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Dietary exposure and human risk assessment of phthalate esters based on total diet study in Cambodia

Cheng Z, Li HH, Wang HS, Zhu XM, Sthiannopkao S, Kim KW, et al.

Environ Res, 2016 Oct;150:423-30.
PMID: 27372065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.011

Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of human to phthalates are limited. In this study, to assess the daily intakes of phthalate esters and the possible adverse health impacts, different food samples were collected from three areas of Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in the world. The ∑phthalate ester concentrations in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal provinces ranged from 0.05 to 2.34 (median 0.88) μgg(-1), 0.19-1.65 (median 0.86) μgg(-1) and 0.24-3.05 (median 0.59) μgg(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the predominant compounds among all foodstuffs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of phthalate esters for the general population in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 34.3, 35.6 and 35.8μgkg(-1) bw d(-1), respectively. The dietary daily intake of DEHP, benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal were below the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) imposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and reference doses (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Rice contributed the greatest quantity of DEHP to the daily intake in Cambodia so may deserve further exploration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the occurrence and the daily intakes of phthalate esters in Cambodia.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/analysis*
Microplastic content of over-the-counter toothpastes - a systematic review

Chengappa S K, Rao A, K S A, Jodalli PS, Shenoy Kudpi R

F1000Res, 2023;12:390.
PMID: 37521767 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132035.1

Background: Microplastic particles are used as ingredients in personal care products such as face washes, shower gels and toothpastes and form one of the main sources of microplastic pollution, especially in the marine environment. In addition to being a potential pollutant to the environment, the transfer of microplastics to humans can become a severe threat to public health. This systematic review was conceptualized to identify evidence for the presence of and characteristics of microplastics in toothpaste formulations. Methods: The PICOS Criteria was used for including studies for the review. Electronic databases of Scopus, Embase, Springer Link, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched, as well as hand and reference searching of the articles was carried out. The articles were screened using the software application, Covidence® and data was extracted. Results: This systematic review showed that toothpastes from China, Vietnam, Myanmar and the UAE, reported no evidence of microplastics and those from Malaysia, Turkey and India reported the presence of microplastics. The shape of the microplastics present in these toothpastes were found to be granular, irregular with opaque appearance and also in the form of fragments and fibers and the percentage weight in grams ranged from 0.2 to 7.24%. Malaysia releases 0.199 trillion microbeads annually from personal care products into the environment and toothpastes in Turkey release an average of 871 million grams of microplastics annually. Similarly, in India, it has been reported that 1.4 billion grams of microplastic particles are emitted annually from toothpaste. Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review provide evidence that toothpastes, at least in some parts of the world, do contain microplastics and that there is a great risk of increase in the addition of microplastics to the environment by the use of toothpaste.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
Fulltext Microalgae as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Natural Product Against Human Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Choo WT, Teoh ML, Phang SM, Convey P, Yap WH, Goh BH, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2020;11:1086.
PMID: 32848730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01086

The skin is the first line of defense against pathogen and other environmental pollutant. The body is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that stimulates inflammatory process in the skin. Many studies have linked ROS to various inflammatory skin diseases. Patients with skin diseases face various challenges with inefficient and inappropriate treatment in managing skin diseases. Overproduction of ROS in the body will result in oxidative stress which will lead to various cellular damage and alter normal cell function. Multiple signaling pathways are seen to have significant effects during ROS-mediated oxidative stress. In this review, microalgae have been selected as a source of natural-derived antioxidant to combat inflammatory skin diseases that are prominent in today's society. Several studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds isolated from microalgae have anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative properties that can help remedy various skin diseases. These compounds are able to inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce the expression of inflammatory genes. Bioactive compounds from microalgae work in action by altering enzyme activities, regulating cellular activities, targeting major signaling pathways related to inflammation.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants
Multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst as peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate activator for water purification: A critical review

