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Fulltext Draft Genome Sequences of Three Multiantibiotic-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Strains (2865, 2868, and 2871) Isolated from Poultry at Retail Outlets in Malaysia

Teh AH, Lee SM, Dykes GA

Genome Announc, 2016;4(3).
PMID: 27151799 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00331-16

Campylobacter jejuni is a frequent cause of human bacterial gastrointestinal foodborne disease worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in this species is of public health concern. The draft genome sequences of three multiantibiotic-resistant C. jejuni strains (2865, 2868, and 2871) isolated from poultry at retail outlets in Malaysia are presented here.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
CHLOROQUINE RESISTANT FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN MALAYA

MONTGOMERY R, EYLES DE

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1963 Nov;57:409-16.
PMID: 14081295
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 from human and environmental sources in Malaysia

Radu S, Ho YK, Lihan S, Yuherman, Rusul G, Yasin RM, et al.

Epidemiol Infect, 1999 Oct;123(2):225-32.
PMID: 10579441

A total of 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (10 from outbreak cases and 7 from surface water) and non-O1 (4 from clinical and 10 from surface water sources) isolated between 1993 and 1997 were examined with respect to presence of cholera enterotoxin (CT) gene by PCR-based assays, resistance to antibiotics, plasmid profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All were resistant to 9 or more of the 17 antibiotics tested. Identical antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates may indicate that they share a common mode of developing antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the multiple antibiotic resistance indexing showed that all strains tested originated from high risk contamination. Plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis showed the presence of small plasmids in 12 (7 non-O1 and 5 O1 serotypes) with sizes ranging 1.3-4.6 MDa. The CT gene was detected in all clinical isolates but was present in only 14 (6 O1 serotype and 8 non-O1 serotype) isolates from environmental waters. The genetic relatedness of the clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains was investigated by RAPD fingerprinting with four primers. The four primers generated polymorphisms in all 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae tested, producing bands ranging from < 250 to 4500 bp. The RAPD profiles revealed a wide variability and no correlation with the source of isolation. This study provides evidence that Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 have significant public health implications.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext A study of primary drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in west Malaysia 1984-1987

Jalleh RD, Kuppusamy I, Soshila R, Aziah AM, Faridza MY

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):113-6.
PMID: 8350784

Eight hundred and fifty-six strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from previously untreated patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from various states in West Malaysia were studied during the period 1984 to 1987. All the strains were tested for in vitro susceptibility to the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), rifampicin (RMP) and ethambutol (ETB). One hundred and twenty-one of the isolates (14.18%) were resistant to 1 drug while 17 (1.97%) were resistant to 2 drugs. No strain was found to be resistant to more than 2 drugs. The prevalence of primary resistance to INH was 4.20%, SM was 7.59%, RMP was 0.95% and ETB was 1.44%. In 1.86% of isolates, resistance was noted to both INH and SM, while 0.11% were resistant to both RMP and ETB. There was no significant difference in distribution of resistant bacilli between the sexes (p > 0.01).

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext In vitro activity of teicoplanin, vancomycin, A16686, clindamycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid against anaerobic bacteria

Hassan H, O'Hare MD, Felmingham D

Singapore Med J, 1990 Feb;31(1):56-8.
PMID: 2139737

The in vitro activity of teicoplanin and A16686, two new glycopeptide antibiotics was determined against 196 isolates of anaerobic bacteria. The activity of teicoplanin and A16686, in comparison with that of vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid was 2 to 16 times higher against the gram positive anaerobes, namely, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium species, Peptococcus species and Peptostreptococcus species. However, Bacteroides fragilis was resistant to teicoplanin and A16686 while Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides bivius were found to be sensitive.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Typhoid fever--important issues still remain

Pang T, Levine MM, Ivanoff B, Wain J, Finlay BB

Trends Microbiol., 1998 Apr;6(4):131-3.
PMID: 9587187
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
In vivo and in vitro studies of chloroquine-resistant malaria in West Malaysia

Andre RG, Cadigan FC, Fredericks HJ, Fong YL

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1972;66(4):644-52.
PMID: 4561008
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Pseudomonas koreensis Isolated from Diseased Tor tambroides

Kho CJY, Lau MML, Chung HH, Chew IYY, Gan HM

Curr Microbiol, 2023 Jun 25;80(8):255.
PMID: 37356021 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03354-5

