Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 155 in total

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  1. Maggot debridement therapy to treat hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcers: a single-centre study
    Nair HK, Ahmad NW, Ismail AA, Alabed AAA, Zheming BO, Kaur G, et al.
    J Wound Care, 2021 12 01;30(Sup12):S30-S36.
    PMID: 34882006 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2021.30.Sup12.S30
    OBJECTIVE: Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) has seen a resurgence in recent years in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds, as a result of rising antibiotic resistance. The sterilised larvae of Lucilia cuprina have been used in MDT in Malaysia since 2003, with encouraging results for the treatment of hard-to-heal diabetic wounds. We report a case series of 30 patients selected from our clinic by convenient sampling with diabetic lower limb ulcers treated with MDT. The average age of patients receiving MDT was >50 years. Of the 30 patients in the study, nine were female and 21 were male. All patients had underlying diabetes, two patients had leg ulcers and 28 patients had diabetic foot ulcers. Sterilised Lucilia cuprina larvae were applied via a standard method of 10 maggots per square centimetre and dressed with sterile gauze. The study endpoint was defined as ≤5% coverage with slough or necrotic tissue following three successive applications of MDT. In this study, maximum debridement of wounds was achieved in 96.6% (29 patients) of our patients, with ≤5% coverage with slough or necrotic tissue, in addition to a reduction in wound-related pain, as assessed by a visual analogue scale. No adverse events were reported. The findings of this study support the use of MDT as a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective method of managing diabetic wounds.
  2. Antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves in rats
    Zabidi Z, Wan Zainulddin WN, Mamat SS, Shamsahal Din S, Kamisan FH, Yahya F, et al.
    Med Princ Pract, 2012;21(5):501-3.
    PMID: 22517296 DOI: 10.1159/000337406
    To determine the potential antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves (MEMM) using various established rat models.
  3. Ceftriaxone resistance and genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase among non-typhoidal Salmonella species from a tertiary care hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Karunakaran R, Tay ST, Rahim FF, Lim BB, Sam IC, Kahar-Bador M, et al.
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2012;65(5):433-5.
    PMID: 22996219
    The prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance and the associated genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was determined in 149 non-duplicate non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated in 2008-2009 from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The resistance rate to ceftriaxone was 2.7% (2/74) in 2008, 4.0% (3/75) in 2009, and 3.4% (5/149) overall. CTX-M ESBL genes were detected in 2 of the 5 ceftriaxone-resistant isolates. The prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance, although low, is a concern because it limits therapeutic options. Continued surveillance of ceftriaxone resistance is important to monitor its trends.
  4. Surface phonon polariton characteristics of In(0.04)Al(0.06)Ga(0.90)N/AlN/Al(2)O(3) heterostructure
    Ng SS, Lee SC, Bakhori SK, Hassan Z, Abu Hassan H, Yakovlev VA, et al.
    Opt Express, 2010 May 10;18(10):10354-9.
    PMID: 20588890 DOI: 10.1364/OE.18.010354
    Surface phonon polariton (SPP) characteristics of In(0.04)Al(0.06)Ga(0.90)N/AlN/Al(2)O(3) heterostructure are investigated by means of p-polarized infrared (IR) attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. Two absorption dips corresponding to In(0.04)Al(0.06)Ga(0.90)N SPP modes are observed. In addition, two prominent dips and one relatively weak and broad dip corresponding to the Al(2)O(3) SPP mode, In(0.04)Al(0.06)Ga(0.90)N/Al(2)O(3) interface mode, and Al(2)O(3) bulk polariton mode, respectively, are clearly seen. No surface mode feature originating from the AlN layer is observed because it is too thin. Overall, the observations are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
  5. Associated Factors of Tophaceous Gout: A Study Involving 20 Primary Care Clinics in an Urbanized State in Malaysia
    Gan SP, Zain MM, Ch'ng SS, Hassan H, Wan Adib WF, Muzaid A, et al.
    Oman Med J, 2023 Jul;38(4):e528.
    PMID: 37736055 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2023.87
    OBJECTIVES: Gout is a treatable disease. A complication of untreated or poorly-controlled gout is tophi formation. We conducted this study to investigate the associated factors of tophaceous gout among patients who attended 20 primary care clinics in Selangor, an urbanized state in Malaysia.

    METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study from July to October 2019 that included all patients with gout who attended the clinics. Data on clinical demographics and laboratory results were collected. Comparison between tophaceous and non-tophaceous groups was performed using descriptive analysis.

