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  1. Fulltext Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review
    Tengku SA, Norhayati M
    Trop Biomed, 2011 Aug;28(2):194-222.
    PMID: 22041740 MyJurnal
    Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amoebiasis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and is responsible for up to 100,000 deaths worldwide each year. Entamoeba dispar, morphologically indistinguishable from E. histolytica is more common in humans in many parts of the world. Similarly Entamoeba moshkovskii, which was long considered to be a free-living amoeba is also morphologically identical to E. histolytica and E. dispar, and is highly prevalent in some E. histolytica endemic countries. Humans are the host of infection and there would not appear to be other meaningful animal reservoirs of E. histolytica. Entamoeba. histolytica can be present in sewage and contaminated water. The infection is mainly transmitted via ingestion of water or food contaminated by faeces containing E. histolytica cysts. Clinical features of amoebiasis range from asymptomatic colonization to amoebic dysentery and invasive extraintestinal amoebiasis, which is manifested most commonly in the form of abscesses in liver and lungs. The epidemiology of amoebiasis has dramatically changed since the separation of E. histolytica and E. dispar species and the worldwide prevalence of these species has not been estimated until recently. Morever, E. moshkovskii, another morphologically indistinguishable human parasitic Entamoeba was not mentioned or considered as a contributor to the prevalence figures in endemic areas. Amoebiasis is still a major health problem especially in aboriginal settlements and amongst people living in remote area in Malaysia. However, until now there is only one data currently available to indicate the true prevalence and incidence of E. histolytica and E. dispar. Further studies are needed to determine the burden of E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infections in Malaysia. In the present review, we briefly summarize all methods use in diagnosing Entamoeba species, ranging from microscopic identification to molecular detection such as culture and isoenzyme analysis, antibody detection tests, antigen detection tests, immunochromatographic assays, conventional PCR, real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  2. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with oesophageal stenosis
    Ylmaz Ö, Temur A, Almal N, Dülger AC, Sasmaz MI
    Trop Biomed, 2018 Dec 01;35(4):1148-1153.
    PMID: 33601862
    Oesophageal strictures often occur following esophagectomy which is performed for cases of oesophageal cancer. These patients require repeated dilation procedures. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary regimens, which are changed because of stenosis, caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In this retrospective study, 28 patients who had operation for oesophageal cancer and underwent dilation due to development of stricture were studied. 30 female and 30 male patients who were admitted to the Gastroenterology Clinic with complaints of dyspepsia and did not receive treatment for the eradication of H. pylori were randomly selected and included in this study as a control group. Patients' histopathological records on the hemogram, biochemistry, and endoscopic biopsy were analysed. There were 26 H. pylori (+) cases (92.8 %) in the stenosis group consisting of 28 patients, and 37 H. pylori (+) cases (61.6%) in the control group consisting of 60 patients. These results were found to be statistically significant (P=0.003). The albumin level in the stenosis group was reported to be statistically low (P=0.002). The incidence of H. pylori was found to be significantly higher in patients with stenosis. We ascribed this outcome due to changes in dietary regimens. Our findings showed that the dietary regimens of all patients who underwent esophagectomy should be regulated during the postoperative period considering H. pylori. The relationship between H. pylori and stenosis was significant, there is a need for further research with a larger sample size to enrich the findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  3. Genetic diversity, antifungal susceptibility and enzymatic characterisation of Malaysian clinical isolates of Candida glabrata
    Lotfalikhani A, Khosravi Y, Sabet NS, Na SL, Ng KP, Tay ST
    Trop Biomed, 2018 Dec 01;35(4):1123-1130.
