =
    0.001. Meanwhile, there was a significant interaction between the test group f (4. 54) =
    378,732 p = 0.001. There are no significant differences between the three groups during the
    pre-test. However, in the post-test found an external focus groups (M = 51.5 kg, SP = 7.4)
    and an internal focus group (M = 49.5kg, SP = 6.6) is better and has significant differences to
    the control group (M = 30.5kg, SP= 6.9). Besides that, the external focus group retention test
    (M= 59.5 kg, SP=6.0) is better and has a significant difference compared with internal focus
    (M= 43.2kg, SP = 5.9) and the control group (M= 30.1, SP = 6.3). Therefore, the overall
    direction of a focus of external forces show better performance compared to focus on internal
    and groups are not given any specific instructions for long term programme.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention
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