Choong ZY, Lin KA, Lisak G, Lim TT, Oh WD

J Hazard Mater, 2022 03 15;426:128077.
PMID: 34953256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128077

Catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) (or collectively known as persulfate, PS) using carbocatalyst is increasingly gaining attention as a promising technology for sustainable recalcitrant pollutant removal in water. Single heteroatom doping using either N, S, B or P is widely used to enhance the performance of the carbocatalyst for PS activation. However, the performance enhancement from single heteroatom doping is limited by the type of heteroatom used. To further enhance the performance of the carbocatalyst beyond the limit of single heteroatom doping, multi-heteroatom doping can be conducted. This review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview on the development of multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst for PS activation. The potential synergistic and antagonistic interactions of various heteroatoms including N and B, N and S, N and P, and N and halogen for PS activation are evaluated. Thereafter, the preparation strategies to develop multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst including one-step and multi-step preparation approaches along with the characterization techniques are discussed. Evidence and summary of the performance of multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst for various recalcitrant pollutants removal via PS activation are also provided. Finally, the prospects of employing multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst including the need to study the correlation between different heteroatom combination, surface moiety type, and amount of dopant with the PS activation mechanism, identifying the best heteroatom combination, improving the durability of the carbocatalyst, evaluating the feasibility for full-scale application, developing low-cost multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst, and assessing the environmental impact are also briefly discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
The lead content of currently available new residential paint in several Asian countries

Clark CS, Rampal KG, Thuppil V, Chen CK, Clark R, Roda S

Environ Res, 2006 Sep;102(1):9-12.
PMID: 16782088

Worldwide prohibitions on lead gasoline additives were a major international public health accomplishment, the results of which are still being documented in parts of the world. Although the need to remove lead from paints has been recognized for over a century, evidence reported in this article indicates that lead-based paints for household use, some containing more than 10% lead, are readily available for purchase in some of the largest countries in the world. Sixty-six percent of new paint samples from China, India, and Malaysia were found to contain 5000 ppm (0.5%) or more of lead, the US definition of lead-based paint in existing housing, and 78% contained 600 ppm (0.06%) or more, the limit for new paints. In contrast, the comparable levels in a nearby developed country, Singapore, were 0% and 9%. In examining lead levels in paints of the same brands purchased in different countries, it was found that some brands had lead-based paints in one of the countries and paints meeting US limits in another; another had lead-free paint available in all countries where samples were obtained. Lead-based paints have already poisoned millions of children and likely will cause similar damage in the future as paint use increases as countries in Asia and elsewhere continue their rapid development. The ready availability of lead-based paints documented in this article provides stark evidence of the urgent need for efforts to accomplish an effective worldwide ban on the use of lead in paint.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/analysis*
Fulltext Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus salmalaya for Lubricating Oil Solubilization and Biodegradation

Dadrasnia A, Ismail S

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2015 Aug;12(8):9848-63.
PMID: 26295402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809848

This study investigated the capability of a biosurfactant produced by a novel strain of Bacillus salmalaya to enhance the biodegradation rates and bioavailability of organic contaminants. The biosurfactant produced by cultured strain 139SI showed high physicochemical properties and surface activity in the selected medium. The biosurfactant exhibited a high emulsification index and a positive result in the drop collapse test, with the results demonstrating the wetting activity of the biosurfactant and its potential to produce surface-active molecules. Strain 139SI can significantly reduce the surface tension (ST) from 70.5 to 27 mN/m, with a critical micelle concentration of 0.4%. Moreover, lubricating oil at 2% (v/v) was degraded on Day 20 (71.5). Furthermore, the biosurfactant demonstrated high stability at different ranges of salinity, pH, and temperature. Overall, the results indicated the potential use of B. salmalaya 139SI in environmental remediation processes.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/metabolism*
Fulltext Highly Efficient and Stable Novel NanoBiohybrid Catalyst to Avert 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Pollutant in Water