    PMID: 33601859
    Candida glabrata has been reported as the second or third most common yeast species isolated from patients with vaginitis and invasive candidiasis. This study was aimed to determine the genetic diversity, antifungal susceptibility and enzymatic profiles of C. glabrata isolated from vaginal and blood samples in the Medical Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory, University Malaya Medical Centre. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis method, using M13 and (GTG)5 primers, was used for strain differentiation of C. glabrata isolates. Antifungal susceptibility testing of C. glabrata isolates was determined using E-test against amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole and voriconazole and microbroth dilution method against clotrimazole. The enzymic profiles of C. glabrata were determined using APIZYM semi-quantitation kit and egg-yolk agar method. A total of 14 RAPD patterns were identified amongst C. glabrata isolates investigated this study. Susceptibility to amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole and voriconazole was noted. Approximately one third of the isolates demonstrated resistance to clotrimazole (MIC>=1 µg/ml). A single isolate of C. glabrata was resistant to caspofungin (MIC:1.5 µg/ml). Enzymatic activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidases, esterase and lipase and phospholipase were detected in the C. glabrata isolates. The genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profiles of C. glabrata isolates were presented in this study. Continued surveillance and monitoring of the incidence and antifungal resistance in C. glabrata isolates is necessary.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  4. Malaria successes and challenges in Asia
    Bhatia R, Rastogi RM, Ortega L
    J Vector Borne Dis, 2013 Dec;50(4):239-47.
    PMID: 24499845
    Asia ranks second to Africa in terms of malaria burden. In 19 countries of Asia, malaria is endemic and 2.31 billion people or 62% of the total population in these countries are at risk of malaria. In 2010, WHO estimated around 34.8 million cases and 45,600 deaths due to malaria in Asia. In 2011, 2.7 million cases and > 2000 deaths were reported. India, Indonesia, Myanmar and Pakistan are responsible for >85% of the reported cases (confirmed) and deaths in Asia. In last 10 yr, due to availability of donor's fund specially from Global fund, significant progress has been made by the countries in Asia in scaling-up malaria control interventions which were instrumental in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality significantly. There is a large heterogeneity in malaria epidemiology in Asia. As a result, the success in malaria control/elimination is also diverse. As compared to the data of the year 2000, out of 19 malaria endemic countries, 12 countries were able to reduce malaria incidence (microscopically confirmed cases only) by 75%. Two countries, namely Bangladesh and Malaysia are projected to reach 75% reduction by 2015 while India is projected to reach 50-75% only by 2015. The trend could not be assessed in four countries, namely Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Timor-Leste due to insufficient consistent data. Numerous key challenges need to be addressed to sustain the gains and eliminate malaria in most parts of Asia. Some of these are to control the spread of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin, control of outdoor transmission, control of vivax malaria and ensuring universal coverage of key interventions. Asia has the potential to influence the malaria epidemiology all over the world as well as to support the global efforts in controlling and eliminating malaria through production of quality-assured ACTs, RDTs and long-lasting insecticidal nets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  5. Fulltext Country-Specific Prevalence and Incidence of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Literature Review
    Lynch JL, Barrientos-Pérez M, Hafez M, Jalaludin MY, Kovarenko M, Rao PV, et al.
    Ann Nutr Metab, 2020;76(5):289-296.
    PMID: 32980841 DOI: 10.1159/000510499
    BACKGROUND: With increased awareness of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents, an overview of country-specific differences in epidemiology data is needed to develop a global picture of the disease development.

    SUMMARY: This study examined country-specific prevalence and incidence data of youth-onset T2D published between 2008 and 2019, and searched for national guidelines to expand the understanding of country-specific similarities and differences. Of the 1,190 articles and 17 congress abstracts identified, 58 were included in this review. Our search found the highest reported prevalence rates of youth-onset T2D in China (520 cases/100,000 people) and the USA (212 cases/100,000) and lowest in Denmark (0.6 cases/100,000) and Ireland (1.2 cases/100,000). However, the highest incidence rates were reported in Taiwan (63 cases/100,000) and the UK (33.2 cases/100,000), with the lowest in Fiji (0.43 cases/100,000) and Austria (0.6 cases/100,000). These differences in epidemiology data may be partly explained by variations in the diagnostic criteria used within studies, screening recommendations within national guidelines and race/ethnicity within countries. Key Messages: Our study suggests that published country-specific epidemiology data for youth-onset T2D are varied and scant, and often with reporting inconsistencies. Finding optimal diagnostic criteria and screening strategies for this disease should be of high interest to every country.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  6. High incidence of NMDAR encephalitis among Austronesians: A population-based study in Sabah, Malaysia
    Wong CK, Hor JY, Loo YP, Heng HS, Lee S, Perianen PP, et al.