    RESULTS: A total of 421 patients with gout were involved in this study, 83 (19.7%) patients had visible tophi and were categorized into the tophaceous group, while the other 338 (80.3%) patients were categorized into the non-tophaceous group. The majority of patients were male with a mean age of 57.6±12.8 years. Three factors found to be significantly associated with tophaceous gout were age at symptom onset [tophaceous (45.6±13.3 years) vs. non-tophaceous (49.7±13.9 years), p = 0.026], mean disease duration of gout [tophaceous (105.2±92.6 months) vs. non-tophaceous (77.6±88.6 months), p = 0.013], and baseline serum uric acid level [tophaceous (622.3±129.1 µmol/L) vs. non-tophaceous (582.6±102.3 µmol/L), p = 0.021].

    CONCLUSIONS: Tophaceous gout is associated with longer disease duration, higher baseline serum uric acid level, and younger age at symptoms onset. Hence, early initiation of urate-lowering therapy with a treat-to-target approach is crucial to prevent tophi formation.

  6. Fulltext Seroprevalence screening for the West Nile virus in Malaysia's Orang Asli population
    Marlina S, Radzi SF, Lani R, Sieng KC, Rahim NF, Hassan H, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:597.
    PMID: 25515627 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0597-0
    West Nile virus (WNV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus. WNV is preserved in the environment through cyclic transmission, with mosquitoes, particularly Culex species, serving as a vector, birds as an amplifying host and humans and other mammals as dead-end hosts. To date, no studies have been carried out to determine the prevalence of the WNV antibody in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to screen for the seroprevalence of the WNV in Malaysia's Orang Asli population.
  7. Fulltext Activity of Novel Synthetic Peptides against Candida albicans
    Lum KY, Tay ST, Le CF, Lee VS, Sabri NH, Velayuthan RD, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:9657.
    PMID: 25965506 DOI: 10.1038/srep09657
    Candida spp. are the most common causes of fungal infections worldwide. Among the Candida species, Candida albicans remains the predominant species that causes invasive candidiasis in most countries. In this study, we used two peptides, KABT-AMP and uperin 3.6 as templates to develop novel antifungal peptides. Their anticandidal activity was assessed using a combination of MIC, time-killing assay and biofilm reduction assay. Hybrid peptides, KU2 and KU3 containing a mixed backbone of KABT-AMP and Uperin 3.6 demonstrated the most potent anticandidal activity with MIC values ranging from 8-16 mg/L. The number of Trp residues and the amphipathic structure of peptides probably enhanced the anticandidal activity of peptides. Increasing the cationicity of the uperin 3.6 analogues resulted in reduced MIC from the range of 64-128 mg/L to 16-64 mg/L and this was also correlated with the antibiofilm activity and killing kinetics of the peptides. Peptides showed synergistic effects when used in combination with conventional antifungals. Peptides demonstrated low haemolytic activity but significant toxicity on two normal human epithelial cell lines. This study provides us with a better understanding on the structure-activity relationship and the balance between cationicity and hydrophobicity of the peptides although the therapeutic application of the peptides is limited.
  8. Morphological and genetic variations of the freshwater leech, Hirudinaria spp., in Peninsular Malaysia
    Chong LK, Ong AH, Tan SG, Taranjeet KA, Peris MM, Sana AM, et al.
    Biochem Genet, 2014 Jun;52(5-6):283-95.
    PMID: 24535156 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-014-9647-8
    In this study the genetic diversity of local freshwater leeches (Hirudinaria spp.) was inferred using mtDNA COI gene analysis and compared with the gross external variations of 26 freshwater leech specimens obtained from the wild and leech farms. Based on a neighbor-joining tree generated from 516 COI base sequences, four distinct clades of Hirudinaria were seen with interspecific genetic divergence in the range of 7.6-14.5%. The external morphological variations based on the presence of stripes, location of gonopores, and anus separated the samples into four morphologically distinct groups matching the four clades obtained from the molecular data. Two black stripes at the ventral region were observed only in specimens found clustered with clades that contained the GenBank-reported H. manillensis, whereas the brown or dark green coloration without stripes on the ventral region was seen in samples that clustered with H. javanica and H. bpling clades.
  9. Fulltext Recurrent glomangiomas of the ankle: a case report
    Saini SM, Hamid SA, Abdul Rashid SN, Bahari N, Fakhrizzaki AA, Abu Hassan H, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Aug;68(4):356-7.
    PMID: 24145267 MyJurnal
  10. The Effects of selenium supplementation on lipid profile in adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Saadh MJ, Khaleel AQ, Merza MS, Hassan H, Tomar BS, Singh M, et al.
    Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 2024 Sep 09.
    PMID: 39260819 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106901
    INTRODUCTION: Dyslipidemia with a considerable progression rate is a primary risk factor for CVDs if left untreated. Dietary interventions have explored the health influences of selenium on lipid profiles in adults, yet the findings remain contentious. This study seeks to determine if selenium supplementation can positively modify the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adults.