Das R, Hamid SB, Annuar MS

Sci Rep, 2016 10 10;6:33572.
PMID: 27721429 DOI: 10.1038/srep33572

The present study reported for the first time covalent immobilization of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (3,4-POD) onto functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNT) for degrading the toxic 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) pollutant in water. The F-MWCNTs had a maximum 3,4-POD loading of 1060 μg/mg. Immobilized 3,4 POD had 44% of relative structural changes to its free configurations. Nevertheless, >90% of relative activity and about 50% of catalytic efficiency were retained to the free enzyme. Immobilized 3,4-POD demonstrated higher alkaline stability and thermostability than the free 3,4-POD. The free and immobilized 3,4-POD lost 82% and 66% of relative activities, respectively after 180 min of incubations at 90 °C. Excellent shelf-life was observed for the immobilized 3,4-POD with residual activity of 56% compared with 41% and 39% of the free 3,4-POD at 4 °C and 25 °C over 30 days storage. Immobilized 3,4-POD showed >60% of catalytic activity retention even after ten-cycle uses, defraying the expenses of free 3,4-POD productions for long term uses. Finally, the immobilized 3,4-POD removed 71% of 3,4-DHBA from water in <4 h, paving its future application for water purification with reduced costs and time.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants
Histological and histometrical study of the protective role of α-tocopherol against sodium arsenite toxicity in rat ovaries

Dezfouli MG, Eissazadeh S, Zade SM

Microsc Microanal, 2014 Aug;20(4):1167-79.
PMID: 24735566 DOI: 10.1017/S1431927614000701

This study examines histometrical changes induced by sodium arsenite (SA), as an environmental pollutant, and investigates the protective effect of α-tocopherol on ovaries of SA-treated rats during the prenatal stage until sexual maturity. Rats were classified into groups: control, SA (8 ppm/day), α-tocopherol (100 ppm/day), and SA+α-tocopherol. Treatment was performed from pregnancy until maturation when the rats and ovaries were weighed. The Cavalieri method was used to estimate volume of the ovaries, cortex, medulla, and corpus luteum. The mean diameter of oocytes, granulosa cells, and nuclei were measured and volume was estimated using the Nucleator method. The number of oocytes and thickness of the zona pellucida (ZP) were determined using an optical dissector and orthogonal intercept method, respectively. SA reduced the body and ovary weight, the number of secondary, antral and Graafian oocytes, volume of the ovaries, cortex, medulla and corpus luteum, mean diameter and volume of oocytes in primordial and primary follicles, mean diameter and volume of oocyte nuclei in all types of follicles, and mean thickness of the ZP in secondary and antral follicles. Also, the mean diameter and volume of granulosa cells and their nuclei in antral and Graafian follicles decreased significantly. Vacuolization and vascular congestion in the corpus luteum and an increase in the number of atretic oocytes were seen in the SA group. Most of these parameters were unchanged from the control level in the SA+α-tocopherol group. It was concluded that α-tocopherol supplementation reduced the toxic effects of SA exposure on ovarian tissue in rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/antagonists & inhibitors; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity
Facile heteroatoms modification biochar production from mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) pericarps for enhanced the suppression of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants

Dong CD, Huang CP, Chen CW, Lam SS, Sonne C, Kang CK, et al.

Environ Pollut, 2024 Feb 15;343:123173.
PMID: 38110049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123173

