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Fulltext Grade IV hypertensive retinopathy as a rare first representation of hypertension: a case report

Tengku Kamalden, T.A., Choo, M.M., Fauzi, A.

JUMMEC, 2006;9(2):32-34.
MyJurnal

Malignant hypertension affects less than 1% of people with high blood pressure, and is a hypertensive emergency. It is rare for patients to present initially with this form of elevated blood pressure, which is almost always associated with acute target organ damage, which can manifest in many forms including ocular, neurological, cardiac and renal. This treatable condition is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality therefore, early detection and immediate management is of paramount importance.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention

Teng NI, Shahar S, Rajab NF, Manaf ZA, Johari MH, Ngah WZ

Aging Male, 2013 Dec;16(4):177-83.
PMID: 24044618 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2013.832191

Calorie restriction and intermittent fasting are two dietary interventions that can improve aging. Religious fasting also suggested having similar benefit; however, such studies are still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of fasting calorie restriction (FCR) on metabolic parameters and DNA damage among healthy older adult men.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Fulltext Does a single cup of caffeinated drink significantly increase blood pressure in young adults? A randomised controlled trial

Teng CL, Lim WY, Chua CZ, Teo RS, Lin KT, Yeo JC

Aust Fam Physician, 2016;45(1):65-8.
PMID: 27051992

BACKGROUD: Previous studies have shown that the blood pressure elevating effect of acute caffeine consumption was variable because of the heterogeneity of study participants, dosage of caffeine and study designs.
OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to examine the effect of a single cup of coffee on the blood pressure of young adults.
METHODS: Normotensive adults were randomised to receive either a cup of caffeinated drink (intervention group) or a cup of decaffeinated drink (control group). The main outcome measure was mean change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between intervention and control groups.
RESULTS: Enrolled participants (n = 104) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 53) or the control group (n = 51). The mean differences in SBP and DBP of the two groups were +2.77 mmHg (P = 0.05) and +2.11 mmHg (P = 0.64), respectively. Therefore, the rise in both SBP and DBP after caffeine consumption was not statistically significant.
DISCUSSION: Our study confirmed that drinking a single cup of coffee (containing 80 mg of caffeine) does not have a significant impact on the blood pressure of healthy normotensive young adults one hour after the drink.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects*
Fulltext Association of physical activity with blood pressure and blood glucose among Malaysian adults: a population-based study

Teh CH, Chan YY, Lim KH, Kee CC, Lim KK, Yeo PS, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2015;15:1205.
PMID: 26630916 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2528-1

The health-enhancing benefits of physical activity (PA) on hypertension and diabetes have been well documented for decades. This study aimed to determine the association of PA with systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as blood glucose in the Malaysian adult population.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Fulltext First Report of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Causing Relaxation of Aortic Rings in Rats

Tee BH, Hoe SZ, Cheah SH, Lam SK

Biomed Res Int, 2016;2016:1361508.
PMID: 27800486 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1361508

Although Eurycoma longifolia has been studied for erectile function, the blood pressure- (BP-) lowering effect has yet to be verified. Hence, this study aims at investigating the BP-lowering properties of the plant with a view to develop an antihypertensive agent that could also preserve erectile function. Ethanolic root extract was partitioned by hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The DCM fraction, found to be potent in relaxing phenylephrine- (PE-) precontracted rat aortic rings, was further purified by column chromatography. Subfraction DCM-II, being the most active in relaxing aortae, was studied for effects on the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems in aortic rings. The effect of DCM-II on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was also evaluated in vitro. Results showed that DCM-II reduced (p < 0.05) the contractions evoked by angiotensin I and angiotensin II (Ang II). In PE-precontracted rings treated with DCM-II, the Ang II-induced contraction was attenuated (p < 0.05) while bradykinin- (BK-) induced relaxation enhanced (p < 0.001). In vitro, DCM-II inhibited (p < 0.001) the activity of ACE. These data demonstrate that the vasodilatory effect of DCM-II appears to be mediated via inhibition of Ang II type 1 receptor and ACE as well as enhancement of Ang II type 2 receptor activation and BK activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Fulltext Dose requirement and effect of nicardipine on lipid profile in mild to moderate essential hypertensives

