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Cellular proteome alterations in response to enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infections in neuronal and intestinal cell lines

Chan SY, Sam IC, Lai JK, Chan YF

J Proteomics, 2015 Jul 1;125:121-30.
PMID: 26003530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.016

Hand, foot and mouth disease is mainly caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), but EV-A71 is also associated with severe neurological complications. Host factors may contribute to the different clinical outcomes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections. A neurovirulent EV-A71 strain (EV-A71/UH1) from a fatal case, a non-neurovirulent EV-A71 strain (EV-A71/Sha66) and a CV-A16 strain (CV-A16/22159) from cases of uncomplicated HFMD were used. Replication of the viruses in SK-N-MC (neuronal) and HT-29 (intestinal) cell lines correlated with the severity of clinical disease associated with each virus. EV-A71/UH1 showed the greatest replication in neuronal cells. In HT-29 cells, both EV-A71 strains replicated well, but CV-A16/22159 showed no effective replication. The proteomes of mock and infected SK-N-MC and HT-29 cell lines were compared by 2D-SDS-PAGE. The differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. There were 46 and 44 differentially expressed proteins identified from SK-N-MC and HT-29 cells, respectively, categorized under apoptosis, stress, cytoskeletal, energy metabolism proteins and others. Western blot validation showed that EV-A71/UH1 and CV-A16 also differentially induced proteins involved in viral RNA translation and host cell stress responses in neuronal and intestinal cell lines.

Matched MeSH terms: Coxsackievirus Infections/metabolism*; Intestines/metabolism*; RNA, Viral/metabolism*; Enterovirus A, Human/metabolism*
Comparison of different process strategies for bioethanol production from Eucheuma cottonii: An economic study

Tan IS, Lee KT

Bioresour Technol, 2016 Jan;199:336-346.
PMID: 26283313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.008

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of red macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii (EC) as feedstock for third-generation bioethanol production. Dowex (TM) Dr-G8 was explored as a potential solid catalyst to hydrolyzed carbohydrates from EC or macroalgae extract (ME) and pretreatment of macroalgae cellulosic residue (MCR), to fermentable sugars prior to fermentation process. The highest total sugars were produced at 98.7 g/L when 16% of the ME was treated under the optimum conditions of solid acid hydrolysis (8% (w/v) Dowex (TM) Dr-G8, 120°C, 1h) and 2% pretreated MCR (P-MCR) treated by enzymatic hydrolysis (pH 4.8, 50°C, 30 h). A two-stream process resulted in 11.6g/L of bioethanol from the fermentation of ME hydrolysates and 11.7 g/L from prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of P-MCR. The fixed price of bioethanol obtained from the EC is competitive with that obtained from other feedstocks.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethanol/metabolism*; Rhodophyta/metabolism*; Seaweed/metabolism; Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fulltext Biochemical Modulation of Lipid Pathway in Microalgae Dunaliella sp. for Biodiesel Production

Talebi AF, Tohidfar M, Mousavi Derazmahalleh SM, Sulaiman A, Baharuddin AS, Tabatabaei M

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:597198.
PMID: 26146623 DOI: 10.1155/2015/597198

Exploitation of renewable sources of energy such as algal biodiesel could turn energy supplies problem around. Studies on a locally isolated strain of Dunaliella sp. showed that the mean lipid content in cultures enriched by 200 mg L(-1) myoinositol was raised by around 33% (1.5 times higher than the control). Similarly, higher lipid productivity values were achieved in cultures treated by 100 and 200 mg L(-1) myoinositol. Fluorometry analyses (microplate fluorescence and flow cytometry) revealed increased oil accumulation in the Nile red-stained algal samples. Moreover, it was predicted that biodiesel produced from myoinositol-treated cells possessed improved oxidative stability, cetane number, and cloud point values. From the genomic point of view, real-time analyses revealed that myoinositol negatively influenced transcript abundance of AccD gene (one of the key genes involved in lipid production pathway) due to feedback inhibition and that its positive effect must have been exerted through other genes. The findings of the current research are not to interprete that myoinositol supplementation could answer all the challenges faced in microalgal biodiesel production but instead to show that "there is a there there" for biochemical modulation strategies, which we achieved, increased algal oil quantity and enhanced resultant biodiesel quality.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/metabolism; Lipid Metabolism/genetics*; Microalgae/metabolism*
The Influence of Glycated Hemoglobin on the Cross Susceptibility Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease

Lappin DF, Robertson D, Hodge P, Treagus D, Awang RA, Ramage G, et al.

