OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the immuno-modulatory effects of agarwood leaf extract (ALE) derived from Aquilaria malaccensis using RAW264.7 murine macrophages.
METHODS: In this study, RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with ALE alone for 26 hours or ALE for 2 hours, followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. The nitrite and cytokine production (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression in the macrophages were assayed.
RESULTS: The study showed that ALE alone was immunostimulatory on the macrophages by increasing the nitrite, TNFα, and IL-6 production and COX2 expression (p<0.05 vs. untreated unstimulated cells). Pre-treatment of ALE suppressed nitrite level and iNOS expression but enhanced TNFα and IL-6 production and COX2 expression (p<0.05 vs. untreated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated cells). ALE also increased IL-10 production regardless of LPS stimulation (p<0.05 vs. untreated cells).
CONCLUSION: ALE was able to promote the immune response of macrophages by upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and COX2 expression. It also regulated the extent of the inflammation by reducing iNOS expression and increasing IL-10 levels. Thus, ALE may have a role in enhancing the innate immune system against infection; however, its validation from in vivo studies is still pending.
OBJECTIVE: Arene diazonium salts play an important role in organic synthesis as intermediate and a wide variety of aromatic compounds have been prepared using them. A serious drawback of arene diazonium salts is their instability in a dry state; therefore, they must be stored and handled carefully to avoid spontaneous explosion and other hazard events.
METHODS: The arene diazonium saccharin salts were prepared as active intermediates in situ through the reaction of various aryl amines with tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) in the presence of saccharin (Sac-H). Then, in situ obtained intermediates were used into the diazotization step without separation and purification in the current protocol.
RESULTS: A variety of aryl iodides were synthesized at a greener and low-cost method in the presence of TBN, Sac-H, glacial acetic acid, and TEAI.
CONCLUSION: In summary, a telescopic reaction is developed for the synthesis of aryl iodides. The current methodology is safe, cost-effective, broad substrate scope, and metal-free. All used reagents are commercially available and inert to moisture and air. Also, the saccharine and tetraethylammonium cation could be partially recovered from the reaction residue, which reduces waste generation, energy consumption, raw material, and waste disposal costs.