Tariq AR, Maheendran K, Kamsiah J, Christina P

Med J Malaysia, 1992 Sep;47(3):182-9.
PMID: 1491643

Twenty eight patients who satisfied the entry criteria and had completed an initial 2 weeks treatment with placebo were titrated fortnightly with doses of Nicardipine ranging from 30 mg to 90 mg daily in two or three divided doses. Nicardipine treatment significantly reduced blood pressures both in the supine and standing positions (p < 0.0004) when compared with placebo treatment. Heart rates however did not change significantly. Forty six percent (13/28) of patients on 20 mg twice daily, 25% (7/28) on 10 mg three times daily, 18% (5/28) of patients on 20 mg three times daily and 11% (3/28) on 30 mg three times daily achieved supine diastolic blood pressures < 90 mm Hg. Nicardipine treatment at 16 weeks and at 24 weeks did not significantly alter the lipid profile when compared to the end of placebo treatment period. No other biochemical abnormalities were reported during the study period. Except for 2 cases of mild pedal oedema and 2 cases of transient headaches, no serious side-effects were encountered.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Fulltext Lysine-specific demethylase 1 deficiency modifies aldosterone synthesis in a sex-specific manner

Tan YJD, Brooks DL, Wong KYH, Huang Y, Romero JR, Williams JS, et al.

J Endocrinol, 2023 Jan 01;256(1).
PMID: 36327153 DOI: 10.1530/JOE-22-0141

Biologic sex influences the development of cardiovascular disease and modifies aldosterone (ALDO) and blood pressure (BP) phenotypes: females secrete more ALDO, and their adrenal glomerulosa cell is more sensitive to stimulation. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) variants in Africans and LSD1 deficiency in mice are associated with BP and/or ALDO phenotypes. This study, in 18- and 40-week-old wild type (WT) and LSD1+/- mice, was designed to determine whether (1) sex modifies ALDO biosynthetic enzymes; (2) LSD1 deficiency disrupts the effect of sex on these enzymes; (3) within each genotype, there is a positive relationship between ALDO biosynthesis (proximate phenotype), plasma ALDO (intermediate phenotype) and BP levels (distant phenotype); and (4) sex and LSD1 genotype interact on these phenotypes. In WT mice, female sex increases the expression of early enzymes in ALDO biosynthesis but not ALDO levels or systolic blood pressure (SBP). However, enzyme expressions are shifted downward in LSD1+/- females vs males, so that early enzyme levels are similar but the late enzymes are substantially lower. In both age groups, LSD1 deficiency modifies the adrenal enzyme expressions, circulating ALDO levels, and SBP in a sex-specific manner. Finally, significant sex/LSD1 genotype interactions modulate the three phenotypes in mice. In conclusion, biologic sex in mice interacts with LSD1 deficiency to modify several phenotypes: (1) proximal (ALDO biosynthetic enzymes); (2) intermediate (circulating ALDO); and (3) distant (SBP). These results provide entry to better understand the roles of biological sex and LSD1 in (1) hypertension heterogeneity and (2) providing more personalized treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Erectile dysfunction (ED), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and testosterone deficiency (TD): Men's major concern (MMC) - An important portal for promoting men's health?

Tan WP, Fong ZV, Tong SF, Low WY, Tan HM

Journal of Men's Health, 2011;8:S81-S83.
DOI: 10.1016/S1875-6867(11)60029-8

Background: Men's major concern (MMC) is a common quality of life issue affecting the aging male population. This paper examines the association between MMC and cardiometabolic diseases in Malaysian men in an urban setting.
Methods: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted in an urban area involving 1046 men, aged over 40 years and above, who were randomly selected using the electoral roll in Selangor Malaysia. Participants were assessed by trained doctors using structured questionnaire which included medical history, IIEF-5 to assess men's erectile dysfunction and IPSS score to assess prostatic symptoms. Clinical assessments including blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference were performed. In addition, biochemical assessments for fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were done.
Results: The response rate was 62.8%. The mean age of the participants was 55.8±8.4 (range: 41-93) years. Around two fifth of the participants (39.8%) had no MMC, 28.4% were diagnosed with 1 MMC, 9.9% with 2MMCs and 1.2% with 3MMCs. Increasing number of MMCs were significantly associated with increasing rate of cardiometabolic diseases (No MMC = 26.2%, 1 MMC = 43.4%, 2 MMCs = 63.5% and 3 MMCs = 69.2%) (P < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome based on Asian criteria (No MMC = 21.5%, 1 MMC = 39.0%, 2 MMCs = 49.1%, 3 MMCs = 62.5%) (P < 0.01). Participants with one or more MMC significantly showed a higher proportion of undiagnosed diabetes as well as reported diabetes (No MMC = 1.7%, 1 or more MMCs = 3.6%) when compared to participants without MMC (P ≤ 0.01).
Conclusions: Men's Major Concerns (e.g., ED, LUTS and TD) were associated with cardiometabolic diseases and collectively, they could be used as an important portal to men's health. © 2011 WPMH GmbH.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Fulltext The association between obesity and dengue virus (DENV) infection in hospitalised patients

Tan VPK, Ngim CF, Lee EZ, Ramadas A, Pong LY, Ng JI, et al.

