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First record of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infecting four frog families from Peninsular Malaysia

Savage AE, Grismer LL, Anuar S, Onn CK, Grismer JL, Quah E, et al.

Ecohealth, 2011 Mar;8(1):121-8.
PMID: 21541819 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0685-y

The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infects amphibians on every continent where they occur and is linked to the decline of over 200 amphibian species worldwide. At present, only three published Bd surveys exist for mainland Asia, and Bd has been detected in South Korea alone. In this article, we report the first survey for Bd in Peninsular Malaysia. We swabbed 127 individuals from the six amphibian families that occur on Peninsular Malaysia, including two orders, 27 genera, and 47 species. We detected Bd on 10 out of 127 individuals from four of five states and five of 11 localities, placing the 95% confidence interval for overall prevalence at 4-14%. We detected no variation in Bd prevalence among regions, elevations, or taxonomic groups. The infection intensity ranged from 1 to 157,000 genome equivalents. The presence of Bd infections in native species without clinical signs of disease suggests that Bd may be endemic to the region. Alternately, Bd may have been introduced from non-native amphibians because of the substantial amphibian food trade in Peninsular Malaysia. Under both scenarios, management efforts should be implemented to limit the spread of non-native Bd and protect the tremendous amphibian diversity in Peninsular Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Women's cardiovascular health: perspectives from South-East Asia

Rajadurai J, Lopez EA, Rahajoe AU, Goh PP, Uboldejpracharak Y, Zambahari R

Nat Rev Cardiol, 2012 Aug;9(8):464-77.
PMID: 22525668 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2012.59

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an under-recognized major health problem among women in South-East Asia. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, and being overweight or obese has shown a significantly increasing trend among women in the region, with the exception of Singapore. The problem is compounded by low awareness that CVD is a health problem for women as well as for men, by misconceptions about the disease, and by the lack of suitable, locally available health literature. Efforts have been made by the national heart associations and other organizations to increase heart health awareness and promote healthy lifestyles. Singapore initiated these prevention programs in the early 1990s and has been successful in reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. The governments of the region, in accordance with the Noncommunicable Disease Alliance, have begun implementing appropriate preventive strategies and improving health-delivery systems. However, psychological, social, and cultural barriers to cardiovascular health awareness in women need to be addressed before these programs can be fully and successfully implemented.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Food security status and childhood obesity in Kuantan Pahang

Roselawati Mat Ya, Wan Azdie Mohd Abu Bakar, Aflah Afandi, Jamalludin Ab Rahman, Zalilah Mohd Shariff

International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2017;1(2):56-71.
MyJurnal

Food insecurity has become one of the concerning issues in public health. The purpose of this study was to investigate household food security status and its relationship with childhood obesity in Kuantan, Pahang. This comparative cross sectional study was conducted in Kuantan, Pahang among 128 mothers aged 18 to 55 years with the children aged 7 and 13 years. Data on food security status was collected using Radimer/Cornell hunger and food insecurity instrument through telephone survey while children's height and weight as well as socio-demographic data were measured and obtained during schools visits. A total of 23% of the respondents were food secure. However, 77% experienced food insecurity where 52% were household food insecure, 9% women were individual food insecure and 16% fell into the child hunger category. Income (p=0.04), income per capita (p=0.033), household size (p=0.032) and area of living (p=0.001) were the significant risk factors for household food insecurity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children were 60.6% in food insecure households which was higher compared to food-secure households (38.4%). However, there were no significant association between childhood obesity and food security status. This study demonstrates that the prevalence of food insecurity and childhood obesity in Kuantan, Pahang is a major concern. The results warrant the need
for further investigation to identify complex interaction between food insecurity and
childhood obesity.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its associated factors among secondary school students in semi urban area in Malaysia