Unlike environmental P. koreensis isolated from soil, which has been studied extensively for its role in promoting plant growth, pathogenic P. koreensis isolated from fish has been rarely reported. Therefore, we investigated and isolated the possible pathogen that is responsible for the diseased state of Tor tambroides. Herein, we reported the morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as whole-genome sequences of a newly identified P. koreensis strain. We assembled a high-quality draft genome of P. koreensis CM-01 with a contig N50 value of 233,601 bp and 99.5% BUSCO completeness. The genome assembly of P. koreensis CM-01 is consists of 6,171,880 bp with a G+C content of 60.5%. Annotation of the genome identified 5538 protein-coding genes, 3 rRNA genes, 54 tRNAs, and no plasmids were found. Besides these, 39 interspersed repeat and 141 tandem repeat sequences, 6 prophages, 51 genomic islands, 94 insertion sequences, 4 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, 5 antibiotic-resistant genes, and 150 virulence genes were also predicted in the P. koreensis CM-01 genome. Culture-based approach showed that CM-01 strain exhibited resistance against ampicillin, aztreonam, clindamycin, and cefoxitin with a calculated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of 0.4. In addition, the assembled CM-01 genome was successfully annotated against the Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins database, Gene Ontology database, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway database. A comparative analysis of CM-01 with three representative strains of P. koreensis revealed that 92% of orthologous clusters were conserved among these four genomes, and only the CM-01 strain possesses unique elements related to pathogenicity and virulence. This study provides fundamental phenotypic and genomic information for the newly identified P. koreensis strain.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
Fulltext Nanoparticles: Alternatives Against Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microbes

Rudramurthy GR, Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Ghasemzadeh A

Molecules, 2016 Jun 27;21(7).
PMID: 27355939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070836

Antimicrobial substances may be synthetic, semisynthetic, or of natural origin (i.e., from plants and animals). Antimicrobials are considered "miracle drugs" and can determine if an infected patient/animal recovers or dies. However, the misuse of antimicrobials has led to the development of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, which is one of the greatest challenges for healthcare practitioners and is a significant global threat. The major concern with the development of antimicrobial resistance is the spread of resistant organisms. The replacement of conventional antimicrobials by new technology to counteract antimicrobial resistance is ongoing. Nanotechnology-driven innovations provide hope for patients and practitioners in overcoming the problem of drug resistance. Nanomaterials have tremendous potential in both the medical and veterinary fields. Several nanostructures comprising metallic particles have been developed to counteract microbial pathogens. The effectiveness of nanoparticles (NPs) depends on the interaction between the microorganism and the NPs. The development of effective nanomaterials requires in-depth knowledge of the physicochemical properties of NPs and the biological aspects of microorganisms. However, the risks associated with using NPs in healthcare need to be addressed. The present review highlights the antimicrobial effects of various nanomaterials and their potential advantages, drawbacks, or side effects. In addition, this comprehensive information may be useful in the discovery of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs for use against multi-drug-resistant microbial pathogens in the near future.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects*
Fulltext Bioactive Compounds from the Bornean Endemic Plant Goniothalamus longistipetes

Teo SP, Bhakta S, Stapleton P, Gibbons S

Antibiotics (Basel), 2020 Dec 16;9(12).
PMID: 33339285 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120913

The present study aimed to screen plants for bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activities. In our efforts to evaluate plants from Borneo, we isolated and elucidated the structures of four natural products from the bioactive fraction of a chloroform extract of Goniothalamus longistipetes using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The bioactive compounds were identified as a known styryllactone, (+)-altholactone ((2S,3R,3aS,7aS)-3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-2,3,3a,7a-tetrahydrobenzo-5(4H)-5-one) (1), a new styryllactone, (2S,3R,3aS,7aS)-3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-2,3,3a,7a-tetrahydrobenzo-5(4H)-5-one) (2) as well as a new alkaloid, 2,6-dimethoxyisonicotinaldehyde (3) and a new alkenyl-5-hydroxyl-phenyl benzoic acid (4). 1 and 4 showed broad-spectrum anti-bacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as acid-fast model selected for this study. Compound 2 only demonstrated activities against Gram-positive bacteria whilst 3 displayed selective inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacterial strains. Additionally, their mechanisms of anti-bacterial action were also investigated. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a fast-growing model of tubercle bacilli, compounds 1, 2 and 4 demonstrated inhibitory activities against whole-cell drug efflux and biofilm formation; two key intrinsic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Interestingly, the amphiphilic compound 4 exhibited inhibitory activity against the conjugation of plasmid pKM101 in Escherichia coli using a plate conjugation assay. Plasmid conjugation is a mechanism by which Gram-positive and Gram-negative-bacteria acquire drug resistance and virulence. These results indicated that bioactive compounds isolated from Goniothalamus longistipetes can be potential candidates as 'hits' for further optimisation.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Microbial water quality and the detection of multidrug resistant E. coli and antibiotic resistance genes in aquaculture sites of Singapore