PLoS One, 2018;13(7):e0200698.
PMID: 30016369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200698

Both obesity and DENV infections are growing public health concerns that have far-ranging socioeconomic effects, especially in developing countries. Despite the increasing prevalence of these conditions, there is a scarcity of data investigating the potential relationships between these two entities. Our study aims to examine the influence of obesity on various clinical and laboratory parameters amongst patients with DENV infections. A total of 335 hospitalized patients aged >12 years who were DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen-positive were enrolled in this study. Clinical and laboratory variables were compared between patients with and without obesity. Multivariate analysis showed that the following admission clinical findings and laboratory results were independently associated with obesity; chills and rigors (AOR:2.653, 95% CI: 1.286-5.474), higher temperature (AOR:1.485, 95% CI: 1.080-2.042), higher systolic BP (AOR:1.057, 95% CI:1.037-1.078), raised haematocrit (AOR: 1.953, 95% CI: 1.010-3.778), elevated creatinine (AOR:3.504, 95% CI:1.351-9.008) and elevated ALT (AOR: 4.146, 95% CI:1.878-9.154). Obesity was found to be significantly associated with hospitalization >3 days (AOR: 1.990, 95% CI: 1.134-3.494) and the presence of increasing haematocrit with decreasing platelets (AOR: 2.134, 95% CI = 1.235-3.688). Serial assessment of laboratory data revealed that peak haematocrit was significantly higher and nadir platelets levels were significantly lower in obese patients. Both peak and admission levels of leukocyte counts, AST, ALT and creatinine were significantly higher in the obese group. Conversely, both admission and nadir albumin levels were lower for the obese group, although only nadir albumin levels achieved statistical significance. These findings support closer clinical monitoring of obese patients who present with DENV infections, as this patient cohort may possess an increased tendency towards developing more severe clinical manifestations of DENV infections as compared to non-obese patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure*
The role of digestive factors in determining glycemic response in a multiethnic Asian population

Tan VM, Ooi DS, Kapur J, Wu T, Chan YH, Henry CJ, et al.

Eur J Nutr, 2016 Jun;55(4):1573-81.
PMID: 26160548 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0976-0

PURPOSE: There are wide inter-individual differences in glycemic response (GR). We aimed to examine key digestive parameters that influence inter-individual and ethnic differences in GR in healthy Asian individuals.
METHODS: Seventy-five healthy male subjects (25 Chinese, 25 Malays, and 25 Asian-Indians) were served equivalent available carbohydrate amounts (50 g) of jasmine rice (JR) and basmati rice (BR) on separate occasions. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were measured at fasting (-5 and 0 min) and at 15- to 30-min interval over 180 min. Mastication parameters (number of chews per mouth and chewing time per mouthful), saliva α-amylase activity, AMY1 gene copy numbers and gastric emptying rate were measured to investigate their relationships with GR.
RESULTS: The GR for jasmine rice was significantly higher than for basmati rice (P 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Mastication parameters contribute significantly to GR. Eating slowly and having larger food boluses before swallowing (less chewing), both potentially modifiable, may be beneficial in glycemic control.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Fulltext Symptomatic presentation of carotid sinus hypersensitivity is associated with impaired cerebral autoregulation

Tan MP, Chadwick TJ, Kerr SR, Parry SW

J Am Heart Assoc, 2014 Jun;3(3):e000514.
PMID: 24947997 DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000514

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is associated with syncope, unexplained falls, and drop attacks in older people but occurs asymptomatically in 35% of community-dwelling elders. We hypothesized that impaired cerebral autoregulation is associated with the conversion of asymptomatic CSH to symptomatic CSH. We therefore conducted a case-control study evaluating individuals with CSH with and without the symptoms of syncope or unexplained falls, as well as non-CSH controls, to determine whether the blood pressure and heart rate changes associated with CSH are associated with symptoms only when cerebral autoregulation is altered.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/physiology
Fulltext Standing Up for Frailty: Blood Pressure Changes Do Matter

Tan MP

J Am Heart Assoc, 2020 04 07;9(7):e016222.
PMID: 32223391 DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016222
Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination
Influence of bariatric surgery on weight reduction and control of chronic disease among obese patients in Malaysia