Alagappan M, Rampal L, Zalilah MS

Med J Malaysia, 2019 12;74(6):513-520.
PMID: 31929478

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and factors associated among secondary school students in Batang Padang District, Perak, Malaysia.
METHODS: Out of the 7247 students in the ten selected schools studied, a total of 6248 students (2928 males, 3320 females) took part. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the adjusted odd ratio.
RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.0% and 11.5% respectively. Obesity/overweight was significantly (p<0.05) associated with gender, age, ethnicity, education level of father, education level of mother, physical activity, disordered eating, smoking status, body size perception and body part satisfaction. The multivariable analysis results showed that the odds of being overweight/obesity were higher in males compared to females (OR 1.56, 95%CI: 1.37, 1.77). The results also showed that the odds of being overweight/obesity were highest among those in age group 12 and 13 years and among Malay ethnicity. The odds of overweight/obesity were higher in those who was dissatisfied with their body parts, (OR 1.96, 95%CI: 1.71, 2.25), dissatisfied with their body size (OR: 4.25, 95%CI: 3.60, 5.02), low physical activity (OR 1.23, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.44), current smokers (OR 1.38, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.78) and at risk of having eating disorder (OR: 1.39, 95%CI 1.22, 1.59).
CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity is high. The findings from this study can be used by policy makers to plan an integrated intervention program in schools.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Endocrinopathies in HIV infected patients

Rosdina Zamrud Ahmad Akbar, Sharifah Faradila Wan Muhammad Hatta, Rosnida Mohd Noh, Fatimah Zaherah Mohd Shah, Thuhairah Abdul Rahman, Rohana Abdul Ghani, et al.

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2020;5(2):39-45.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Hormonal abnormality is one of many clinical manifestations of HIV infections
that is not well understood. However, the consequences could affect quality of life and are
potentially treatable. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated
factors of thyroid, adrenal and gonadal dysfunctions among HIV-infected patients. Methods:
This is a single centre cross-sectional study involving 150 HIV-infected patients attending the
HIV clinic. Each subject was required to answer specific symptoms questionnaire and their
medical records were reviewed for relevant clinical and biochemical data. Blood for was
collected and thyroid hormones, cortisol, ACTH, FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol were
analysed using electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Thyroid, adrenal and gonadal axes
abnormalities were identified. Results: Hypogonadism had the highest prevalence amongst
the endocrine abnormalities, which was detected in 23 patients (15.3%), followed by thyroid
dysfunction in 18 patients (12%) and hypocortisolism in 2 patients (1.3%). There was
significant correlation between CD4 count, BMI and age with the hormone levels. Conclusion:
Prevalence of endocrine abnormalities was low in these well-treated HIV-positive patients,
with hypogonadism being the most common. However, significant correlations between CD4
count, age and BMI with the hormonal levels were detected. Clinical symptoms in relation to
endocrinopathy are not specific as a screening tool thus underscoring the need for
biochemical tests to identify these treatable conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Body mass status of school children and adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Moy FM, Gan CY, Zaleha MK

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2004;13(4):324-9.
PMID: 15563435

Lifestyle and disease patterns in Malaysia have changed following rapid economic development. It is important to find out how these changes have affected the nutritional status and health behaviour of the population, especially school children and adolescents. Therefore a survey on school children's and adolescents' health behaviours and perception in Kuala Lumpur was initiated. This paper only reports the observed body mass status of the school children. A total of 3620 school children were selected in this survey using the method of multi-stage sampling. The students were surveyed using pre-tested questionnaires while weight and height were measured by the research team in the field. Using the cut-off of BMI-for-age >or= 95th percentile and <5th percentile for overweight and underweight respectively, there were a total of 7.3% of overweight students and 14.8% of underweight students. When analysed by gender; 7.5% of boys and 7.1% girls were overweight, while 16.2% of the boys and 13.3% of the girls were underweight. The youngest age group (11 years old) had the highest prevalence of underweight as well as overweight. With increasing age, the prevalence of underweight and overweight decreased and more children were in the normal weight range. The overall prevalence of overweight among the three ethnic groups was similar. However the prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indian students (24.9%), followed by Malays (18.9%) and Chinese (9.5%) (P <0.001). The results showed that both the problems of under- and over-nutrition co-exist in the capital city of Malaysia. The promotion of healthy eating and physical activities is required to address the problems of under- and over-nutrition in order to build up a strong and healthy nation in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Prevalence, risk factors, and complications of violence against pregnant women in a hospital in Peninsular Malaysia