Ng C, Chen H, Goh SG, Haller L, Wu Z, Charles FR, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2018 Oct;135:475-480.
PMID: 30301062 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.055

Poor microbial water quality jeopardizes the health and safety of food produced by aquaculture farms. Three fish farms and transect sites in Singapore were assessed for microbial water quality and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Of the 33 multidrug resistant E. coli isolated from surface waters of the Johor Straits, 81.8% were ESBL producers. The relative abundance of sul1, qnrA and intI1 genes were higher in sediments than surface waters. Among the surface water samples, higher concentrations (10-1-101) of beta-lactamases (blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M) were detected in the transect sites. This study highlights a potential antimicrobial resistance transmission chain from environmental waters, to animal carriers and humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics*
Fulltext Incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in burn intensive care unit: a systematic review

Khan TM, Kok YL, Bukhsh A, Lee LH, Chan KG, Goh BH

Germs, 2018 Sep;8(3):113-125.
PMID: 30250830 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2018.1138

Background: Burn victims admitted in burn intensive care units (ICU) are at a high risk of nosocomial infections generated by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This systematic review aims to estimate the incidence of MRSA among burn patients admitted to the ICU setting, with an emphasis on the incidence rate and antibiotic resistance profile of the MRSA strains.
Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in five electronic databases limited to publication dates from 1st January 2000 until 31st August 2017. After screening n=481 articles, n=21 were found to meet the inclusion criteria of this systematic review.
Results: Results from the meta-analysis revealed that the risk for MRSA isolates in the burn ICU was 55.0% higher (OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.32-0.94). Therefore, timely testing, appropriate hygiene practice and suggested wound care must be practiced while handling such patients.
Conclusion: Further studies are needed to identify the risk factors of MRSA infections among burn patients and to develop new antimicrobial agents for MRSA infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Update on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection, including drug-resistant organisms

Goh KL

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2002 Apr;17(4):482-7.
PMID: 11982731

Helicobacter pylori infection has many different clinical outcomes. Not all infected persons need to be treated. Therefore, indications for treatment have to be clear, and several consensus guidelines have been formulated to aid the medical practitioner in this decision-making process. Triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin is the established treatment of choice. For patients with penicillin hypersensitivity, metronidazole can be substituted for amoxicillin. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major factor adversely affecting treatment success. Resistance to metronidazole has been reported in up to 80%, and resistance to clarithromycin in 2-10% of strains cultured. Resistance to either one of the antibiotics has been reported to result in a drop in efficacy of up to 50%. Emergence of resistance to both metronidazole and clarithromycin following failed therapy is a cause for concern; this underlines the need to use the best available first-line therapy. To avoid the emergence of resistance to both key antibiotics, the combination of metronidazole and clarithromycin should be avoided where possible. For failed treatment, several strategies can be employed. These include ensuring better compliance with repeat therapy, and maximizing the efficacy of repeat treatment by increasing dosage and duration of treatment, as well as altering the choice of drugs. Quadruple therapy incorporating a bismuth compound with a PPI, tetracycline and metronidazole has been a popular choice as a "rescue" therapy. Ranitidine bismuth citrate has been shown to be able to overcome metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance; it may be a useful compound drug to use in place of a PPI in "rescue" therapies. In the case of persistent treatment failures, it is useful to consider repeating gastroscopy and obtaining tissue for culture, and then prescribe antibiotics according to bacterial susceptibility patterns. It is also important in refractory cases to review the original indication for treatment and determine the importance of the indication.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Metronidazole resistance among Helicobacter pylori strains in Malaysia

Parasakthi N, Goh KL

Am J Gastroenterol, 1992 Jun;87(6):808.
PMID: 1590330
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Primary and acquired resistance to clarithromycin among Helicobacter pylori strains in Malaysia

Parasakthi N, Goh KL

Am J Gastroenterol, 1995 Mar;90(3):519.
PMID: 7872306
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Bactericidal effects of polyhexamethylene biguanide against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus EMRSA-15 and USA 300

Kamaruzzaman NF, Firdessa R, Good L

J Antimicrob Chemother, 2016 May;71(5):1252-9.
PMID: 26825118 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv474

The treatment of skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is limited by acquired antibiotic resistance and poor drug delivery into pathogen and host cells. Here, we investigated the antibacterial activities of six topically used antimicrobials and a cationic polymer, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), against intracellular MSSA strain RN4420 and MRSA strains EMRSA-15 and USA 300.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Evaluation of anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant potential of andrographolide and echiodinin isolated from callus culture of Andrographis paniculata Nees

Arifullah M, Namsa ND, Mandal M, Chiruvella KK, Vikrama P, Gopal GR

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2013 Aug;3(8):604-10; discussion 609-10.
PMID: 23905016 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60123-9