    METHODS: Using predefined keywords, we searched online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar, for relevant studies published from inception through July 2024. A random-effects meta-analysis was then employed to pool the weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% CI for outcomes assessed by a minimum of three studies.

    RESULTS: Initially 1,205 studies were obtained out of which 25 RCTs were decided to be included for further analyses. Selenium supplementation reduced VLDL (WMD: -1.53; 95% CI: -2.86, -0.20), but did not change TG (WMD: 1.12; 95% CI: -4.51, 6.74), TC (WMD: -2.25; 95% CI: -6.80, 2.29), LDL-C (WMD: 1.60; 95% CI: -4.26, 7.46), and HDL-C levels (WMD: 0.98; 95% CI: - 0.02, 1.98).

    CONCLUSION: Our study showed significantly reduced VLDL but limited effects were observed in other lipid indexes. More extensive RCTs are required globally to achieve a holistic comprehension of the connection between selenium and lipid profile.

  11. The Potential of Radiolabeled Bisphosphonates in SPECT and PET for Bone Imaging
    Ashhar Z, Ahmad Fadzil MF, Hassan H, Othman MF, Md Hassan MB, Chun Vui VY, et al.
    Curr Med Imaging, 2024;20:e15734056270935.
    PMID: 38874043 DOI: 10.2174/0115734056270935231113035620
    Skeletal-related events due to bone metastases can be prevented by early diagnosis using radiological or nuclear imaging techniques. Nuclear medicine techniques such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have been used for diagnostic imaging of bone for decades. Although it is widely recognized that conventional diagnostic imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have high sensitivity, low cost and wide availability, the specificity of both techniques is rather low compared to nuclear medicine techniques. Nuclear medicine techniques, on the other hand, have improved specificity when introduced as a hybrid imaging modality, as they can combine physiological and anatomical information. Two main radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine: [99mTc]-methyl diphosphonate ([99mTc]Tc-MDP) from the generator and [18F]sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) from the cyclotron. The former is used in SPECT imaging, while the latter is used in PET imaging. However, recent studies show that the role of radiolabeled bisphosphonates with gallium-68 (68Ga) and fluorine-18 (18F) may have a potential role in the future. This review, therefore, presents and discusses the brief method for producing current and future potential radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastases.
  12. Fulltext High Prevalence of Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile Strains in Malaysia
    Riley TV, Collins DA, Karunakaran R, Kahar MA, Adnan A, Hassan SA, et al.
    J Clin Microbiol, 2018 Jun;56(6).
    PMID: 29563206 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00170-18
    Accumulating evidence shows a high prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Southeast Asia associated with a range of clinical presentations. However, severe infections are rarely reported. We investigated C. difficile infection (CDI) across four hospitals in Kuala Lumpur and Kota Bharu, Malaysia. Enzyme immunoassays for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A or B were performed on diarrheal stool specimens collected from patients in 2015 and 2016. Specimens were also cultured and isolates of C. difficile characterized by PCR ribotyping and detection of toxin genes. In total, 437 specimens were collected and fecal toxin was detected in 3.0%. A further 16.2% of specimens were GDH positive and toxin negative. After culture, toxigenic strains were isolated from 10.3% and nontoxigenic strains from 12.4% of specimens. The most prevalent PCR ribotypes (RTs) were RT 017 (20.0%) and RT 043 (10.0%). The high prevalence of RT 017 and nontoxigenic strains in Malaysia and in neighboring Thailand and Indonesia suggests that they localize to the region of Southeast Asia, with an implication that they may mediate the burden of CDI in the region.
  13. Serological evidence of DENV, JEV, and ZIKV among the indigenous people (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia
    Khor CS, Mohd-Rahim NF, Hassan H, Tan KK, Zainal N, Teoh BT, et al.
    J Med Virol, 2020 08;92(8):956-962.
    PMID: 31814135 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25649
    Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne flavivirus of medical importance in tropical countries such as Malaysia. However, much remains unknown regarding their prevalence among the underserved indigenous people (Orang Asli) living in communities in the forest fringe areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Information on the prevalence of diseases is necessary to elevate the effectiveness of disease control and preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the three major flaviviruses among the Orang Asli and investigate the association between demographic factors and seropositivities. Sampling activities were conducted in the Orang Asli villages to obtain serum samples and demographic data from consenting volunteers. The presence of DENV, JEV, and ZIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the sera were examined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. A focus reduction neutralization assay was performed to measure virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. A total of 872 serum samples were obtained from the Orang Asli volunteers. Serological assay results revealed that DENV IgG, JEV IgG, and ZIKV IgG seropositivities among the Orang Asli were at 4.9%, 48.4%, and 13.2%, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies (FRNT50 ≥ 1:40) against JEV and ZIKV were found in 86.7% and 100.0%, respectively, out of the samples tested. Positive serology to all three viruses corresponded significantly to the age of the volunteers with increasing seropositivity in older volunteers. Findings from the study suggest that Orang Asli are at significant risk of contracting JEV and ZIKV infections despite the lack of active transmission of the viruses in the country.
  14. Survival predictors of major salivary gland cancer
    Elhusseiny KM, Abd-Elhay FA, Kamel MG, Abd El Hamid Hassan HH, Muhammad El Tanany HH, Hong HT, et al.
    Ann Oncol, 2018 Nov;29 Suppl 9:ix104.
    PMID: 32177708 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy438.035
  15. Fulltext Mycological isolation from animal enclosures and environments in National Wildlife Rescue Centre and National Zoo, Malaysia
    Omar S, Jalaludin FA, Yee JM, Kamarudin Z, Jayaseelan K, Khlubi ANM, et al.
    J Vet Med Sci, 2020 Aug 28;82(8):1236-1242.
    PMID: 32641623 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0229
    It is important to provide a baseline of fungal composition in the captive wildlife environment to better understand their role in overall wildlife health. The objectives were to identify species of fungi existing within wildlife animal enclosures and their environment at the National Wildlife Rescue Centre (NWRC) and the National Zoo, Malaysia and to describe their medical and veterinary importance. Samples of air, wall or floor swab, enrichment swab and soil were taken from the animal enclosures, exercise yard and enrichments at NWRC and National Zoo respectively. All samples including those pre-treated samples were plated onto Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA). Numerous fungi were grown on all sampling SDA plates regardless by either single or multiple growth. Samples of air in both NWRC and National Zoo had the highest growth of Penicillium spp. with a prevalence of 31.2% and 83.7% respectively. Samples of swab from the wall, floor and enrichments were predominantly by Candida spp. (42.6%) in NWRC and Penicillium spp. (41.6%) in the National Zoo. Prevalence of multiple fungi isolated from the soil samples in NWRC were 57.9% and yeast species was the most common in National Zoo with a prevalence of 88.9%. Overall, 29 and 8 isolates were found in both samples from the NWRC and National Zoo with a predominant species of potential zoonotic fungi have been identified in both premises. The expected fungus Aspergillus spp. was not isolated in all samples in NWRC. Prevalent fungal species found in this study are known to cause disease in animals and humans as primary pathogen and also as opportunistic pathogens that may also cause infection. Thus, health safety precautions should be considered particularly in dealing with conservation of endangered wildlife species, along with personnel and public involvements.
  16. Seasonal variation and size distribution of inorganic and carbonaceous components, source identification of size-fractioned urban air particles in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Jamhari AA, Latif MT, Wahab MIA, Hassan H, Othman M, Abd Hamid HH, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2022 Jan;287(Pt 4):132309.
    PMID: 34601373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132309
    This study aims to determine the inorganic and carbonaceous components depending on the seasonal variation and size distribution of urban air particles in Kuala Lumpur. Different fractions of particulate matter (PM) were measured using a Nanosampler from 17 February 2017 until 27 November 2017. The water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous components in all samples were analysed using ion chromatography and carbon analyser thermal/optical reflectance, respectively. Total PM concentration reached its peak during the southwest (SW) season (70.99 ± 6.04 μg/m3), and the greatest accumulation were observed at PM0.5-1.0 (22%-30%, 9.55 ± 1.03 μg/m3) and PM2.5-10 (22%-25%, 10.34 ± 0.81 μg/m3). SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ were major contributors of WSIIs, and their formation was favoured mainly during SW season (80.5% of total ions). PM0.5-1.0 and PM2.5-10 exhibited the highest percentage of WSII size distribution, accounted for 28.4% and 13.5% of the total mass, respectively. The average contribution of carbonaceous species (OC + EC) to total carbonaceous concentrations were higher in PM0.5-1.0 (35.2%) and PM2.5-10 (26.6%). Ultrafine particles (PM<0.1) consistently indicated that the sources were from vehicle emission while the SW season was constantly dominated by biomass burning sources. Using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, secondary inorganic aerosol and biomass burning (30.3%) was known as a significant source of overall PM. As a conclusion, ratio and source apportionment indicate the mixture of biomass burning, secondary inorganic aerosols and motor vehicle contributed to the size-segregated PM and seasonal variation of inorganic and carbonaceous components of urban air particles.