Khaironisak H, Zaridah S, Hasanain FG, Zaleha MI

Women Health, 2017 09;57(8):919-941.
PMID: 27636717 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2016.1222329

Violence against women is a worldwide public health problem and becomes more crucial when it involves pregnant women. The primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of violence against pregnant women (VAPW), while the secondary aim was to identify the factors associated with violence and complications of violence during pregnancy. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 1,200 postnatal women from March 1, 2015 through August 31, 2015 using a validated Malay Version of the WHO Women's Health and Life Experiences Questionnaire. Data on pregnancy complications were obtained from antenatal records and discharge summaries. The prevalence of any form of VAPW was 35.9%, consisting of: any psychological (29.8%); any physical (12.9%); and any sexual (9.8%) violence. VAPW was significantly associated with: (1) women's use of drugs, having had exposure to violence during childhood, having a violence-supporting attitude, having two or more children; and (2) having partners who were smokers, alcohol drinkers, or had controlling behavior. VAPW was significantly associated with anemia, urinary tract infection, premature rupture of membranes, antepartum hemorrhage, poor weight gain during pregnancy, low birth weight, and prematurity. In conclusion, the high prevalence of violence requires further research on preventive strategies for VAPW.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Semiquantitative screening test for G6PD deficiency detects severe deficiency but misses a substantial proportion of partially-deficient females

Ainoon O, Alawiyah A, Yu YH, Cheong SK, Hamidah NH, Boo NY, et al.

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2003 Jun;34(2):405-14.
PMID: 12971572

Neonatal screening for G6PD deficiency has long been established in many countries. The aim of the study was to determine whether the routine semiquantitative fluorescent spot test could detect all cases of G6PD deficiency, including those cases with partial deficiency (residual red cell G6PD activity between 20-60% of normal). We compared the results of G6PD screening by the semiquantitative fluorescent spot test and quantitative G6PD activity assay on a group of 976 neonates and 67 known female heterozygotes. The values for mean G6PD activity of G6PD-normal neonates and 293 healthy adult females were determined. There was no significant difference in the mean normal G6PD activity between the two racial groups in the neonates (669 Malays, 307 Chinese) and in the 293 healthy adult females (150 Malays, 143 Chinese) group. The values for the upper limits of total deficiency (20% of normal residual activity) for neonates and adult females were 2.92 U/gHb and 1.54 U/gHb, respectively. The upper limits of partial deficiency (60% of normal residual activity) were 8.7 U/gHb and 4.6 U/gHb respectively. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency among the male neonates was 5.1% (26) by both the fluorescent spot test and the enzyme assay method. The G6PD activity levels of all 26 cases of G6PD-deficient male neonates were < 20% normal (severe enzyme deficiency). In the female neonate group, the frequency of G6PD deficiency was 1.3% (6 of 472) by the fluorescent spot test and 9.35% (44 of 472) by enzyme assay. The 6 cases diagnosed as deficient by the fluorescent spot test showed severe enzyme deficiency (< 2.92 U/gHb). The remaining 38 female neonates had partial enzyme deficiency and all were misdiagnosed as normal by the fluorescent spot test. In the female heterozygote group, G6PD deficiency was diagnosed in 53% (35 of 67) by enzyme assay and in 7.5% (4 of 67) of cases by the fluorescent spot test. The 4 cases detected by fluorescent spot test had severe enzyme deficiency (<1.6 U/gHb). The remaining 31 (46.3%) cases, diagnosed as normal by fluorescent spot test, showed partial G6PD deficiency. In conclusion, we found that the semiquantitative fluorescent spot test could only diagnose cases of total G6PD deficiency and misclassified the partially-deficient cases as normal. In this study, the overall prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 3.28% by the semiquantitative fluorescent spot test and 7.17% by enzyme assay. This means that 3.9% of G6PD-deficient neonates were missed by the routine fluorescent spot test and they were found to be exclusively females. This study demonstrates a need to use a method that can correctly classify female heterozygotes with partial G6PD deficiency. The clinical implication is that these individuals may be at risk of the hemolytic complication of G6PD deficiency.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Serum cancer antigen 125 in patients with pleural effusions