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are critical environmental concerns due to their intrinsic toxic aromatic nature and concomitant circumstances that potentially harm the ecological and human health. In this study, converting mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) pericarps to value-added biochar by pyrolysis for evaluating the potential formation/destruction of biochar-bound PAHs was studied for the first time. This study designed and optimized the thermal processing conditions at 300-900 °C in the CO2 or N2 atmosphere, and heteroatoms (N, O, B, NB, and NS) were modified for mahogany pericarps biochar (MPBC) production. The MPBC500 exhibited significantly higher pyrolysis products of PAHs (2780 ± 38 ng g-1) than that of MPBC900 (78 ± 6 ng g-1) under N2 without introducing modified elements. Specifically, the inhibition capacity of MPBC500 for PAHs under CO2 was improved most efficiently by the active nitrogen species of the pyridinic N and pyrrolic N groups. The pyrolysis conditions and heteroatom modification of MPBC altered its physicochemical properties, that is, aromaticity and hydrophobicity, affecting the PAH concentration and composition in the pyrolysis products. This study reveals sustainable approaches to reduce the environmental footprint of biochar by focusing on increases in PAHs pollution in sustainable biochar produced from a low-carbon bioeconomy perspective.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
Recent advances in the biocatalytic mitigation of emerging pollutants: A comprehensive review

Ekeoma BC, Ekeoma LN, Yusuf M, Haruna A, Ikeogu CK, Merican ZMA, et al.

J Biotechnol, 2023 Jun 10;369:14-34.
PMID: 37172936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.05.003

The issue of environmental pollution has been worsened by the emergence of new contaminants whose morphology is yet to be fully understood . Several techniques have been adopted to mitigate the pollution effects of these emerging contaminants, and bioremediation involving plants, microbes, or enzymes has stood out as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Enzyme-mediated bioremediation is a very promising technology as it exhibits better pollutant degradation activity and generates less waste. However, this technology is subject to challenges like temperature, pH, and storage stability, in addition to recycling difficulty as it is arduous to isolate them from the reaction media. To address these challenges, the immobilization of enzymes has been successfully applied to ameliorate the activity, stability, and reusability of enzymes. Although this has significantly increased the uses of enzymes over a wide range of environmental conditions and facilitated the use of smaller bioreactors thereby saving cost, it still comes with additional costs for carriers and immobilization. Additionally, the existing immobilization methods have their individual limitations. This review provides state-of-the-art information to readers focusing on bioremediation using enzymes. Different parameters such as: the sustainability of biocatalysts, the ecotoxicological evaluation of transformation contaminants, and enzyme groups used were reviewed. The efficacy of free and immobilized enzymes, materials and methods for immobilization, bioreactors used, challenges to large-scale implementation, and future research needs were thoroughly discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
Role of nanocatalyst in the treatment of organochlorine compounds - A review

El-Sheikh MA, Hadibarata T, Yuniarto A, Sathishkumar P, Abdel-Salam EM, Alatar AA

Chemosphere, 2020 Nov 04.
PMID: 33220978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128873

Since a few centuries ago, organochlorine compounds (OCs) become one of the threatened contaminants in the world. Due to the lipophilic and hydrophobic properties, OCs always discover in fat or lipid layers through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The OCs are able to retain in soil, sediment and water for long time as it is volatile, OCs will evaporate from soil and condense in water easily and frequently, which pollute the shelter of aquatic life and it affects the function of organs and damage system in human body. Photocatalysis that employs the usage of semiconductor nanophotocatalyst and solar energy can be the possible alternative for current conventional water remediation technologies. With the benefits of utilizing renewable energy, no production of harmful by-products and easy operation, degradation of organic pollutants in rural water bodies can be established. Besides, nanophotocatalyst that is synthesized with nanotechnology outnumbered conventional catalyst with larger surface area to volume ratio, thus higher photocatalytic activity is observed. In contrast, disadvantages particularly no residual effect in water distribution network, requirement of post-treatment and easily affected by various factors accompanied with photocatalysis method cannot be ignored. These various factors constrained the photocatalytic efficiency via nanocatalysts which causes the full capacity of solar photocatalysis has yet to be put into practice. Therefore, further modifications and research are still required in nanophotocatalysts' synthesis to overcome limitations such as large band gaps and photodecontamination.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants
Efficiency of pollutants removal in treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME) using different concentrations of sodium alginate-immobilized Nannochloropsis sp. cells

Emparan Q, Harun R, Sing Jye Y

Int J Phytoremediation, 2021;23(5):454-461.
PMID: 32976718 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1825327