J. Periodontol., 2015 Nov;86(11):1249-59.
PMID: 26252750 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150149

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is a major complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between glycated hemoglobin and circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) in non-smoking patients suffering from T1DM, with and without periodontitis. In addition, to determine the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the presence and absence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 expression by THP-1 monocytes and OKF6/TERT-2 cells.
METHODS: There were 104 participants in the study: 19 healthy volunteers, 23 patients with periodontitis, 28 patients with T1DM, and 34 patients with T1DM and periodontitis. Levels of blood glucose/glycated hemoglobin (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry [IFCC]) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Levels of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 in plasma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro stimulation of OKF6/TERT-2 cells and THP-1 monocytes was performed with combinations of AGE and P. gingivalis LPS. Changes in expression of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 were monitored by ELISA and real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: Patients with diabetes and periodontitis had higher plasma levels of IL-8 than patients with periodontitis alone. Plasma levels of IL-8 correlated significantly with IFCC units, clinical probing depth, and attachment loss. AGE and LPS, alone or in combination, stimulated IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 expression in both OKF6/TERT-2 cells and THP-1 monocytes.
CONCLUSIONS: Elevated plasma levels of IL-8 potentially contribute to the cross-susceptibility between periodontitis and T1DM. P. gingivalis LPS and AGE in combination caused significantly greater expression of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 from THP-1 monocytes and OKF6/TERT-2 cells than LPS alone.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism*; Interleukin-6/metabolism; Cytokines/metabolism*; Chemokines/metabolism*
Fulltext Mathematical modeling of subthreshold resonant properties in pyloric dilator neurons

Vazifehkhah Ghaffari B, Kouhnavard M, Aihara T, Kitajima T

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:135787.
PMID: 25960999 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135787

Various types of neurons exhibit subthreshold resonance oscillation (preferred frequency response) to fluctuating sinusoidal input currents. This phenomenon is well known to influence the synaptic plasticity and frequency of neural network oscillation. This study evaluates the resonant properties of pacemaker pyloric dilator (PD) neurons in the central pattern generator network through mathematical modeling. From the pharmacological point of view, calcium currents cannot be blocked in PD neurons without removing the calcium-dependent potassium current. Thus, the effects of calcium (I(Ca)) and calcium-dependent potassium (I(KCa)) currents on resonant properties remain unclear. By taking advantage of Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of neuron and its equivalent RLC circuit, we examine the effects of changing resting membrane potential and those ionic currents on the resonance. Results show that changing the resting membrane potential influences the amplitude and frequency of resonance so that the strength of resonance (Q-value) increases by both depolarization and hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Moreover, hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I(h)) and I(Ca) (in association with I(KCa)) are dominant factors on resonant properties at hyperpolarized and depolarized potentials, respectively. Through mathematical analysis, results indicate that I h and I(KCa) affect the resonant properties of PD neurons. However, I(Ca) only has an amplifying effect on the resonance amplitude of these neurons.

Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/metabolism*; Gastric Mucosa/metabolism; Neurons/metabolism*; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/metabolism
Fulltext Control of Polyamine Biosynthesis by Antizyme Inhibitor 1 Is Important for Transcriptional Regulation of Arginine Vasopressin in the Male Rat Hypothalamus

Greenwood MP, Greenwood M, Paton JF, Murphy D

Endocrinology, 2015 Aug;156(8):2905-17.
PMID: 25961839 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1074