Tan KC, Chang CT, Cheah WK, Vinayak CR, Chan HK

Med J Malaysia, 2019 Jun;74(3):215-218.
PMID: 31256176

INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to determine the influence of bariatric surgery on changes in the body mass index (BMI), and the control of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia among obese patients in Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study undertaken at a public tertiary care centre in the state of Perak, Malaysia. Information of obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery was obtained from their medical records. The changes in the BMI, HbA1C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and lipid levels between three months before and after the surgery were assessed.
RESULTS: The patients (n=106) were mostly Malay (66.0%), had at least one comorbidity (61.3%), and had a mean age of 40.38±11.75 years. Following surgery, the BMI of the patients was found to reduce by 9.78±5.82kg/m2. For the patients who had diabetes (n=24) and hypertension (n=47), their mean HbA1C, SBP and DBP were also shown to reduce significantly by 2.02±2.13%, 17.19±16.97mmHg, and 11.45±12.63mmHg, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels of those who had dyslipidaemia (n=21) were, respectively, lowered by 0.91±1.18mmol/L, 0.69±1.11mmol/L and 0.47±0.52mmol/L.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that in addition to weight reduction, bariatric surgery is helpful in improving the diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia control among obese patients. However, a large-scale trial with a control group is required to verify our findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Fulltext Consensus Recommendations by the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology: Optimising Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Tan JWC, Sim D, Ako J, Almahmeed W, Cooper ME, Dalal JJ, et al.

Eur Cardiol, 2021 Feb;16:e14.
PMID: 33976709 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2020.52

The Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology convened a consensus statement panel for optimising cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in type 2 diabetes, and reviewed the current literature. Relevant articles were appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, and consensus statements were developed in two meetings and were confirmed through online voting. The consensus statements indicated that lifestyle interventions must be emphasised for patients with prediabetes, and optimal glucose control should be encouraged when possible. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease with adequate renal function, and for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. In addition to SGLT2i, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are recommended for patients at high risk of CV events. A blood pressure target below 140/90 mmHg is generally recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. Antiplatelet therapy is recommended for secondary prevention in patients with atherosclerotic CV disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Comparison between the effects of propofol and etomidate on motor and electroencephalogram seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy

Tan HL, Lee CY

Anaesth Intensive Care, 2009 Sep;37(5):807-14.
PMID: 19775046

An ideal anaesthetic for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) should have rapid onset and offset with no effect on seizure duration, and provide cardiovascular stability during the procedure. Propofol is commonly used, even though it has been shown to shorten seizure duration which might affect the efficacy of ECT Etomidate has been advocated as an alternative. This prospective, randomised, single-blind, crossover study was conducted to compare the effects of etomidate (Etomidate-Lipuro, B. Braun Ltd, Melsungen, Germany) and propofol (Diprivan, AstraZeneca, UK) on seizure duration as well as haemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing ECT Twenty patients aged between 18 and 70 years were recruited. Group I received etomidate 0.3 mg/kg for the first course of ECT (Group IA) and propofol 1.5 mg/kg for the second ECT (Group IB), while Group II received propofol for the first ECT (Group IIA) and etomidate for the second ECT (Group IIB). There was a washout period of two to three days in between procedures. Parameters recorded included motor seizure duration, electroencephalogram seizure duration, blood pressure and heart rate. Analysis demonstrated neither period effect nor treatment period interaction. Etomidate was associated with a significantly longer motor and electroencephalogram seizure duration compared with propofol (P < 0.01). Neither drug demonstrated consistent effects in suppressing the rise in heart rate or blood pressure during ECT Myoclonus and pain on injection were the most common adverse effects in etomidate group and propofol group respectively. Etomidate is a useful anaesthetic agent for ECT and should be considered in patients with inadequate seizure duration with propofol.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Fulltext Effect of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) supplementation on respiratory health, immunity and antioxidant status: an open-label prospective study

Tan ESS, Leo TK, Tan CK

Sci Rep, 2021 06 03;11(1):11781.
PMID: 34083710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91256-6

Tiger milk mushroom (TMM; Lignosus rhinocerus) have been used for a long time by indigenous communities in South East Asia regions as traditional medicine for different ailments, including respiratory disorders. The beneficial effects of TMM have been proven through in vivo and in vitro models, but these effects have yet to be validated in a clinical study. In this study, the beneficial effects of TMM supplementation were investigated in 50 voluntary participants. Participants were required to take 300 mg of TMM twice daily for three months. Level of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 8 (IL-8), immunoglobulin A (IgA), total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms were assessed during baseline and monthly follow-up visits. Results demonstrated that supplementation of TMM significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Fulltext A qualitative exploration of hypertensive patients' perception towards quality use of medication and hypertension management at the community level

Tan CS, Hassali MA, Neoh CF, Saleem F

Pharm Pract (Granada), 2017 12 18;15(4):1074.
PMID: 29317924 DOI: 10.18549/PharmPract.2017.04.1074

