Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 135 in total

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  1. Fulltext Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac
    Rezaee M, Basri M, Rahman RN, Salleh AB, Chaibakhsh N, Karjiban RA
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:539-48.
    PMID: 24531324 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S49616
    Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%-80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17-1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300-3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5-30 minutes) on the properties of sodium diclofenac-loaded palm kernel oil esters-nanoemulsions. The two response variables were droplet size and viscosity. Optimization of the conditions according to the four variables was performed for preparation of the nanoemulsions with the minimum values of particle size and viscosity. The results showed that the experimental data could be sufficiently fitted into a third-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients (R(2) ) of 0.938 and 0.994 for the particle size and viscosity, respectively. Water content, O/S ratio and mixing time, quadrics of all independent variables, interaction between O/S ratio and mixing rate and between mixing time and rate, as well as cubic term of water content had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the particle size of nanoemulsions. The linear effect of all independent variables, quadrics of water content and O/S ratio, interaction of water content and O/S ratio, as well as cubic term of water content and O/S ratio had significant effects (P<0.05) on the viscosity of all nanoemulsions. The optimum conditions for preparation of sodium diclofenac nanoemulsions were predicted to be: 71.36% water content; 0.69 O/S ratio; 950 rpm mixing rate, and 5 minute mixing time. The optimized formulation showed good storage stability in different temperatures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  2. Fulltext Supramolecular Architectures of Nucleic Acid/Peptide Hybrids
    Higashi SL, Rozi N, Hanifah SA, Ikeda M
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Dec 12;21(24).
    PMID: 33322664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249458
    Supramolecular architectures that are built artificially from biomolecules, such as nucleic acids or peptides, with structural hierarchical orders ranging from the molecular to nano-scales have attracted increased attention in molecular science research fields. The engineering of nanostructures with such biomolecule-based supramolecular architectures could offer an opportunity for the development of biocompatible supramolecular (nano)materials. In this review, we highlighted a variety of supramolecular architectures that were assembled from both nucleic acids and peptides through the non-covalent interactions between them or the covalently conjugated molecular hybrids between them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Enhanced ethanol gas sensing properties of SnO₂-core/ZnO-shell nanostructures
    Tharsika T, Haseeb AS, Akbar SA, Sabri MF, Hoong WY
    Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(8):14586-600.
    PMID: 25116903 DOI: 10.3390/s140814586
    An inexpensive single-step carbon-assisted thermal evaporation method for the growth of SnO2-core/ZnO-shell nanostructures is described, and the ethanol sensing properties are presented. The structure and phases of the grown nanostructures are investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. XRD analysis indicates that the core-shell nanostructures have good crystallinity. At a lower growth duration of 15 min, only SnO2 nanowires with a rectangular cross-section are observed, while the ZnO shell is observed when the growth time is increased to 30 min. Core-shell hierarchical nanostructures are present for a growth time exceeding 60 min. The growth mechanism for SnO2-core/ZnO-shell nanowires and hierarchical nanostructures are also discussed. The sensitivity of the synthesized SnO2-core/ZnO-shell nanostructures towards ethanol sensing is investigated. Results show that the SnO2-core/ZnO-shell nanostructures deposited at 90 min exhibit enhanced sensitivity to ethanol. The sensitivity of SnO2-core/ZnO-shell nanostructures towards 20 ppm ethanol gas at 400 °C is about ~5-times that of SnO2 nanowires. This improvement in ethanol gas response is attributed to high active sensing sites and the synergistic effect of the encapsulation of SnO2 by ZnO nanostructures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  4. Progression in sensing cardiac troponin biomarker charge transductions on semiconducting nanomaterials
    Fathil MF, Md Arshad MK, Ruslinda AR, Nuzaihan M N M, Gopinath SC, Adzhri R, et al.
    Anal Chim Acta, 2016 Sep 07;935:30-43.