How SH, Liam CK, Jamalludin AR, Chin SP, Zal AB

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):558-63.
PMID: 17623956 MyJurnal

We studied the prevalence of raised serum CA125 in patients with pleural effusions and explored factors affecting its level. Sixty four patients with benign effusions and 36 patients with malignant effusions admitted to the University Malaya Medical Centre from May 2001 to January 2002 were included in the study. There were no significant differences in age, gender and ethnicity of the patients with benign and malignant effusions. There was also no difference in the frequency of the side of pleural effusion between the two groups but compared to benign effusions, a higher proportion of malignant effusions was moderate to large in size (66% versus 39%, p = 0.011). Serum CA125 levels were above 35U/dL in 83.3% and 78.1% of patients with malignant and benign effusions, respectively (p = 0.532). All patients with underlying malignancy and 95.3% of patients with benign effusions had pleural fluid CA125 levels above 35U/dL (p = 0.187). The median levels of CA125 were higher in the pleural fluid than in the serum in all aetiological groups. Higher serum CA125 levels were more likely to be found in patients with moderate to large effusions (p = 0.015), malignant effusions (p = 0.001) and in female patients (0.016). Serum CA125 level showed significant correlation with pleural fluid CA125 level (r = 0.532, p < 0.001) but not with pleural fluid total white blood cell count (r = -0.092, p = 0.362), red blood cell count (r = -0.082, p = 0.417) and lactate dehydrogenase level (r = 0.062, p = 0.541). We conclude that serum CA125 is commonly elevated in patients with benign and malignant pleural effusions.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Complementary alternative medicine use among postpartum mothers in a primary care setting: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia

Nik Yusof Fuad NF, Ching SM, Awg Dzulkarnain DH, Cheong AT, Zakaria ZA

BMC Complement Med Ther, 2020 Jun 26;20(1):197.
PMID: 32586306 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02984-7

BACKGROUND: Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used among postpartum mothers to maintain their well-being. This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with CAM use among postpartum mothers in a primary-care clinic in Malaysia.
METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 725 postpartum mothers, aged 18 and above, attending a primary-care clinic. The systematic sampling method was used to recruit patients through a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of CAM use among postpartum mothers.
RESULTS: The prevalence of CAM use among postpartum mothers was 85.5%. Manipulative body therapies, including massage, reflexology, hot stone compression and body wrapping were the most widely used methods of CAM (84.1%) among postpartum mothers, followed by biological-based therapies (33.1%). More than half of the respondents (52.1%) opted to use CAM, as they had observed good results from other CAM users. However, our study showed that 57.1% of mothers who consumed herbal medicine reported neonatal jaundice in their newborn. The median of the expenditure on CAM usage was 250 Malaysian Ringgits, or USD 61.3 per month. According to multiple logistic regression analyses, being Muslim (OR = 5.258, 95% CI: 2.952-9.368), being Malay (OR = 4.414, 95% CI: 1.18-16.56), having a higher educational level (OR = 2.561, 95% CI: 1.587-4.133) and having delivered via spontaneous vaginal delivery (OR: 5.660, 95% CI: 3.454-9.276) had a significantly positive association with CAM use among postpartum mothers.
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CAM use was high (8 out of 10) among postpartum mothers. Postpartum mothers who are Malay, Muslim, have a higher educational level and who have had spontaneous vaginal delivery tended to use CAM more. Manipulative body therapies, including massage, reflexology, hot stone compression and body wrapping, were the most widely used forms of CAM, followed by biological-based therapies. More than half of the mothers who consumed herbal medicine reported neonatal jaundice in their newborn. Thus, education to increase awareness regarding the consumption of herbs is urgently required in this country.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Prevalence of BCR-ABL T315I Mutation in Malaysian Patients with Imatinib-Resistant Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Mat Yusoff Y, Abu Seman Z, Othman N, Kamaluddin NR, Esa E, Zulkiply NA, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 Dec 25;19(12):3317-3320.
PMID: 30583336