To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity of andrographolide (AND) and echiodinin (ECH) of Andrographis paniculata.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Surface engineered iron oxide nanoparticles as efficient materials for antibiofilm application

Velusamy P, Su CH, Kannan K, Kumar GV, Anbu P, Gopinath SCB

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Mar 10.
PMID: 33751641 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2146

Overuse of antibiotics has led to the development of multi drug resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance is a major drawback in the biomedical field since medical implants are prone to infection by biofilms of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. With increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria, the search for alternative method is utmost importance. In this regard, magnetic nanoparticles are commonly used as a substitute for antibiotics that can circumvent the problem of biofilms growth on the surface of biomedical implants. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have unique magnetic properties that can be exploited in various ways in the biomedical applications. IONPs are engineered employing different methods to induce surface functionalization that include the use of polyethyleneimine and oleic acid. IONPs have a mechanical effect on biofilms when in presence of an external magnet. In this review, a detailed description of surface engineered magnetic nanoparticles as ideal antibacterial agents is provided, accompanied by various methods of literature review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Developing Surrogate Markers for Predicting Antibiotic Resistance "Hot Spots" in Rivers Where Limited Data Are Available

Ott A, O'Donnell G, Tran NH, Mohd Haniffah MR, Su JQ, Zealand AM, et al.

Environ Sci Technol, 2021 06 01;55(11):7466-7478.
PMID: 34000189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00939

Pinpointing environmental antibiotic resistance (AR) hot spots in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) is hindered by a lack of available and comparable AR monitoring data relevant to such settings. Addressing this problem, we performed a comprehensive spatial and seasonal assessment of water quality and AR conditions in a Malaysian river catchment to identify potential "simple" surrogates that mirror elevated AR. We screened for resistant coliforms, 22 antibiotics, 287 AR genes and integrons, and routine water quality parameters, covering absolute concentrations and mass loadings. To understand relationships, we introduced standardized "effect sizes" (Cohen's D) for AR monitoring to improve comparability of field studies. Overall, water quality generally declined and environmental AR levels increased as one moved down the catchment without major seasonal variations, except total antibiotic concentrations that were higher in the dry season (Cohen's D > 0.8, P < 0.05). Among simple surrogates, dissolved oxygen (DO) most strongly correlated (inversely) with total AR gene concentrations (Spearman's ρ 0.81, P < 0.05). We suspect this results from minimally treated sewage inputs, which also contain AR bacteria and genes, depleting DO in the most impacted reaches. Thus, although DO is not a measure of AR, lower DO levels reflect wastewater inputs, flagging possible AR hot spots. DO measurement is inexpensive, already monitored in many catchments, and exists in many numerical water quality models (e.g., oxygen sag curves). Therefore, we propose combining DO data and prospective modeling to guide local interventions, especially in LMIC rivers with limited data.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
Fulltext Identifying hotspots for antibiotic resistance emergence and selection, and elucidating pathways to human exposure: Application of a systems-thinking approach to aquaculture systems

Brunton LA, Desbois AP, Garza M, Wieland B, Mohan CV, Häsler B, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2019 Oct 15;687:1344-1356.
PMID: 31412468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.134

Aquaculture systems are highly complex, dynamic and interconnected systems influenced by environmental, biological, cultural, socio-economic and human behavioural factors. Intensification of aquaculture production is likely to drive indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat or prevent disease and increase productivity, often to compensate for management and husbandry deficiencies. Surveillance or monitoring of antibiotic usage (ABU) and antibiotic resistance (ABR) is often lacking or absent. Consequently, there are knowledge gaps for the risk of ABR emergence and human exposure to ABR in these systems and the wider environment. The aim of this study was to use a systems-thinking approach to map two aquaculture systems in Vietnam - striped catfish and white-leg shrimp - to identify hotspots for emergence and selection of resistance, and human exposure to antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. System mapping was conducted by stakeholders at an interdisciplinary workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam during January 2018, and the maps generated were refined until consensus. Thereafter, literature was reviewed to complement and cross-reference information and to validate the final maps. The maps and component interactions with the environment revealed the grow-out phase, where juveniles are cultured to harvest size, to be a key hotspot for emergence of ABR in both systems due to direct and indirect ABU, exposure to water contaminated with antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and duration of this stage. The pathways for human exposure to antibiotics and ABR were characterised as: occupational (on-farm and at different handling points along the value chain), through consumption (bacterial contamination and residues) and by environmental routes. By using systems thinking and mapping by stakeholders to identify hotspots we demonstrate the applicability of an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to characterising ABU in aquaculture. This work provides a foundation to quantify risks at different points, understand interactions between components, and identify stakeholders who can lead and implement change.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics*

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