    J Neuroimmunol, 2021 07 15;356:577584.
    PMID: 33933821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577584
    NMDAR encephalitis may be more common among non-Caucasians. A population-based study was conducted to estimate its incidence in Sabah, Malaysia, where the population consists predominantly of Austronesians (84%), and with a Chinese minority. Registries of NMDAR encephalitis at neurology referral centers were reviewed for case ascertainment. The annual incidence was 2.29/million (Austronesians: 2.56/million, Chinese: 1.31/million). Among pediatric population, the incidence was: Austronesians: 3.63/million, Chinese: 2.59/million. Our study demonstrated a higher incidence of NMDAR encephalitis among Austronesians than the predominantly Caucasian populations in Europe (0.5-0.9/million; pediatric: 0.7-1.5/million). Racial and genetic factors may contribute to risks of developing NMDAR encephalitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  7. Fulltext Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review
    Sami W, Ansari T, Butt NS, Hamid MRA
    Int J Health Sci (Qassim), 2017 Apr-Jun;11(2):65-71.
    PMID: 28539866
    Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered as one of the most common diseases. The etiology of T2DM is complex and is associated with irreversible risk factors such as age, genetic, race, and ethnicity and reversible factors such as diet, physical activity and smoking. The objectives of this review are to examine various studies to explore relationship of T2DM with different dietary habits/patterns and practices and its complications. Dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle are the major factors for rapidly rising incidence of DM among developing countries. In type 2 diabetics, recently, elevated HbA1c level has also been considered as one of the leading risk factors for developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. Improvement in the elevated HbA1c level can be achieved through diet management; thus, the patients could be prevented from developing the diabetes complications. Awareness about diabetes complications and consequent improvement in dietary knowledge, attitude, and practices lead to better control of the disease. The stakeholders (health-care providers, health facilities, agencies involved in diabetes care, etc.) should encourage patients to understand the importance of diet which may help in disease management, appropriate self-care and better quality of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  8. Fulltext Choriocarcinoma after Caesarean Section – Repeated Misgivings
    Roszaman, R., Ghazali Ismail
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2006;5(1):1-4.
    MyJurnal
    Choriocarcinoma is a malignant proliferation of syncytial trophoblast cells that do not form placental villi. It is a relatively rare and highly malignant variant of gestational trophoblastic disease. Although choriocarcinoma is mostly observed after a molar pregnancy, it may be preceded by any gestational event. It has been shown that even a partial mole can transform into choricarcinoma. Incidence rates of choriocarcinoma differ widely throughout the world. In Europe and North America, choriocarcinoma is reported to affect one in every 30,000 to 40,000 pregnancies, and one in 40 molar pregnancies. In South East Asia, choriocarcinoma is reported to affect one in every 500-3000 pregnancies. Following livebirth, choriocarcinoma with metastatic disease are important sequele (31%)(Tidy et al 1995). In the same study the reported median interval between antecedent pregnancy and choriocarcinoma is five months. Multi agent chemotherapy is required in the majority of patients (82%) for the high risk group. The prognosis for choriocarcinoma after a normal gestation is poorer. The mortality rate is also significantly higher than non-molar abortion (21%). Effective treatment with oral Methotrexate in metastatic choriocarcinoma to the lung confirmed the highly sensitive nature of this tumour to chemotherapy agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  9. Fulltext Presacral Extramedullary Haemopoiesis Mimicking an Ovarian Mass
    Amran, A.R., Moosa, F.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2006;5(1):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EH) is a rare but well-known compensatory mechanism of red blood cell production when the normal site of red bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient number of red blood cells. When the body demands for erythrocyte cells is high this lead to EH. This occurs mainly outside the bone marrow, usually paraspinally and sites which are normally observed in the fetus as in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and less frequently at other sites such as adrenal, thymus, kidneys, pleura, breast, skin, gastrointestinal tract, dura mater and brain.This is more frequent in thalassaemia major (incidence up to 15% of cases), in myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative diseases (polycythemia rubra vera, chronic myeloid leukemia,), hemolytic anemias such as hereditary spherocytosis, pyruvate-kinase deficiency, medullary tuberculosis and in Paget’s disease of the bone. In some cases the cause of the EH are not identified [3]. We describe a case of EH in the presacral space that mimicked an ovarian mass on ultrasound in a patient with beta-thalassaemia intermedia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  10. Fulltext Acute gastroenteritis among indigenous paediatric patients – a descriptive study in a rural district hospital, Sarawak