The polyamines spermidine and spermine are small cations present in all living cells. In the brain, these cations are particularly abundant in the neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus, which synthesize the neuropeptide hormones arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin. We recently reported increased mRNA expression of antizyme inhibitor 1 (Azin1), an important regulator of polyamine synthesis, in rat SON and PVN as a consequence of 3 days of dehydration. Here we show that AZIN1 protein is highly expressed in both AVP- and oxytocin-positive magnocellular neurons of the SON and PVN together with antizyme 1 (AZ1), ornithine decarboxylase, and polyamines. Azin1 mRNA expression increased in the SON and PVN as a consequence of dehydration, salt loading, and acute hypertonic stress. In organotypic hypothalamic cultures, addition of the irreversible ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor DL-2-(difluoromethyl)-ornithine hydrochloride significantly increased the abundance of heteronuclear AVP but not heteronuclear oxytocin. To identify the function of Azin1 in vivo, lentiviral vectors that either overexpress or knock down Azin1 were stereotaxically delivered into the SON and/or PVN. Azin1 short hairpin RNA delivery resulted in decreased plasma osmolality and had a significant effect on food intake. The expression of AVP mRNA was also significantly increased in the SON by Azin1 short hairpin RNA. In contrast, Azin1 overexpression in the SON decreased AVP mRNA expression. We have therefore identified AZIN1, and hence by inference, polyamines as novel regulators of the expression of the AVP gene.

Matched MeSH terms: Arginine Vasopressin/metabolism; Hypothalamus/metabolism*; Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolism; Polyamines/metabolism*
Novel Antifungal Peptides Produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides DU15 Effectively Inhibit Growth of Aspergillus niger

Muhialdin BJ, Hassan Z, Abu Bakar F, Algboory HL, Saari N

J Food Sci, 2015 May;80(5):M1026-30.
PMID: 25847317 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12844

The ability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides DU15 to produce antifungal peptides that inhibit growth of Aspergillus niger was evaluated under optimum growth conditions of 30 °C for 48 h. The cell-free supernatant showed inhibitory activity against A. niger. Five novel peptides were isolated with the sequences GPFPL, YVPLF, LLHGVPLP, GPFPLEMTLGPT, and TVYPFPGPL as identified by de novo sequencing using PEAKS 6 software. Peptide LLHGVPLP was the only positively charged (cationic peptides) and peptide GPFPLEMTLGPT negatively charged (anionic), whereas the rest are neutral. The identified peptides had high hydrophobicity ratio and low molecular weights with amino acids sequences ranging from 5 to 12 residues. The mode of action of these peptides is observed under the scanning electron microscope and is due to cell lysis of fungi. This work reveals the potential of peptides from L. mesenteroides DU15 as natural antifungal preservatives in inhibiting the growth of A. niger that is implicated to the spoilage during storage.

Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/metabolism; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism; Leuconostoc/metabolism*; Peptides/metabolism
Fulltext An S188V mutation alters substrate specificity of non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase E (DehE)

Hamid AA, Hamid TH, Wahab RA, Omar MS, Huyop F

PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0121687.
PMID: 25816329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121687

The non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase E (DehE) degrades many halogenated compounds but is ineffective against β-halogenated compounds such as 3-chloropropionic acid (3CP). Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and site-directed mutagenesis we show here that introducing the mutation S188V into DehE improves substrate specificity towards 3CP. MD simulations showed that residues W34, F37, and S188 of DehE were crucial for substrate binding. DehE showed strong binding ability for D-2-chloropropionic acid (D-2CP) and L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-2CP) but less affinity for 3CP. This reduced affinity was attributed to weak hydrogen bonding between 3CP and residue S188, as the carboxylate of 3CP forms rapidly interconverting hydrogen bonds with the backbone amide and side chain hydroxyl group of S188. By replacing S188 with a valine residue, we reduced the inter-molecular distance and stabilised bonding of the carboxylate of 3CP to hydrogens of the substrate-binding residues. Therefore, the S188V can act on 3CP, although its affinity is less strong than for D-2CP and L-2CP as assessed by Km. This successful alteration of DehE substrate specificity may promote the application of protein engineering strategies to other dehalogenases, thereby generating valuable tools for future bioremediation technologies.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolases/metabolism; Propionates/metabolism*; Serine/metabolism; Valine/metabolism
Effects of glycyrrhizic acid and steroid treatment on corticotropin releasing factor and beta-endorphin containing neurons of the hypothalamus of the rat