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) has high chemical oxygen demand (COD), thus requires effective treatments to environmentally benign levels before discharge. In this study, immobilized microalgae cells are used for removing pollutants in treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME). Different ratios of microalgae beads to TPOME concentration were examined at 1:2.5, 1:5, and 1:10. The biomass concentration and COD removal were measured through a standard method. The color of the cultivated microalgae beads changed from light green to darker green after the POME treatment for 9 days, hence demonstrating that microalgae cells were successfully grown inside the beads with pH up to 9.84. The immobilized cells cultivated in the POME at 1:10 achieved a higher biomass concentration of 1.268 g/L and a COD removal percentage of 72% than other treatment ratios. The increment of the ratio of microalgae cells beads to POME concentration did not cause any improvement in COD removal efficiency. This was due to the inhibitory effect of self-shading resulting in the slow growth rate of microalgae cells which responsible for low COD removal. Therefore, this system could be a viable technology for simultaneous biomass production and POME treatment. This will contribute to research efforts toward the development of new and improved technologies in treating POME.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
A critical review on relationship of CeO2-based photocatalyst towards mechanistic degradation of organic pollutant

Fauzi AA, Jalil AA, Hassan NS, Aziz FFA, Azami MS, Hussain I, et al.

Chemosphere, 2022 Jan;286(Pt 1):131651.
PMID: 34346345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131651

Nanostructured photocatalysts commonly offered opportunities to solve issues scrutinized with the environmental challenges caused by steep population growth and rapid urbanization. This photocatalyst is a controllable characteristic, which can provide humans with a clean and sustainable ecosystem. Over the last decades, one of the current thriving research focuses on visible-light-driven CeO2-based photocatalysts due to their superior characteristics, including unique fluorite-type structure, rigid framework, and facile reducing oxidizing properties of cerium's tetravalent (Ce4+) and trivalent (Ce3+) valence states. Notwithstanding, owing to its inherent wide energy gap, the solar energy utilization efficiency is low, which limits its application in wastewater treatment. Numerous modifications of CeO2 have been employed to enhance photodegradation performances, such as metals and non-metals doping, adding support materials, and coupling with another semiconductor. Besides, all these doping will form a different heterojunction and show a different way of electron-hole migration. Compared to conventional heterojunction, advanced heterojunction types such as p-n heterojunction, Z-scheme, Schottky junction, and surface plasmon resonance effect exhibit superior performance for degradation owing to their excellent charge carrier separation, and the reaction occurs at a relatively higher redox potential. This review attends to providing deep insights on heterojunction mechanisms and the latest progress on photodegradation of various contaminants in wastewater using CeO2-based photocatalysts. Hence, making the CeO2 photocatalyst more foresee and promising to further development and research.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
Plastic debris in the coastal environment: The invincible threat? Abundance of buried plastic debris on Malaysian beaches

Fauziah SH, Liyana IA, Agamuthu P

Waste Manag Res, 2015 Sep;33(9):812-21.
PMID: 26092255 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X15588587

Studies on marine debris have gained worldwide attention since many types of debris have found their way into the food chain of higher organisms. Thus, it is crucial that more focus is given to this area in order to curb contaminations in sea food. This study was conducted to quantify plastic debris buried in sand at selected beaches in Malaysia. Marine debris was identified according to size range and distribution, and this information was related to preventive actions to improve marine waste issues. For the purpose of this study, comparison of plastic waste abundance between a recreational beach and fish-landing beaches was also carried out, since the different beach types represent different activities that produce debris. Six beaches along the Malaysian coastline were selected for this study. The plastic types in this study were related to the functions of the beach. While recreational beaches have abundant quantities of plastic film, foamed plastic including polystyrene, and plastic fragment, fish-landing beaches accumulated line and foamed plastic. A total of 2542 pieces (265.30 g m(-2)) of small plastic debris were collected from all six beaches, with the highest number from Kuala Terengganu, at 879 items m(-2) on Seberang Takir Beach, followed by Batu Burok Beach with 780 items m(-2). Findings from studies of Malaysian beaches have provided a clearer understanding of the distribution of plastic debris. This demonstrates that commitments and actions, such as practices of the 'reduce, reuse, recycle' (3R) approach, supporting public awareness programmes and beach clean-up activities, are essential in order to reduce and prevent plastic debris pollution.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/analysis*
Fulltext Performance of geotextile-based slow sand filter media in removing total coli for drinking water treatment using system dynamics modelling