    PMID: 27543013 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.012
    A real-time ability to interpret the interaction between targeted biomolecules and the surface of semiconductors (metal transducers) into readable electrical signals, without biomolecular modification involving fluorescence dyes, redox enzymes, and radioactive labels, created by label-free biosensors has been extensively researched. Field-effect transistor (FET)- and capacitor-based biosensors are among the diverse electrical charge biosensing architectures that have drawn much attention for having charge transduction; thus, enabling the early and rapid diagnosis of the appropriate cardiac biomarkers at lower concentrations. These semiconducting material-based transducers are very suitable to be integrated with portable electronic devices for future online collection, transmission, reception, analysis, and reporting. This overview elucidates and clarifies two major electrical label-free systems (FET- and capacitor-based biosensors) with cardiac troponin (cTn) biomarker-mediated charge transduction for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis. Advances in these systems are highlighted by their progression in bridging the laboratory and industry; the foremost technologies have made the transition from benchtop to bedside and beyond.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  5. The formation of hybrid carbon nanomaterial by chemical vapor deposition: an efficient adsorbent for enhanced removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution
    Alayan HM, Alsaadi MA, Das R, Abo-Hamad A, Ibrahim RK, AlOmar MK, et al.
    Water Sci Technol, 2018 Mar;77(5-6):1714-1723.
    PMID: 29595174 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.057
    In this study, carbon species were grown on the surface of Ni-impregnated powder activated carbon to form a novel hybrid carbon nanomaterial by chemical vapor deposition. The carbon nanomaterial was obtained by the precipitation of the methane elemental carbon atoms on the surface of the Ni catalyst. The physiochemical properties of the hybrid material were characterized to illustrate the successful growth of carbon species on the carbon substrate. The response surface methodology was used for the evaluation of adsorption parameters effect such as pH, adsorbent dose and contact time on the percentage removal of MB dye from aqueous solution. The optimum conditions were found to be pH = 11, adsorbent dose = 15 mg and contact time of 120 min. The material we prepared showed excellent removal efficiency of 96% for initial MB concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption of MB was described accurately by the pseudo-second-order model with R2 of 0.998 and qe of 163.93 (mg/g). The adsorption system showed the best agreement with Langmuir model with R2 of 0.989 and maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 250 mg/g.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  6. Morphology and magnetic characterisation of aluminium substituted yttrium-iron garnet nanoparticles prepared using sol gel technique
    Yahya N, Al Habashi RM, Koziol K, Borkowski RD, Akhtar MN, Kashif M, et al.
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2011 Mar;11(3):2652-6.
    PMID: 21449447
    Aluminum substituted yttrium iron garnet nano particles with compositional variation of Y(3.0-x) A1(x)Fe5O12, where x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 were prepared using sol gel technique. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the best garnet phase appeared when the sintering temperature was 800 degrees C. Nano-crystalline particles with high purity and sizes ranging from 20 to 100 nm were obtained. It was found that the aluminum substitution had resulted in a sharp fall of the d-spacing when x = 2, which we speculated is due to the preference of the aluminum atoms to the smaller tetrahedron and octahedron sites instead of the much larger dodecahedron site. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and electron diffraction (ED) patterns showed single crystal nanoparticles were obtained from this method. The magnetic measurement gave moderate values of initial permeability; the highest value of 5.3 was shown by sample Y3Fe5O12 at more than 100 MHz which was attributed to the morphology of the microstructure which appeared to be homogeneous. This had resulted in an easy movement of domain walls. The substitution of aluminum for yttrium is speculated to cause a cubic to rhombodedral structural change and had weakened the super-exchange interactions thus a fall of real permeability was observed. This might have created a strain in the sub-lattices and had subsequently caused a shift of resonance frequencies to more than 1.8 GHz when x > 0.5.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  7. Fulltext Carbon nanodots as molecular scaffolds for development of antimicrobial agents
    Ngu-Schwemlein M, Chin SF, Hileman R, Drozdowski C, Upchurch C, Hargrove A
    Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2016 Apr 01;26(7):1745-9.