Ruszymah BH, Nabishah BM, Aminuddin S, Sarjit S, Khalid BA

Malays J Pathol, 1999 Jun;21(1):51-8.
PMID: 10879279

Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and beta-endorphin (beta EP) containing neurons are shown to be present in the hypothalamus and both neurons are found at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Steroid hormones have been found to alter the plasma level of these neurotransmitters. Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) is the active component of liquorice. GCA inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) which is needed for the inactivation of the steroid pathway, so therefore would cause changes to these neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GCA as well as deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and dexamethasone (DM) on the modulation of CRF and beta EP containing neuron at the PVN of the hypothalamus. Rats were given either DM, DOC or GCA and adrenalectomized (ADX) and given either DM or DOC. At the end of treatment rats were transfused transcardially before sacrifice and the brain were dissected for immunohistochemical analysis. We found that immunostaining of the CRF containing neurons demonstrate a reduction in the number of positive neurons in DM treated rats. DOC and GCA treated rats showed the same result as in DM rats but the reduction is less. ADX, DM, DOC and GCA treated rats did not show any changes in the number of beta EP containing neurons but naloxone increased the number of beta EP containing neurons markedly. In conclusion, GCA and DOC have similar effects on CRF and beta EP containing neurons at the PVN.

Matched MeSH terms: beta-Endorphin/metabolism*; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism*; Hypothalamus/metabolism*; Neurons/metabolism
C-erbB-2 oncoprotein amplification in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast relates to high histological grade and loss of oestrogen receptor protein

Looi LM, Cheah PL

Malays J Pathol, 1998 Jun;20(1):19-23.
PMID: 10879259

Eighty-six infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast were studied by the standard avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, for oestrogen receptor (ER) protein and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression. They were categorized according to the modified Bloom and Richardson criteria into three histological grades. 21% tumours were ER positive while 44% were c-erbB-2 positive. Of ER positive tumours, 33.3% were c-erbB-2 positive whereas the c-erbB-2 positivity rate was much higher (47.1%) in ER negative tumours. Only 16% of c-erbB-2 positive tumours were ER positive while 25% of c-erbB-2 negative tumours were ER positive. This negative relationship between ER and c-erbB-2 expression was statistically significant (Mc Nemar's test, p < 0.005). The ER positivity rate did not vary significantly with histological grade. However, c-erbB-2 overexpression was significantly more prevalent in grade III tumours compared with grade I and II tumours (Chi-square test, p < 0.005). Since the c-erbB-2 oncogene has extensive structural homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, we expect that c-erbB-2 oncoprotein would share functional similarities with EGFR leading to both loss of oestrogen receptor and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Its overexpression can be expected to relate to more aggressive tumour proliferation and may explain its correlation with high histological grade, a known indicator of aggressive cancer behaviour. As there is no indication that ER protein activity contributes to advancement in histological grade, it would appear that cellular dedifferentiation precedes ER loss during malignant transformation. It has been mooted that ER positive breast cancers which also show c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression have a poorer response to hormonal therapy. The use of this parameter in the routine assessment of breast cancer patients may identify subsets of patients for more aggressive therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/metabolism*; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism*; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism*; Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism*
Dissipation and mobility of permethrin in the field with repeated applications under tropical conditions

Ismail BS, Kalithasan K

J Environ Sci Health B, 2003 Mar;38(2):133-46.
PMID: 12617552

Studies on persistence, mobility and the effect of repeated application of permethrin on its half-life were carried out under field conditions. The half-life of permethrin in the top 20 cm of the soil increased from 11.5 to 23.6 days as the application rates increased from 35 to 140 g ha(-1). Induced by heavier rainfall, more residues moved downward in trial 2 than in trial 1. Repeated applications enhanced degradation rates and mobility of permethrin in the soil. The residue level in the 0-5-cm layer was reduced at day 28 after 17 consecutive applications to a level lower than after 5 applications. The half-life of permethrin was reduced from 15.9 days to 11.2 days after 5 and 17 applications, respectively. The residue reached the 15-20 cm layer much earlier (approximately 3 days after treatment) in soil that received 17 applications as compared to those with two applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Insecticides/metabolism*; Pesticide Residues/metabolism*; Soil Pollutants/metabolism*; Permethrin/metabolism*
An evaluation of accelerated Portland cement as a restorative material