Objective: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9
and 22, t(9;22) (q34;q11) which encodes for the BCR-ABL fusion protein. Discovery of Imatinib Mesylate (IM) as
first line therapy has brought tremendous improvement in the management of CML. However, emergence of point
mutations within the BCR-ABL gene particularly T315I mutation, affects a common BCR-ABL kinase contact residue
which impairs drug binding thus contribute to treatment resistance. This study aims to investigate the BCR-ABL T315I
mutation in Malaysian patients with CML. Methods: A total of 285 patients diagnosed with CML were included in this
study. Mutation detection was performed using qualitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: Fifteen out of 285 samples
(5.26%) were positive for T315I mutations after amplification with real-time PCR assay. From the total number of
positive samples, six patients were in accelerated phase (AP), four in chronic phase (CP) and five in blast crisis (BC).
Conclusion: Mutation testing is recommended for choosing various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to optimize
outcomes for both cases of treatment failure or suboptimal response to imatinib. Therefore, detection of T315I mutation
in CML patients are clinically useful in the selection of appropriate treatment strategies to prevent disease progression.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Screening for hemoglobinopathies among patients in a government hospital and health clinics in Perlis, Malaysia

Chin YM, Esa E, Mohd Yacob A, Ramachandran S, Zakaria Z

Journal of Medical Science & Technology, 2014;3(2):82-86.

The hemoglobinopathies include all genetic diseases of hemoglobin (Hb) and fall into two main groups: the thalassemias and structural hemoglobin variants (abnormal hemoglobins). Thalassemia is a public health problem in Malaysia. About 4.5% of the Malays and Chinese are β-thalassemia carriers. We performed hemoglobin analysis on a total of 499 patients from a Government Hospital and Health Clinics in the state of Perlis, Malaysia. About 91.4% of the patients were Malays. All patients had microcytic hypochromic anemia except for a few who went for thalassemia screening. Female patients outnumbered male patients in the ratio of 3.5:1. About 75.7% of the female patients were of childbearing age (17 - 40 years) and a majority of them were there for their antenatal checkup. Using our screen tests (full blood count, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and agarose gel electrophoresis), the common hemoglobinopathies detected were HbE trait (19.3%), β-thalassemia trait (14.6%), HbH disease (1.8%), Hb Constant Spring (1.6%), Homozygous HbE (1.4%), and HbE- β-thalassemia (1.4%). Thalassemia is preventable through screening and education programmes, and prenatal diagnosis. Thalassemia screening is provided free of charge at various government hospitals and health clinics throughout the country.
Key words: Hemoglobinopathies screening, β-thalassemia trait, HbE trait, Thalassemic diseases

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
A 10-year systematic review and meta-analysis of determinants of postpartum depression in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries

Sainuddin SS, Norhayati MN, Abdul Kadir A, Zakaria R

Med J Malaysia, 2023 Sep;78(5):675-686.
PMID: 37775497

INTRODUCTION: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mental and emotional condition that can affect women during their first postnatal year and concern globally. This study aimed to determine the overall prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression (PPD) in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of observational studies conducted in ASEAN countries between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2020 was performed in the Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The quality of studies was evaluated based on The Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist. The analysis was performed with Review Manager software version 5.4. Metaanalysis of the estimates from primary studies was conducted by adjusting for possible publication bias and heterogeneity.
RESULTS: Twenty-five studies including 19924 postnatal mothers were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of PPD is 22.32% (95% CI: 18.48, 26.17). Thailand has the highest prevalence of PPD with a pooled prevalence of 74.1% (95% CI: 64.79, 83.41). The prevalence of PPD was highest when the assessment for PPD was conducted up to 6 weeks postpartum with a pooled prevalence of 25.24% (95% CI: 14.08, 36.41). The identified determinants of PPD were unplanned pregnancy, term pregnancy, lack of family support and physical violence. There were limited studies done and high heterogeneity in terms of quality, methodology, culture, screening method and time of PPD measurement.
CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in five postpartum women in ASEAN countries had PPD. The risk factor that lowers the risk of PPD is unplanned and term pregnancies, while women with a lack of family support and experienced physical violence increase the risk of PPD. Robust prevalence studies are needed to assess the magnitude of this problem in ASEAN countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Screening of dental staff nurses for noise induced hearing loss