Fitriani N, Kusuma MN, Wirjodirdjo B, Hadi W, Hermana J, Ni'matuzahroh, et al.

Heliyon, 2020 Sep;6(9):e04967.
PMID: 33015386 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04967

In a slow sand filter, a biological layer consisting of alluvial mud and various types of microorganisms grows and attaches to the sand media and forms a matrix called schmutzdecke. Changes to several factors, including the quality of raw water, filtration speed, and the addition of media, affect the performance of the slow sand filter unit in producing treated water. Geotextiles can be equipped to improve the performance of a slow sand filter in removing pollutants. The selection of several factors that affect slow sand filter performance can be used as a starting point for the engineering system to determine the best pattern of performance behavior. This approach was carried out by looking at the dynamic behavior patterns of slow sand filter system performance in treating raw water. This research has not yet been conducted extensively. The dynamic behavior pattern approach to the performance of the slow sand filter unit was used to obtain the behavior model for the schmutzdecke layer on the filter. The system dynamic approach focused on treatment scenarios that can determine the behavior of the slow sand filter system. Several factors were assessed, including temperature, turbidity, nutrient concentration, algal concentration, bacteria and dissolved oxygen. Model simulation results show that the comparison of C: N: P values affected the performance of the schmutzdecke layer in removing total coli. The slow sand filter unit was capable of producing treated water with a total amount of coli equal to 0 on the C: N: P values of 85: 5.59: 1.25, respectively, and a 9 cm geotextile thickness.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants
A short review of activated carbon assisted electrosorption process: an overview, current stage and future prospects

Foo KY, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Oct 30;170(2-3):552-9.
PMID: 19501461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.057

Stepping into the new globalizes and paradigm shifted era, a huge revolution has been undergone by the electrochemical industry. From a humble candidate of the superconductor resources, today electrosorption has demonstrated its wide variety of usefulness, almost in every part of the environmental conservation. With the renaissance of activated carbon (AC), there has been a steadily growing interest in this research field. The paper presents a state of art review of electrosorption technology, its background studies, fundamental chemistry and working principles. Moreover, recent development of the activated carbon assisted electrosorption process, its major challenges together with the future expectation are summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of electrosorption in the field of adsorption science represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the superior improvement of pollution control and environmental preservation.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/analysis
Detoxification of pesticide waste via activated carbon adsorption process

Foo KY, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Mar 15;175(1-3):1-11.
PMID: 19879688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.014

Concern about environmental protection has increased over the years from a global viewpoint. To date, the percolation of pesticide waste into the groundwater tables and aquifer systems remains an aesthetic issue towards the public health and food chain interference. With the renaissance of activated carbon, there has been a consistent growing interest in this research field. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state of art review of pesticide agrochemical practice, its fundamental characteristics, background studies and environmental implications. Moreover, the key advance of activated carbon adsorption, its major challenges together with the future expectation are summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbon adsorption represents a plausible and powerful circumstance, leading to the superior improvement of environmental preservation.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants
Utilization of rice husk ash as novel adsorbent: a judicious recycling of the colloidal agricultural waste

Foo KY, Hameed BH

Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2009 Nov 30;152(1-2):39-47.
PMID: 19836724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2009.09.005