Abdullah D, Ford TR, Papaioannou S, Nicholson J, McDonald F

Biomaterials, 2002 Oct;23(19):4001-10.
PMID: 12162333

Biocompatibility of two variants of accelerated Portland cement (APC) were investigated in vitro by observing the cytomorphology of SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells in the presence of test materials and the effect of these materials on the expression of markers of bone remodelling. Glass ionomer cement (GIC), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and unmodified Portland cement (RC) were used for comparison. A direct contact assay was undertaken in four samples of each test material, collected at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scored. Culture media were collected for cytokine quantification using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On SEM evaluation, healthy SaOS-2 cells were found adhering onto the surfaces of APC variant, RC and MTA. In contrast, rounded and dying cells were observed on GIC. Using ELISA, levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-18 and OC were significantly higher in APC variants compared with controls and GIC (p<0.01), but these levels of cytokines were not statistically significant compared with MTA. The results of this study provide evidence that both APC variants are non-toxic and may have potential to promote bone healing. Further development of APC is indicated to produce a viable dental restorative material and possibly a material for orthopaedic

Matched MeSH terms: Interleukin-1/metabolism; Osteocalcin/metabolism; Interleukin-6/metabolism; Interleukin-18/metabolism
Feasibility study on the utilization of rubber latex effluent for producing bacterial biopolymers

Tang SN, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Hassan MA, Karim MI

Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 1999 Sep-Nov;27(5-6):411-6.
PMID: 10595441

Rubber latex effluent is a polluting source that has a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). It is estimated that about 100 million liters of effluent are discharged daily from rubber processing factories. Utilization of this effluent such as the use of a coupled system not only can reduce the cost of treatment but also yield a fermentation feedstock for the production of bioplastic. This study initially was carried out to increase the production of organic acids by anaerobic treatment of rubber latex effluent. It was found that through anaerobic treatment the concentration of organic acids did not increase. Consequently, separation of organic acids from rubber latex effluent by anion exchange resin was examined as a preliminary study of recovering acetic and propionic acids. However, the suspended solids (SS) content in the raw effluent was rather high which partially blocked the ion-exchange columns. Lime was used to remove the SS in the rubber latex effluent. After the lime precipitation process, organic acids were found to adsorb strongly onto the anion exchange resin. Less adsorption of organic acids onto the resin was observed before the lime precipitation. This was probably due to more sites being occupied by colloidal particles on the resin thus inhibiting the adsorption of organic acids. The initial concentration of organic acids in the raw effluent was 3.9 g/L. After ion exchange, the concentration of the organic acids increased to 27 g/L, which could be utilized for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). For PHA accumulation stage, concentrated rubber latex effluent obtained from ion exchange resins and synthetic acetic acid were used as the carbon source. Quantitative analyses from fed batch culture via HPLC showed that the accumulation of PHA in Alcaligenes eutrophus was maximum with a concentration of 1.182 g/L when cultivated on synthetic acetic acid, corresponding to a yield of 87% based on its cell dry weight. The dry cell weight increased from 0.71 to 1.67 g/L. On the other hand, using concentrated rubber latex effluent containing acetic and propionic acids resulted in reduced PHA content by dry weight (14%) but the dry cell weight increased from 0.49 to 1.30 g/L. The results clearly indicated that the cells grow well in rubber latex effluent but no PHA was accumulated. This could be due to the high concentration of propionic acid in culture broth or other factors such as heavy metals. Thus further work is required before rubber latex effluent can be utilized as a substrate for PHA production industrially.

Matched MeSH terms: Carboxylic Acids/metabolism*; Latex/metabolism*; Polymers/metabolism*; Cupriavidus necator/metabolism*
Endometriosis and infertility: raised iron concentration in the peritoneal fluid and its effect on the acrosome reaction

Arumugam K

Hum Reprod, 1994 Jun;9(6):1153-7.
PMID: 7962392

Endometriosis and infertility are commonly associated. This study investigated the role of accelerated lipid peroxidation of spermatozoa by the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis as a cause for this association. It proposes that the increased iron concentration present in the fluid of these patients acts as a catalyst for the process. Peritoneal fluid from 25 patients with endometriosis and 25 matched controls was obtained at laparoscopy. Spermatozoa were incubated in the fluid from both groups and the subsequent acrosome reaction rates analysed. The relationship between these results and iron concentration in the fluid was examined. A significant decrease in the acrosome reaction rate was seen in the endometriotic group (P = 0.034). Overall, a decrease in the acrosome reaction rate was associated with an increased iron concentration in the fluid (18 of the 25 pairs). In mild disease, (six of 11 pairs), the relationship was not as marked as that in severe disease (12 of 14 pairs). These results suggest that the peritoneal fluid in patients with endometriosis has a detrimental action on the acrosome reaction of spermatozoa in vitro.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascitic Fluid/metabolism*; Endometriosis/metabolism*; Infertility, Female/metabolism*; Iron/metabolism*
Effects of two acetanilide herbicides on microbial populations and their cellulolytic activities