    Cheah, W. L., Lee, P. Y., Kamarudin, K., Syed Alwi, S. A. R., Albela, H., Lau, E. H., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2011;7(2):3-7.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the frequent causes of hospitalization in children under the age of five, particularly in a rural setting. This study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in indigenous children admitted to a rural district hospital in Sarawak. Methods: A retrospective review of indigenous paediatrics cases of acute gastroenteritis
    admitted to the ward of Serian District Hospital, a rural district hospital in Sarawak, between the years
    2006-2007. The data was collected from the patients’ case notes, obtained with permission from the
    hospital management. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: During the study period, 234 indigenous children with acute gastroenteritis were admitted with the highest prevalence in 2006 (53.4%). The findings showed higher prevalence was found in children aged 3 years and below (76.5%) and male (56.4%) The minimum duration of hospital stay is 1 day, and the maximum stay is 5 days. The clinical findings showed that the majority of the cases presented with vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth and tongue, sunken eye, with the majority (76%) reported having mild dehydration. The most common treatment used is oral rehydration solutions (85.4%), followed by intravenous bolus or drip (82.3%), paracetamol (79%) and antibiotic (36.2%). Peak incidence of admissions was between November to January. About 38.5% of the AGE cases admitted were found to be underweight (weight for- age below -2SD). Conclusion: The findings indicated children aged 3 years and below are the most vulnerable to AGE and malnutrition could be one of the predisposing factors. The peak incidence during the raining season at the end of the year indicated a possible relationship between AGE and seasonal type of virus infection. Prevention in the form of proper hygiene at the household level probably will prove to be useful.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  11. Fulltext Improving the knowledge and practice on early detection of neonatal jaundice by nurses in Kuching district
    Abai G, Henry J, Lian CB, Wee ASF, Bili H, Ratu I
    Int J Public Health Res, 2011;1(2):92-99.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction Neonatal jaundice occurs in about 60% of newborns. If not managed properly, it can progress to severe neonatal jaundice (SNNJ) leading to death or permanent disability. The incidence of SNNJ in Kuching District increased from 119.3 per 100,000 live births in 2005 to 123.3 per 100,000 live births in 2008, which was above the Standard National QAP Indicator of 100 per 10,000 live births. SNNJ can be prevented by early detection and proper management of neonatal jaundice. The objective is to increase the knowledge and practise of early detection of neonatal jaundice by nurses in Kuching District. Methods This was an interventional study covering a period of six months. The sample comprised 113 nurses of all categories working in urban and rural maternal and child health clinics in Kuching District. Tools used in the study were self-administered questionnaires in English and Bahasa Malaysia. The preintervention survey started in July 2009 while the post-intervention survey was done in January 2010. The interventions were done through Continuing Nursing Education sessions and included new nursing formats and new reporting procedures. New vehicles were also provided for home nursing. Data was collected and analyzed using MS Excel program. Results The pre-intervention survey on nurses showed that only 56.6% were able to identify the risk of factors causing jaundice; 94.6% able to define jaundice; 41.5% able to detect jaundice while 70.8% knew sign of Kernicterus. In term of recommended post natal nursing schedule only 40.7% able to practice the schedule while only 69.0% able to give advice on management of jaundice. Post intervention; 63.2% of nurses were able to identify the risk factors causing jaundice; 97.2% able to define jaundice while 97.2% were able to detect jaundice and 88.6% know sign of Kernicterus. On recommended post natal nursing schedule, 49.9 % practice the recommended schedule while 92.0% were able to give advice to mother on management of jaundice. The incident of jaundice of Severe Neonatal Jaundice dropped to 78 per 100,000 live births in 2010.