Concern about environmental protection has aroused over the years from a global viewpoint. To date, the ever-increasing importance of biomass as the energy and material resources has lately been accounted by the rising prices for the crude petroleum oil. Rice husk ash, the most appropriate representative of the high ash biomass waste, is currently obtaining sufficient attraction, owning to its wide usefulness and potentiality in environmental conservation. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state of the art review of the rice milling industry, its background studies, fundamental properties and industrial applications. Moreover, the key advance on the preparation of novel adsorbents, its major challenges together with the future expectation has been highlighted and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of rice husk ash in the field of adsorption science represents a viable and powerful tool, leading to the superior improvement of pollution control and environmental preservation.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/chemistry*
Recent progress in the production and application of biochar and its composite in environmental biodegradation

Foong SY, Cheong KY, Kong SH, Yiin CL, Yek PNY, Safdar R, et al.

Bioresour Technol, 2023 Nov;387:129592.
PMID: 37549710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129592

Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to develop cost-effective and high-quality biochar for environmental biodegradation purposes. Pyrolysis has emerged as a promising method for recovering biochar from biomass and waste materials. This study provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art biochar production technology, including the advancements and biochar applications in organic pollutants remediation, particularly wastewater treatment. Substantial progress has been made in biochar production through advanced thermochemical technologies. Moreover, the review underscores the importance of understanding the kinetics of pollutant degradation using biochar to maximize its synergies for potential environmental biodegradation. Finally, the study identifies the technological gaps and outlines future research advancements in biochar production and its applications for environmental biodegradation.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*
Fulltext Methodological issues in a prospective study on plasma concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and pancreatic cancer risk within the EPIC cohort

Gasull M, Pumarega J, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Bergdahl IA, et al.

Environ Res, 2019 Feb;169:417-433.
PMID: 30529143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.027

BACKGROUND: The use of biomarkers of environmental exposure to explore new risk factors for pancreatic cancer presents clinical, logistic, and methodological challenges that are also relevant in research on other complex diseases.
OBJECTIVES: First, to summarize the main design features of a prospective case-control study -nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort- on plasma concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and pancreatic cancer risk. And second, to assess the main methodological challenges posed by associations among characteristics and habits of study participants, fasting status, time from blood draw to cancer diagnosis, disease progression bias, basis of cancer diagnosis, and plasma concentrations of lipids and POPs. Results from etiologic analyses on POPs and pancreatic cancer risk, and other analyses, will be reported in future articles.
METHODS: Study subjects were 1533 participants (513 cases and 1020 controls matched by study centre, sex, age at blood collection, date and time of blood collection, and fasting status) enrolled between 1992 and 2000. Plasma concentrations of 22 POPs were measured by gas chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To estimate the magnitude of the associations we calculated multivariate-adjusted odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression, and adjusted geometric means by General Linear Regression Models.
RESULTS: There were differences among countries in subjects' characteristics (as age, gender, smoking, lipid and POP concentrations), and in study characteristics (as time from blood collection to index date, year of last follow-up, length of follow-up, basis of cancer diagnosis, and fasting status). Adjusting for centre and time of blood collection, no factors were significantly associated with fasting status. Plasma concentrations of lipids were related to age, body mass index, fasting, country, and smoking. We detected and quantified 16 of the 22 POPs in more than 90% of individuals. All 22 POPs were detected in some participants, and the smallest number of POPs detected in one person was 15 (median, 19) with few differences by country. The highest concentrations were found for p,p'-DDE, PCBs 153 and 180 (median concentration: 3371, 1023, and 810 pg/mL, respectively). We assessed the possible occurrence of disease progression bias (DPB) in eight situations defined by lipid and POP measurements, on one hand, and by four factors: interval from blood draw to index date, tumour subsite, tumour stage, and grade of differentiation, on the other. In seven of the eight situations results supported the absence of DPB.
CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of differences across study centres in some design features and participant characteristics is of relevance to other multicentre studies. Relationships among subjects' characteristics and among such characteristics and design features may play important roles in the forthcoming analyses on the association between plasma concentrations of POPs and pancreatic cancer risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants*

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