Sahid IB, Yap MY

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1994 Jan;52(1):61-8.
PMID: 8130418
Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/metabolism; Cellulase/metabolism; Cellulose/metabolism*; Fungi/metabolism
A comparative study of the biological properties of Dendroaspis (mamba) snake venoms

Tan NH, Arunmozhiarasi A, Ponnudurai G

Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol, 1991;99(3):463-6.
PMID: 1685421

1. The biological properties of twelve samples of venoms from all four species of Dendroaspis (mamba) were investigated. 2. Dendroaspis venoms generally exhibited very low levels of protease, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase; low to moderately low level of 5'-nucleotidase and very high hyaluronidase activities, but were devoid of L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A, acetylcholinesterase and arginine ester hydrolase activities. The unusual feature in venom enzyme content can be used to distinguish Dendroaspis venoms from other snake venoms. 3. All Dendroaspis venoms did not exhibit hemorrhagic or procoagulant activity. Some Dendroaspis venoms, however, exhibited strong anticoagulant activity. The intravenous median lethal dose of the venoms ranged from 0.5 microgram/g mouse to 4.2 micrograms/g mouse. 4. Venom biological activities are not very useful for the differentiation of the Dendroaspis species. The four Dendroaspis venoms, however, can be differentiated by their venom SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns.

Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/metabolism; Endopeptidases/metabolism; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
Partial purification and isoelectric focusing patterns of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) glutathione transferases

Shamaan NA, Yunus I, Mahbut H, Wan Ngah WZ

Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B, 1991;100(2):259-63.
PMID: 1799968

1. Glutathione transferases from the liver, lung and kidney tissues of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. 2. Liver tissue contains the highest enzyme activity when compared to the lung and kidney tissues. 3. The activity in cattle is higher than that in the buffalo. 4. Isoelectric focusing separates the activities into the acidic, near neutral and basic fractions. 5. The focused patterns are different for each of the tissues and in each of the species investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: Buffaloes/metabolism*; Cattle/metabolism*; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism; Isoenzymes/metabolism
Fulltext Effect of ethanol on gastric secretion of thromboxane B2

Fung WP, Mahoney D, Beilin LJ

Med J Malaysia, 1984 Jun;39(2):131-4.
PMID: 6513851

The effects of ethanol on gastric thromboxane B2 was studied in man. A single dose of 20 ml 15% ethanol significantly inhibited the gastric secretion of thromboxane B2 whereas 20 mls of 5% ethanol were without effect. It was concluded that ethanol can suppress gastric secretion of thromboxane B2 psychosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Dyspepsia/metabolism; Peptic Ulcer/metabolism; Thromboxane B2/metabolism*; Thromboxanes/metabolism*
Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: changes in rumen microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations

Abdullah AS, Rajion MA

Vet Hum Toxicol, 1990 Oct;32(5):444-5.
PMID: 2238442

Brachiaria decumbens toxicity resulted in an altered reticulorumen environment in the sheep. This adversely affected the growth and activity of microorganisms in the rumen as reflected by greatly decreased concentrations of the volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in B decumbens-intoxicated sheep.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/metabolism; Butyrates/metabolism; Fatty Acids/metabolism; Propionates/metabolism
Competitive binding of gangliosides and glycophorin to wheat germ agglutinin

Lee PM, Lee KH

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1989 Apr 28;160(2):780-7.
PMID: 2719696

Gangliosides and glycophorin are receptors for wheat germ agglutinin. The competitive binding of these molecules to wheat germ agglutinin is studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy with spin labels attached to the oligosaccharide chains of gangliosides. Evidence shows that glycophorin is more accessible to wheat germ agglutinin binding than gangliosides. The interactions of gangliosides and glycophorin in liposomes is disrupted on low level binding of WGA.

Matched MeSH terms: Gangliosides/metabolism*; Glycophorin/metabolism*; Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism*; Wheat Germ Agglutinins/metabolism*

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