    Conclusions The study shows that the interventions taken helped to improve the knowledge and practice of recommended measures to detect neonatal jaundice early. Stronger emphasis must be placed on using the new reporting procedures and new nursing sheets. Continuous monitoring through regular nursing audits by clinic supervisors is also essential to reduce the incidence of SNNJ. Provision of vehicles for all busy maternal and child health clinics for home nursing care is highly recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  12. Spectrum of flood-related diseases encountered during flood disaster in Johore, Malaysia
    Badrul Hisham, A.S., Nor Azian Shaharom, C.M.D., Marzukhi, M.I., Norli, R., Fatimah, O., Kee, KF, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(3):15-23.
    MyJurnal
    The state of Johore, Malaysia had been hit by the worst flood in the Malaysian modern history on the 19th December 2006 (first wave) and the 12th January 2007 (second wave) affecting all the eight districts. A total number of 157,018 and 155,368 Johore population had been displaced by the first and the second wave event respectively. The Johore State Health Department activated the Flood Action Plan which include mobilising medical teams to conduct daily clinical examinations on the flood victims and health teams to inspect flood relief centres, food premises and homes at flood-hit areas with regard to prevent and control communicable diseases. The spreadsheet format was used to collect data on diseases, injury and death throughout the Johore flood disaster period starting from the 19th December 2006 until 19th February 2007. Analyses showed that 19,670 flood victims (36.3%) had communicable diseases and 34,530 (67.0%) had non-communicable diseases. As for the communicable diseases and symptoms/syndromes related to communicable disease, 41.3% were acute respiratory infections (ARI) followed by 25.9% skin infections, 19.1% fever, 10.1% acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and 3.0% acute conjunctivitis. Other infectious diseases include 61 notifiable diseases (46 food poisoning, 14 dengue fever and one tuberculosis), 20 leptospirosis (with two deaths), 20 chicken pox and two melioidosis cases. The Batu Pahat district had the highest incidence for the majority of the communicable diseases because of the prolonged flooding period. No cholera, typhoid, malaria, measles or hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases were detected among the Johore flood victims. Trends of disease incidence follow the number of evacuees placed in the relief centres corresponding to respective wave. A total of 507 flood victims had physical injuries related to flood mostly due to fall onto wet floor at the relief centres. Fifteen deaths due to drowning were mainly caused by accidental fall into the flood water. The incidence of communicable diseases encountered had been appropriately anticipated and managed attributed to enhanced public health control programmes augmented by syndromic and laboratory surveillance on potentialy fatal infectious diseases. Equal emphasis should be given to the surveillance and control of chronic diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  13. Fulltext Challenges in managing uncontrolled hypertension cases at relief centre in Kota Tinggi District, Johore
    Hanihaselah, M.S., Norasikin, M.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(3):24-34.