  17. Fulltext Growth performance, haematological assessment and chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed different levels of Aloe vera extract as feed additives in a closed aquaculture system
    Syed R, Masood Z, Ul Hassan H, Khan W, Mushtaq S, Ali A, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022 Jan;29(1):296-303.
    PMID: 35002422 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.098
    A 105-day experimental trial was conducted to assess different levels of dietary Aleo vera extract supplementation on water quality parameters, proximate composition, growth performance and haematological parameters of fry Oreochromis niloticus. Four different percentages of dietary leaf extract powder of Aleo vera (ALE) with a basal feed, designated as, i.e., T0 (Control group; without ALE), T1 (1% ALE), T2 (2% ALE), and T3 (3% ALE). Fish fry was reared in concrete tanks (7.0 m, 1.6 m, 1.0: L, W, H; water volume 11.2 m3/tank), with an average initial weight 4.04 ± 0.03 g/ fry, and each treatment was triplicated. Fry was randomly distributed at a stocking rate of 450 individuals/ tanks. The water quality parameters revealed that temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrates were found in a promising range as given by FAO/WHO limits. However, the record values obtained for Electric Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), and alkalinities were not found in all tanks' suitable range according to FAO/WHO limits. The results revealed a significant impact of different percentages of dietary ALE supplementation on fry's body composition and haematological parameters. Moreover, the final body weight, final body length, average daily weight gain (g), net weight gain (g) and specific growth rate (%) were significantly higher (p 
  18. Fulltext Sequencing of Cladosporium sphaerospermum, a Dematiaceous fungus isolated from blood culture
    Ng KP, Yew SM, Chan CL, Soo-Hoo TS, Na SL, Hassan H, et al.
    Eukaryot Cell, 2012 May;11(5):705-6.
    PMID: 22544899 DOI: 10.1128/EC.00081-12
    Cladosporium sphaerospermum is one of the most widely distributed allergens causing serious problems in patients with respiratory tract disease. We report the 26,644,473-bp draft genome sequence and gene annotation of C. sphaerospermum UM843. Analysis of the genome sequence led to the finding of genes associated with C. sphaerospermum's melanin biosynthesis, allergens, and antifungal drug resistance.
  19. Fulltext Draft genome sequence of Daldinia eschscholzii isolated from blood culture
    Ng KP, Ngeow YF, Yew SM, Hassan H, Soo-Hoo TS, Na SL, et al.
    Eukaryot Cell, 2012 May;11(5):703-4.
    PMID: 22544898 DOI: 10.1128/EC.00074-12
    Daldinia eschscholzii is an invasive endophyte that is most commonly found in plant tissues rich in secondary metabolites. We report the draft genome sequence of D. eschscholzii isolated from blood culture. The draft genome is 35,494,957 bp in length, with 42,898,665 reads, 61,449 contigs, and a G+C content of 46.8%. The genome was found to contain a high abundance of genes associated with plant cell wall degradation enzymes, mycotoxin production, and antifungal drug resistance.
  20. Identification of carriers among individuals recruited in the typhoid registry in Malaysia using stool culture, polymerase chain reaction, and dot enzyme immunoassay as detection tools
    Chua AL, Aziah I, Balaram P, Bhuvanendran S, Anthony AA, Mohmad SN, et al.
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP2740-8.
    PMID: 23000800 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512458521
    Chronic carriers of Salmonella Typhi act as reservoirs for the organism and become the agents of typhoid outbreaks in a community. In this study, chronic carriers in Kelantan, Malaysia were first identified using the culture and polymerase chain reaction method. Then, a novel serological tool, designated Typhidot-C, was evaluated in retrospect using the detected individuals as control positives. Chronic carriage positive by the culture and polymerase chain reaction method was recorded at 3.6% (4 out of 110) among individuals who previously had acute typhoid fever and a 9.4% (10 out of 106) carriage rate was observed among food handlers screened during outbreaks. The Typhidot-C assay was able to detect all these positive carriers showing its potential as a viable carrier screening tool and can be used for efficient detection of typhoid carriers in an endemic area. These findings were used to establish the first carrier registry for S Typhi carriers in Malaysia.
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