Objective: This study aimed to explore hypertensive patients' perspectives on quality use of medication and issues related to hypertension management at the community level in Malaysia.
Methods: Focus groups discussion was employed in this qualitative study. A total of 17 hypertensive patients were purposively recruited. Three focus group discussions with semi-structured interview were carried out at Flat Desa Wawasan, Penang. All the conversations were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.
Results: Three major themes were developed, including medication adherence among hypertensive patients, self-management of hypertension and patients' knowledge towards hypertension. Poor medication adherence was found and different strategies were taken to overcome the barriers towards adherence. Use of herbal and traditional therapies was perceived as alternative method in controlling blood pressure instead of taking antihypertensive medication. The participants were found to have poor knowledge on side effect and mechanism of action of hypertensive medication.
Conclusions: The misconception about the side effect of antihypertensive medication has led to poor adherence among the participants. Lack of knowledge on targeted blood pressure level has led to poor blood pressure monitoring among the participants. Health awareness program and counselling from health care professional should be advocated among the hypertensive patients in addressing the above gaps.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination
Fulltext Chronic kidney disease stage 3B among Malaysian diabetics in primary care and its associated factors: a pilot 5-year case control study

Tan CE, Tohit N, Shamsul Azhar S, Lee CC, Mohd Ridzuan AR, Siti Rahimah S, et al.

Medicine & Health, 2013;8(2):55-63.
MyJurnal

The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with CKD stage 3b among type 2 diabetics attending primary care follow-up, specifically the role of angiotensin blockade dosage. This was a pilot unmatched case-control study conducted in a teaching primary care centre. Clinical data of 25 cases of diabetic patients with CKD stage 3b (GFR 30-45ml/min/1.73m2) in 2012 were selected for this study, as well as 103 controls who were diabetic patients with GFR more than 45ml/min/1.73m2 in 2012. Systematic random sampling was employed. Data was obtained from patients’ diabetic records, computerised clinical medical information system and medical case notes. Univariate analysis was done using Chi-square, t-test, Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the associated factors for development of CKD stage 3b. Cases and controls were different in terms of age, duration of diabetes, use and dosage of angiotensin blockade medications, systolic blood pressure and baseline GFR. Multiple logistic regression revealed that systolic blood pressure (Adjusted OR= 1.08, 95% CI= 1.02-1.14, p=0.013) and baseline GFR (Adjusted OR= 0.90, 95% CI= 0.85-0.95, p

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
Fulltext Assessment of medication adherence and the costs associated with a calendar blister pack intervention among hypertensive patients in Malaysia: A randomized controlled trial

Tan BY, Shafie AA, Hassali MAA, Saleem F

SAGE Open Med, 2017;5:2050312117709189.
PMID: 28839933 DOI: 10.1177/2050312117709189

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and costs of a calendar blister packaging intervention used to improve medication adherence.
METHOD: A parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted with 73 hypertensive patients (intervention group = 35, control group = 38) at Hospital Kulim, Malaysia, for 7 months.
RESULTS: The intervention group demonstrated a significant improvement in medication possession ratio (p blood pressure (p blood pressure and also has the potential for considerable cost savings.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination
Fulltext Ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia: an analysis by risk factors

Tan AKG, Dunn RA, Yen ST

Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2011 Dec;9(6):441-51.
PMID: 21815810 DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0031

BACKGROUND: This study investigates ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia.
METHODS: Data were obtained from the Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (2005/2006). Logistic regressions of metabolic syndrome health risks on sociodemographic and health-lifestyle factors were conducted using a multiracial (Malay, Chinese, and Indian and other ethnic groups) sample of 2,366 individuals.
RESULTS: Among both males and females, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome amongst Indians was larger compared to both Malays and Chinese because Indians are more likely to exhibit central obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We also found that Indians tend to engage in less physical activity and consume fewer fruits and vegetables than Malays and Chinese. Although education and family history of chronic disease are associated with metabolic syndrome status, differences in socioeconomic attributes do not explain ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome incidence. The difference in metabolic syndrome prevalence between Chinese and Malays was not statistically significant. Whereas both groups exhibited similar obesity rates, ethnic Chinese were less likely to suffer from high fasting blood glucose.
CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome disproportionately affects Indians in Malaysia. Additionally, fasting blood glucose rates differ dramatically amongst ethnic groups. Attempts to decrease health disparities among ethnic groups in Malaysia will require greater attention to improving the metabolic health of Malays, especially Indians, by encouraging healthful lifestyle changes.
Study name: Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (MyNCDS-1) survey

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/physiology

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