    MyJurnal
    Background : The management of chronic disease during flood seems to be one of the main challenges to the health care service. Chronic disease becomes worst during flood. Poor condition at the relief centres, loss of assets, fear, and lack of functional health facilities contribute to the morbidity and mortality during and after flood. Poor chronic disease management, especially on severe and uncontrolled hypertension, may threaten lives of victims during flood. In addition, comprehensive treatment cannot be delivered due to destroyed infrastructure, shortage of doctors on duty and delay in getting drug supply. Therefore, all aspects of chronic disease management shall be reviewed and included in the disaster preparedness in order to control and prevent acute incidence and complications of the chronic diseases. Previous Action Plan did not address this issue effectively which had caused many patients not getting their treatment adequately. The aim of this writing is to share experiences in managing chronic disease patients particularly hypertensive patients.
    Methodology : A retrospective study based on data collection by health personnel while conducting health screening, clinical examination and giving treatment to flood victims at the relief centres. Hypertensive patients were identified when the victims came for treatment and while the medical team conducting medical rounds. New hypertensive cases as well as uncontrolled cases with no complication were treated and monitored at the relief centres.
    Result : It was found that 34,530 cases of non communicable disease (11.1% of the total number of the flood victims) including hypertension and diabetes mellitus were reported in Johor. Kota Tinggi reported a total number of 5,317 cases of chronic disease. There was no data collection on specific chronic diseases collected at the state level during the floods thus the findings representing Kota Tinggi cases only. In retrospective search of 150 flood victims with hypertension in Kota Tinggi, only 95 cases had complete data. Among them 71.6% (68 cases) were hypertensive cases already on treatment and 28.4% (27 cases) were new cases. Also it has been found that 67.4% (64 cases) were uncontrolled hypertension and 32.6% (31 cases) were controlled hypertension. Four cases had been found diagnosed as uncontrolled hypertension with complications and have been referred to hospital.
    Conclusion : Comprehensive health strategy for flood victims shall not be focused only on saving lives and giving emergency treatment to patients but also to update and strengthen an overall chronic disease management. Many factors contributed to increase in blood pressure during flooding. Good hypertensive treatment at the relief centres is needed to minimise morbidity and mortality. Information on care and treatment received by flood victims having chronic disease is vital in assessing their health needs during disaster and in formulating disaster preparedness in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  14. Fulltext Pengawalan mutu air minuman dan sanitasi semasa banjir 2006-2007 di Johor Darul Ta’zim
    Md Rajuna, A.S., Norazema, S.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(3):41-54.
    MyJurnal
    Background : Safe potable water is critical during and post flood. In the pre-flood period, Johore has an excellent, systematic and comprehensive water supply system. More than 98.6% of Johore population received treated water supply from the water treatment plants.
    Methodology : Data collection was performed by conducting additional water sampling at routine sampling stations as well as the flood relief centres, water tankers (lorries) and static water tanks. Water treatment plant outlet and water tanker inlet shall have a minimum level of 2.0 mg/l of residual chlorine so that reticulation, water tanker outlets and static water tanks would have at least 0.5 mg/l as a measure to prevent the incidence of water borne diseases. Sampling was done everyday to monitor water quality at the flood relief centres as well as flood-hit areas. Inspections and surveillance on sanitation were also conducted on latrines, solid waste disposal systems and on the surrounding environment.
    Results : A total of 6,283 water samples had been collected during and post flood. Violations on E. coli, turbidity and residual chlorine were 0.8%, 0.6% and 4.0% respectively with the Kluang district recorded the highest percentages for all the three parameters. A number of 621 wells had been inspected with 378 of them (60.9%) had been chlorinated. In order to ensure environmental cleanliness, 26,815 houses in 708 villages had been visited. Out of them, 2,011 houses (7.5%) were not satisfactory. Sanitation inspections found that 1,778 latrines, 2,719 domestic water sewerage systems and 2,955 solid waste disposal systems were under substandard conditions thus remedial actions had been taken immediately.