    PMID: 26923697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.047
    We report the potential of carbon nanodots (CNDs) as a molecular scaffold for enhancing the antimicrobial activities of small dendritic poly(amidoamines) (PAMAM). Carbon nanodots prepared from sago starch are readily functionalized with PAMAM by using N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Electron microscopy images of these polyaminated CNDs show that they are approximately 30-60nm in diameter. Infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses of the water-soluble material established the presence of the polyamidoaminated moiety and the intrinsic fluorescence of the nanodots. The polyaminated nanodots (CND-PAM1 and CND-PAM2) exhibit in vitro antimicrobial properties, not only to non-multidrug resistant bacteria but also to the corresponding Gram-negative multidrug bacteria. Their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges from 8 to 64μg/mL, which is much lower than that of PAMAM G1 or the non-active PAMAM G0 and CNDs. Additionally, they show synergistic effect in combination with tetracycline or colistin. These preliminary results imply that CNDs can serve as a promising scaffold for facilitating the rational design of antimicrobial materials for combating the ever-increasing threat of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, their fluorescence could be pertinent to unraveling their mode of action for imaging or diagnostic applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry
  8. Fulltext Zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in a human lymphoblastic leukemia cell line
    Rahman HS, Rasedee A, Abdul AB, Zeenathul NA, Othman HH, Yeap SK, et al.
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:527-38.
    PMID: 24549090 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S54346
    This investigation evaluated the antileukemia properties of a zerumbone (ZER)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) prepared by hot high-pressure homogenization techniques in an acute human lymphoblastic leukemia (Jurkat) cell line in vitro. The apoptogenic effect of the ZER-NLC on Jurkat cells was determined by fluorescent and electron microscopy, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate, Tdt-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, cell cycle analysis, and caspase activity. An MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay showed that ZER-NLC did not have adverse effects on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ZER-NLC arrested the Jurkat cells at G2/M phase with inactivation of cyclin B1 protein. The study also showed that the antiproliferative effect of ZER-NLC on Jurkat cells is through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and subsequent cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These findings show that the ZER-NLC is a potentially useful treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  9. Dendrimer nanoarchitectures for cancer diagnosis and anticancer drug delivery
    Sharma AK, Gothwal A, Kesharwani P, Alsaab H, Iyer AK, Gupta U
    Drug Discov Today, 2017 02;22(2):314-326.
    PMID: 27671487 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.013
    Dendrimers are novel nanoarchitectures with unique properties including a globular 3D shape, a monodispersed unimicellar nature and a nanometric size range. The availability of multiple peripheral functional groups and tunable surface engineering enable the facile modification of the dendrimer surface with different therapeutic drugs, diagnostic agents and targeting ligands. Drug encapsulation, and solubilizing and passive targeting also equally contribute to the therapeutic use of dendrimers. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the delivery of anticancer drugs using dendrimers, as well as other biomedical and diagnostic applications. Taken together, the immense potential and utility of dendrimers are envisaged to have a significant positive impact on the growing arena of drug delivery and targeting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry
  10. Feasibility of graphene in biomedical applications
    Foo ME, Gopinath SCB
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2017 Oct;94:354-361.
    PMID: 28772213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.122
    Nanotechnology is the developing field, bringing the materials in the nanoscale level, has been applied in the interdisciplinary sciences. Different nanomaterials, such as gold, silver, zinc, copper and graphene are shown to have a wide range of applications. Among these, graphene is one of the faster upcoming two-dimensional nanomaterials utilized in various fields due to its positive features including the properties of thermal, electrical, strength and elasticity. Biomedical applications of graphene have been widely attested to be popular among academician and industrial partners for creating next generation medical systems and therapies. In this review, we selectively revealed the current applications of graphene in the interdisciplinary medical sciences.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  11. Preparation and characterization of the encapsulated myrtle extract nanoliposome and nanoniosome without using cholesterol and toxic organic solvents: A comparative study
    Gorjian H, Raftani Amiri Z, Mohammadzadeh Milani J, Ghaffari Khaligh N
    Food Chem, 2021 Apr 16;342:128342.