Daud MK, Noh NF, Sidek DS, Abd Rahman N, Abd Rani N, Zakaria MN

B-ENT, 2011;7(4):245-9.
PMID: 22338236

The effect of noise on employees of dental clinics is debatable. The purposes of this study were to determine the intensity and frequency components of dental instruments used by dental staff nurses and the prevalence of noise induced hearing loss.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Workplace Bullying Among Junior Doctors in Malaysia: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study

Samsudin EZ, Isahak M, Rampal S, Rosnah I, Zakaria MI

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Apr;28(2):142-156.
PMID: 33958968 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.2.13

Background: Research suggests that junior doctors often experience workplace bullying, which may have adverse impacts on medical training and delivery of quality healthcare. However, evidence among local population has not been established. The present study aims to examine the prevalence of workplace bullying among Malaysian junior doctors and explore its associated sociodemographic and employment factors.
Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 government hospitals accredited for housemanship training within the central zone of Malaysia. The study included a total of 1,074 house officers who had been working for at least 6 months in various housemanship rotations. The Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) was used to examine workplace bullying.
Results: The 6-month prevalence of workplace bullying among study participants was 13%. Work-related bullying such as 'being ordered to do work below your level of competence', person-related bullying such as 'being humiliated or ridiculed in connection with your work', and physically intimidating bullying such as 'being shouted at or being the target of spontaneous anger' were commonly reported by study participants. Medical officers were reported to be the commonest perpetrators of negative actions at the workplace. Study participants who graduated from Eastern European medical schools (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27, 4.07) and worked in surgical-based rotation (AOR 1.83; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.97) had higher odds of bullying compared to those who graduated from local medical schools and worked in medical-based rotation, whereas study participants with good English proficiency (AOR 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.94) had lower odds of bullying compared to those with poor English proficiency.
Conclusion: The present study shows that workplace bullying is prevalent among Malaysian junior doctors. Considering the gravity of its consequences, impactful strategies should be developed and implemented promptly in order to tackle this serious occupational hazard.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Prevalence and Pattern of Glomerulonephritis: An Experience of Two Tertiary Centers in Malaysia

Maifata S, Hod R, Ghani FA, Zakaria F

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2023 Mar 01;34(2):167-177.
PMID: 38146727 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.391896

The prevalence of glomerulonephritis (GN), especially membranous GN (MGN), changes from time to time. This change may be due to genetic predisposition, environmental factors race, age, and indications for a renal biopsy. This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution and changing patterns of GN by further assessing the prevalence of MGN. A 1000, 123 biopsies were performed from January 2012 to October 2019 in Hospital Serdang and Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and clinical presentations were used to differentiate primary and secondary MGN, from which 611 and 457 primary and secondary subjects were diagnosed with primary and secondary GN, respectively. Primary MGN accounts for 13% of all the primary GN, while lupus nephritis (LN) accounts for 44.2% of all secondary GN followed by diabetes mellitus (25.6%). The proportions of primary and secondary MGN were 64.8% and 35.2%, respectively, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1 in favor of females. The renal biopsy obtained from the registry of two prominent hospitals in Malaysia provided valuable prevalence and demonstrated changes in the prevalence of GN in Malaysia. Notwithstanding, immunoglobulin A nephropathy and LN remain the most common causes of primary and secondary GN in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Prevalence and reasons for smoking among upper secondary schoolboys in Hulu Langat, Malaysia

Khairani, O., Norazua, R., Zaiton, A.