    Conclusion : Although the flood disaster was massive with prolonged flooding period, however, an overall quality status on treated water supply was satisfactory whilst sanitary hygiene was under control. Hence, the incidence of communicable disease especially water borne diseases would not progress into serious outbreak, in fact, neither cholera nor typhoid was reported during the Johore flood disaster.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  15. Fulltext Scalp Haematoma in Cerebral Palsy Case due to Unknown Cause - A Rare Case Report
    Uthamalingam M, Singh DS
    J Clin Diagn Res, 2016 Jun;10(6):PD05-6.
    PMID: 27504347 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18761.7965
    Incidences of cerebral palsy (CP) in children are not quite common even though it is the most common motor disorder in children. Further quality of life in CP cases is not so good in young adult stages and has to face certain problems. However scalp haematoma formation in CP patient without injury to head is rarely been reported. The case is being reported for the first time from Malaysia. We report on a unique case of scalp haematoma in an 18-year-old girl of known CP patient with unknown cause. No history of trauma or fall with any of the focal neurological signs or symptoms was found. Clinical examination showed soft boggy swelling of 8 x 10 cm size, involving most of scalp and upper face. CT - scan showed scalp haematoma with right orbital extraconal lesion. She underwent incision and drainage of scalp lesion; consequently around 100 ml of clotted blood came out. At follow-up she was doing well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  16. Occurrence of human respiratory syncytial virus in summer in Japan
    Shobugawa Y, Takeuchi T, Hibino A, Hassan MR, Yagami R, Kondo H, et al.
    Epidemiol Infect, 2017 Jan;145(2):272-284.
    PMID: 27682641
    In temperate zones, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) outbreaks typically occur in cold weather, i.e. in late autumn and winter. However, recent outbreaks in Japan have tended to start during summer and autumn. This study examined associations of meteorological conditions with the numbers of HRSV cases reported in summer in Japan. Using data from the HRSV national surveillance system and national meteorological data for summer during the period 2007-2014, we utilized negative binomial logistic regression analysis to identify associations between meteorological conditions and reported cases of HRSV. HRSV cases increased when summer temperatures rose and when relative humidity increased. Consideration of the interaction term temperature × relative humidity enabled us to show synergistic effects of high temperature with HRSV occurrence. In particular, HRSV cases synergistically increased when relative humidity increased while the temperature was ⩾28·2 °C. Seasonal-trend decomposition analysis using the HRSV national surveillance data divided by 11 climate divisions showed that summer HRSV cases occurred in South Japan (Okinawa Island), Kyushu, and Nankai climate divisions, which are located in southwest Japan. Higher temperature and higher relative humidity were necessary conditions for HRSV occurrence in summer in Japan. Paediatricians in temperate zones should be mindful of possible HRSV cases in summer, when suitable conditions are present.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  17. Systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies: ten-year data from a single centre in Malaysia
    Teh CL, Wan SA, Cheong YK, Ling GR
    Lupus, 2017 Feb;26(2):218-223.
    PMID: 27522092 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316664996
    We performed a retrospective study of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pregnancies during a 10-year period (2006-2015) to describe the clinical features, maternal and foetal outcomes in our centre. There were 115 pregnancies in 86 women with SLE. Our patients had a mean age of 29.1 years (SD 5.80) and a mean disease duration of 44.63 months (SD 41.17). Fifteen patients had antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Our patients had complicated pregnancies: 26.1% had SLE flares, 13.9% had pre-eclampsia and 45.1% needed caesarean sections. There were 23.3% foetal losses and 25% preterm deliveries in our patients. There was a higher rate of unplanned pregnancies and lupus flare among pregnancies with active SLE at conception. Pregnancies in lupus nephritis have higher incidence of lupus flares during pregnancy but similar maternal and foetal outcomes compared to those without nephritis. The prognostic indicators for adverse foetal outcome in our patients were flare of SLE (HR 4.08 [CI 95% 1.65-10.13, p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  18. Fulltext ROC analysis of MAMMEX and SOUNDEX — expert systems for the diagnoses of breast diseases
    Ngah, U.K., Aziz, S.A., Aziz, M.E., Murad, M., Mahdi, N.M.N., Shakaff, A.Y.M., et al.
    ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(1):1-11.
    MyJurnal
    The incidences of breast cancer have been rising at an alarming rate. Mass breast screening programmes involving mammography and ultrasound in certain parts of the world have also proven their benefits in early detection. However, radiologists may be confronted with increased workload. An attempt has been made in this paper to rectify part of the problems faced in this area. Expert systems based on the interpretation of mammographic and ultrasound images for classifying patient cases could be utilized by doctors (expert and non-expert) in screening. These softwares consist of MAMMEX (for mammogram) and SOUNDEX (for breast ultrasound) could be used to deduce cases according to Breast Imaging Recording and Data System (BI-RADS), based on patients’ history, physical and clinical assessment, mammograms and breast ultrasound images. A total of 179 retrospective cases from the Radiology Department, hospital of the University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan were used in this study. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was implemented, based on the usage of a two-class forced choice of classifying suspicious and malignant findings as positive with normal, benign and probably benign classified as negative. Results yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.997 with the least standard error value of 0.003 for MAMMEX while an AUC of 0.996 with the least standard error of 0.004 was accomplished for SOUNDEX. A system which very closely simulated radiologists was also successfully developed in this study. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the expert systems developed were of high performance and reliability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  19. Fulltext Obesity and habitual physical activity level among staffs working in a military hospital in Malacca, Malaysia
    Ayiesah, R., Leonard, J.H., Vijaykumar, P., Mohd Suhaimy, R.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(1):53-58.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Obesity has been recognized as a major public health concern due to lack of physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the status of body mass index (BMI) and habitual physical activity level among staffs working in Military Hospital, Malacca using Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (HPAQ). Results: About 120 HPAQ were distributed and only 82 responded with 23(28%) of them males and 59 (72%) females, aged between 21 to 59 (40.52 ± 9.38) years old. Anthropometry analysis showed the mean weight of male respondents was 79.48 (± 16.33) and 70.95 (± 15.66) for the females. Body mass index (BMI) for males (33.61 ± 2.82) was almost similar to females ( 33.20± 2.95).The mean waist circumference of men was 93.26 (± 10.94)cm compared to 94.03 (± 11.98)cm in the females. Following categorization of BMI, 59% (n=48) are in the obese group, 24% (n=20) are overweight and only 17% (n=14) have an ideal body weight or normal BMI. Relationship between BMI and HPAQ demonstrated strong and significant correlation coefficient for habitual physical activity at work (r = 0.775, p < 0.001), sports (r = 0.735, p < 0.05) and leisure ( r = 0.713, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The staffs working in the Hospital demonstrated poor habitual physical activity which explains for the high incidence of obesity among the staffs. This requires measures to be taken to promote a healthier lifestyle among them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
  20. Fulltext Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Low Back Among Health Care Providers in a District Hospital
    Wong, T.S., Teo, N., Kyaw, M.).
    Malays Orthop J, 2010;4(2):23-28.
    MyJurnal
    Study design: A cross-sectional study among health care providers working at one hospital. Objective: To investigate the prevalence, the consequences and the risk factors associated with low back pain (LBP) among hospital staff. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 931 health care providers who answered a pre-established questionnaire including 30 items in two languages. Results: The cumulative life-prevalence of LBP was 72.5% and the yearly prevalence was 56.9%. Chronic LBP prevalence was noted 5.1% of the cases. Treatment was sought in 34.1% of LBP sufferers and 7.3% required sick leave or absence from work due to LBP. Risk factors associated with LBP were professional categories, bad body posture, lifting objects or patients and the increased levels of lifting, levels of job satisfaction and stressful job demands. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of LBP among hospital staff, resulting in significant medical and socio-professional consequences. Many risk factors were identified that would necessitate multidisciplinary involvement to reduce the LBP incidence and related costs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Incidence
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