    PMID: 33092927 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128342
    Nanoliposome and nanoniosome formulations containing myrtle extract were prepared without using cholesterol and toxic organic solvents for the first time. The formulations had different concentrations of lecithin (5, 7, and 9% w/w) and Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values (6.76, 8.40, and 9.59). The physicochemical characterization results showed a nearly spherical shape for the prepared nanosamples. The particle sizes, zeta potentials and encapsulation efficiencies for the prepared nanoliposomes and nanoniosomes were at a range of 260-293 nm and 224-520 nm; -33.16 to - 31.16 mV and - 33.3 to - 10.36 mV; and 68-73% and 79-83%, respectively. The formulated nanoniosomes showed better stability during storage time. Besides, the encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release rate of myrtle extract could be controlled by adjusting the lecithin concentration and HLB value. The release of myrtle extract from nanovesicles showed a pH-responsive character. The FTIR analysis confirmed that the myrtle extract was encapsulated in nanovesicles physically.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  12. Fulltext A facile thermal-treatment route to synthesize ZnO nanosheets and effect of calcination temperature
    Al-Hada NM, Saion EB, Shaari AH, Kamarudin MA, Flaifel MH, Ahmad SH, et al.
    PLoS One, 2014;9(8):e103134.
    PMID: 25093752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103134
    A facile thermal-treatment route was successfully used to synthesize ZnO nanosheets. Morphological, structural, and optical properties of obtained nanoparticles at different calcination temperatures were studied using various techniques. The FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM and TEM images confirmed the formation of ZnO nanosheets through calcination in the temperature between 500 to 650 °C. The SEM images showed a morphological structure of ZnO nanosheets, which inclined to crumble at higher calcination temperatures. The XRD and FTIR spectra revealed that the samples were amorphous at 30 °C but transformed into a crystalline structure during calcination process. The average particle size and degree of crystallinity increased with increasing calcination temperature. The estimated average particle sizes from TEM images were about 23 and 38 nm for the lowest and highest calcination temperature i.e. 500 and 650 °C, respectively. The optical properties were determined by UV-Vis reflection spectrophotometer and showed a decrease in the band gap with increasing calcination temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  13. Protein directed assembly of lipids
    Nordin D, Yarkoni O, Donlon L, Savinykh N, Frankel D
    Chem Commun (Camb), 2012 Jan 18;48(5):672-4.
    PMID: 22129789 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15902j
    Highly ordered ring-like structures are formed via the directed assembly of lipid domains in supported bilayers, using the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. The ability of biological molecules to guide nanoscale assembly suggests potential biomimetic approaches to nanoscale structures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry
  14. Fulltext The Principle of Nanomaterials Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors and Its Potential for Dopamine Detection
    Kamal Eddin FB, Fen YW
    Molecules, 2020 Jun 15;25(12).
    PMID: 32549390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122769
    For a healthy life, the human biological system should work in order. Scheduled lifestyle and lack of nutrients usually lead to fluctuations in the biological entities levels such as neurotransmitters (NTs), proteins, and hormones, which in turns put the human health in risk. Dopamine (DA) is an extremely important catecholamine NT distributed in the central nervous system. Its level in the body controls the function of human metabolism, central nervous, renal, hormonal, and cardiovascular systems. It is closely related to the major domains of human cognition, feeling, and human desires, as well as learning. Several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are related to the extreme abnormalities in DA levels. Therefore, the development of an accurate, effective, and highly sensitive method for rapid determination of DA concentrations is desired. Up to now, different methods have been reported for DA detection such as electrochemical strategies, high-performance liquid chromatography, colorimetry, and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. However, most of them have some limitations. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy was widely used in biosensing. However, its use to detect NTs is still growing and has fascinated impressive attention of the scientific community. The focus in this concise review paper will be on the principle of SPR sensors and its operation mechanism, the factors that affect the sensor performance. The efficiency of SPR biosensors to detect several clinically related analytes will be mentioned. DA functions in the human body will be explained. Additionally, this review will cover the incorporation of nanomaterials into SPR biosensors and its potential for DA sensing with mention to its advantages and disadvantages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry
  15. Current and future envision on developing biosensors aided by 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) productions
    Dalila R N, Md Arshad MK, Gopinath SCB, Norhaimi WMW, Fathil MFM
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2019 May 01;132:248-264.