Medicine & Health, 2007;2(1):80-85.
MyJurnal

Smoking in adolescence is a great health concern as it is related to many chronic diseases and mortality in later life. It is also associated with other high-risk behaviours among adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for smoking among upper secondary schoolboys. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among Form 4 and Form 5 students. Three schools in the District of Hulu Langat were identified and students from these schools were selected randomly. The students were given a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 343 students were included in the study. The prevalence of smoking among the schoolboys was 37%. Although the majority of them initiated smoking between 13-15 years old (67%), 21% of them began smoking below 12 years of age (primary school). There was a significant association between adolescent smoking and smoking among family members (p<0.05). The common reasons reported for
initiating smoking were curiosity (69%) and peer pressure (51%). However, the common reasons for continuing smoking were stress (70%) and addiction (49%). Schoolwork was reported as the most important factor which contributed to their stress. Smoking prevention programmes should begin early in primary schools. Adolescents should be educated on effective coping strategies in managing stress and learning to be assertive.
Keywords: smoking, adolescents, secondary school, reasons.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Systematic Review of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Malaysia: 1979-2020

Abd Hamid IJ, Azman NA, Gennery AR, Mangantig E, Hashim IF, Zainudeen ZT

Front Immunol, 2020;11:1923.
PMID: 32983118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01923

Introduction: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are under-reported in Malaysia. The actual disease frequency of PID in this country is unknown due to the absence of a national patient registry for PID. Objective: This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence rates of PID cases diagnosed and published in Malaysia from 1st of January 1979 until 1st of March 2020. It also aimed to describe the various types of PIDs reported in Malaysia. Method: Following the development of a comprehensive search strategy, all published literature of PID cases from Malaysia was identified and collated. All cases that fulfilled the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) classification diagnosis were included in the systematic review. Data were retrieved and collated into a proforma. Results: A total of 4,838 articles were identified and screened, with 34 publications and 119 patients fulfilling the criteria and being included in the systematic review. The prevalence rate was 0.37 per 100,000 population. In accordance with the IUIS, the distribution of diagnostic classifications was immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunities (36 patients, 30.3%), combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features (21 patients, 17.6%), predominant antibody deficiencies (24 patients, 20.2%), diseases of immune dysregulation (13 patients, 10.9%), congenital defects in phagocyte number or function (20 patients, 16.8%), defects in intrinsic and innate immunity (4 patients, 3.4%), and autoinflammatory disorders (1 patient, 0.8%). Parental consanguinity was 2.5%. Thirteen different gene mutations were available in 21.8% of the cases. Conclusion: PIDs are underdiagnosed and under-reported in Malaysia. Developing PID healthcare and a national patient registry is much needed to enhance the outcome of PID patient care.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Hookworm infection and reinfection following treatment among Orang Asli children

Norhayati M, Oothuman P, Fatmah MS, Muzain Minudin Y, Zainuddin B

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Dec;50(4):314-9.
PMID: 8668049

In hookworm endemic areas where sanitation is often wanting, reinfection of treated children is a problem. This study was conducted to enumerate the prevalence and the reinfection rate of hookworm in 193 Orang Asli children following treatment with stat dose of 400mg of albendazole at 2 and 4 months post-treatment. All samples were examined using the Kato-Katz and Harada Mori techniques. The overall initial prevalence was 31.0%, with 27.0% in males and 34.0% in females although there was no statistical difference. Only 7.0% of the children had moderate intensity of infection. The overall infection rate at 2 and 4 months post-treatment was 11.0% and 8.0%. New cases were detected at 1.0% and 5.0% at 2 and 4 months post-treatment period. Reinfection rate 2 months post-treatment was 24.0%, and it was 30.0%, 4 months after treatment. All infection at 2 and 4 months post-treatment were light. Long-term strategies incorporating health education on personal hygiene, provision of toilets and safe water supply need to be adopted in these Orang Asli villages to control rapid reinfection.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Anastomotic Leak after Bariatric Surgery from a Critical Care Perspective: A Lesson Shared

Shukeri WFWM, Hassan MH, Hassan WMNW, Zaini RHM

Malays J Med Sci, 2018 Sep;25(5):158-159.
PMID: 30914872 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.5.15

Anastomotic leak after bariatric surgery is a rare complication with a recent prevalence ranging from 0.8% to 1.5%. The complication nevertheless can result in morbidity and even mortality. The purpose of this paper is to present a patient who suffered from an anastomotic leak presenting 2 days after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in our intensive care unit. Review of the current literature regarding this complication from critical care perspective is also attempted.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence

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