    PMID: 30878725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.005
    Two-dimensional (2D) layered nanomaterials have triggered an intensive interest due to the fascinating physiochemical properties with the exceptional physical, optical and electrical characteristics that transpired from the quantum size effect of their ultra-thin structure. Among the family of 2D nanomaterials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) features distinct characteristics related to the existence of direct energy bandgap, which significantly lowers the leakage current and surpasses other 2D materials. In this overview, we expatiate the novel strategies to synthesize MoS2 that cover techniques such as liquid exfoliation, chemical vapour deposition, mechanical exfoliation, hydrothermal reaction, and Van Der Waal epitaxial growth on the substrate. We extend the discussion on the recent progress in biosensing applications of the produced MoS2, highlighting the important surface-to-volume of ultrathin MoS2 structure, which enhances the overall performance of the devices. Further, envisioned the missing piece with the current MoS2-based biosensors towards developing the future strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  16. Enhancing the efficiency of polymerase chain reaction using graphene nanoflakes
    Abdul Khaliq R, Kafafy R, Salleh HM, Faris WF
    Nanotechnology, 2012 Nov 16;23(45):455106.
    PMID: 23085573 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/45/455106
    The effect of the recently developed graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been investigated in this paper. The rationale behind the use of GNFs is their unique physical and thermal properties. Experiments show that GNFs can enhance the thermal conductivity of base fluids and results also revealed that GNFs are a potential enhancer of PCR efficiency; moreover, the PCR enhancements are strongly dependent on GNF concentration. It was found that GNFs yield DNA product equivalent to positive control with up to 65% reduction in the PCR cycles. It was also observed that the PCR yield is dependent on the GNF size, wherein the surface area increases and augments thermal conductivity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to analyze the heat transfer through the PCR tube model in the presence and absence of GNFs. The results suggest that the superior thermal conductivity effect of GNFs may be the main cause of the PCR enhancement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  17. The formation and characterisation of an asymmetric nanofiltration membrane for ammonia-nitrogen removal: effect of shear rate
    Ali N, Halim NS, Jusoh A, Endut A
    Bioresour Technol, 2010 Mar;101(5):1459-65.
    PMID: 19786347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.070
    The focus of this research is to study the potential of nanofiltration membrane technology in removing ammonia-nitrogen from the aquaculture system. One of the major fabrication parameters that directly affect the separation performance is shear rate or casting rate during membrane fabrication. In this study, asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiltration membranes were prepared at five different shear rates within the range of 67-400 s(-1). Membrane productivity and separation performance were assessed via pure water, salt and ammonia-nitrogen permeation experiments, and their structural properties were determined by employing the combination of the irreversible thermodynamic (IT) model, solution diffusion model, steric hindrance pore (SHP) model and Teorell-Meyers (TMS) model. The study reveals that the alteration of shear rate enormously affects the membrane morphology and structural parameters, hence subsequently significantly influencing the membrane performance. It was found that, membrane produced at the shear rate 200 s(-1) or equivalent to 10s of casting speed during membrane fabrications managed to remove about 68% of ammonia-nitrogen, in which its separation performance is the most favourable by means of highest flux and rejection ability towards unwanted solutes. Besides, from the research findings, nano-membrane technology is a potential candidate for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry
  18. A review on chitosan-cellulose blends and nanocellulose reinforced chitosan biocomposites: Properties and their applications
    H P S AK, Saurabh CK, A S A, Nurul Fazita MR, Syakir MI, Davoudpour Y, et al.
    Carbohydr Polym, 2016 Oct 05;150:216-26.
    PMID: 27312632 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.028
    Chitin is one of the most abundant natural polymers in world and it is used for the production of chitosan by deacetylation. Chitosan is antibacterial in nature, non-toxic, and biodegradable thus it can be used for the production of biodegradable film which is a green alternative to commercially available synthetic counterparts. However, their poor mechanical and thermal properties restricted its wide spread applications. Chitosan is highly compatible with other biopolymers thus its blending with cellulose and/or incorporation of nanofiber isolated from cellulose namely cellulose nanofiber and cellulose nanowhiskers are generally useful. Cellulosic fibers in nano scale are attractive reinforcement in chitosan to produce environmental friendly composite films with improved physical properties. Thus chitosan based composites have wide applicability and potential in the field of biomedical, packaging and water treatment. This review summarises properties and preparation procedure of chitosan-cellulose blends and nano size cellulose reinforcement in chitosan bionanocomposites for different applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  19. An iron oxide nanoworm hybrid on an interdigitated microelectrode silica surface to detect abdominal aortic aneurysms
    Yan G, Li Q, Hong X, Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Li C, et al.
    Mikrochim Acta, 2021 05 11;188(6):185.
    PMID: 33977395 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04836-8
    An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is abnormal swelling in the abdominal aorta and a prevalent life-threatening disease. This research introduces a new interdigitated microelectrode (IDME)-sensing surface modified by iron oxide nanoworms (IONWs) for detecting the AAA biomarker insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). A sandwich pattern was formulated with the IGF1 aptamer and IGFBP1 (IGF binding protein-1) on the IONW-constructed IDME hybrid to identify IGF1. The surface morphology of the IONWs revealed a uniform distribution of worm-like structures (80-100 nm) as confirmed by FESEM and FETEM analyses. Further, the presence of the major elements, Fe and O, was confirmed by EDX and XPS studies. The crystal planes that appeared in the IONW reflect cubic magnetite. IONW-modified IDME attained a limit of detection for IGF1 of 1 fM (3σ) with an aptamer-IGF1-IGFBP1 sandwich. This sandwich with IGFBP1 enhanced the current level at all concentrations of IGF1 and displayed linearity in the range 1 fM to 100 pM with a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.9373 [y = 3.38221x - 4.79]. Control experiments with complementary aptamer sequences, IGF2 and IGFBP3 did not show notable signal changes, indicating the specific detection of IGF1. This IONW constructed electrode helps to achieve the detection of low amounts of IGF1 and diagnose AAA at the stage prior to rupture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry*
  20. Neuroprotection by Human Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells: From Billions to Nano
    Venugopal C, K S, Rai KS, Pinnelli VB, Kutty BM, Dhanushkodi A
    Curr Gene Ther, 2018;18(5):307-323.
    PMID: 30209999 DOI: 10.2174/1566523218666180913152615
    INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy in recent years has gained significant attention. Though the functional outcomes following MSC therapy for neurodegenerative diseases are convincing, various mechanisms for the functional recovery are being debated. Nevertheless, recent studies convincingly demonstrated that recovery following MSC therapy could be reiterated with MSC secretome per se thereby shifting the dogma from cell therapy to cell "based" therapy. In addition to various functional proteins, stem cell secretome also includes extracellular membrane vesicles like exosomes. Exosomes which are of "Nano" size have attracted significant interest as they can pass through the bloodbrain barrier far easily than macro size cells or growth factors. Exosomes act as a cargo between cells to bring about significant alterations in target cells. As the importance of exosomes is getting unveil, it is imperial to carry out a comprehensive study to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of exosomes as compared to conventional co-culture or total condition medium treatments.

    OBJECTIVE: Thus, the present study is designed to compare the neuroprotective potential of MSC derived exosomes with MSC-condition medium or neuron-MSC-co-culture system against kainic acid induced excitotoxicity in in vitro condition. The study also aims at comparing the neuroprotective efficacy of exosomes/condition medium/co-culture of two MSC viz., neural crest derived human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSC) and human Bone-Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBM-MSC) to identify the appropriate MSC source for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

    RESULT: Our results demonstrated that neuroprotective efficacy of MSC-exosomes is as efficient as MSC-condition medium or neuron-MSC co-culture system and treating degenerating hippocampal neurons with all three MSC based approaches could up-regulate host's endogenous growth factor expressions and prevent apoptosis by activating cell survival PI3K-B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) pathway.

    CONCLUSION: Thus, the current study highlights the possibilities of treating neurodegenerative diseases with "Nano" size exosomes as opposed to transplanting billions of stem cells which inherit several disadvantages.

    Matched MeSH terms: Nanostructures/chemistry
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