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  1. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from countries in the western pacific region
    Park YK, Bai GH, Kim SJ
    J Clin Microbiol, 2000 Jan;38(1):191-7.
    PMID: 10618086
    A total of 422 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from eight countries were subjected to IS6110 and IS1081 DNA fingerprinting by means of restriction fragment analysis to characterize M. tuberculosis strains from each country. Chinese, Mongolian, Hong Kong, Filipino, and Korean isolates had comparatively more copies of IS6110 (proportion with eight or more copies; 95% +/- 5%), while Thai, Malaysian, and Vietnamese isolates had fewer copies (proportion with eight or more copies, 60% +/- 4%). We found a number of novel IS1081 types in this study. One IS1081 type was present in 56% of Filipino isolates, had a specific 6.6-kb PvuII fragment in its IS6110 DNA fingerprint, and was termed the "Filipino family." The IS1081 types of Thai isolates had interposing characteristics between the characteristics of northeastern Asian and southeastern Asian IS1081 types. A 1.3-kb single-copy IS6110 fragment was found only in Vietnamese M. tuberculosis isolates. Although M. tuberculosis isolates from each country had comparatively similar characteristics depending on the classification factor, each country's isolates showed characteristic DNA fingerprints and differed slightly from the isolates from the other countries in either the mode number of IS6110 copies or the distribution of IS1081 types.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics*; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology*
  2. Fulltext New opportunities in tuberculosis prevention: implications for people living with HIV
    González Fernández L, Casas EC, Singh S, Churchyard GJ, Brigden G, Gotuzzo E, et al.
    J Int AIDS Soc, 2020 Jan;23(1):e25438.
    PMID: 31913556 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25438
    INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV). An invigorated global END TB Strategy seeks to increase efforts in scaling up TB preventive therapy (TPT) as a central intervention for HIV programmes in an effort to contribute to a 90% reduction in TB incidence and 95% reduction in mortality by 2035. TPT in PLHIV should be part of a comprehensive approach to reduce TB transmission, illness and death that also includes TB active case-finding and prompt, effective and timely initiation of anti-TB therapy among PLHIV. However, the use and implementation of preventive strategies has remained deplorably inadequate and today TB prevention among PLHIV has become an urgent priority globally.

    DISCUSSION: We present a summary of the current and novel TPT regimens, including current evidence of use with antiretroviral regimens (ART). We review challenges and opportunities to scale-up TB prevention within HIV programmes, including the use of differentiated care approaches and demand creation for effective TB/HIV services delivery. TB preventive vaccines and diagnostics, including optimal algorithms, while important topics, are outside of the focus of this commentary.

    CONCLUSIONS: A number of new tools and strategies to make TPT a standard of care in HIV programmes have become available. The new TPT regimens are safe and effective and can be used with current ART, with attention being paid to potential drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and some classes of antiretrovirals. More research and development is needed to optimize TPT for small children, pregnant women and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). Effective programmatic scale-up can be supported through context-adapted demand creation strategies and the inclusion of TPT in client-centred services, such as differentiated service delivery (DSD) models. Robust collaboration between the HIV and TB programmes represents a unique opportunity to ensure that TB, a preventable and curable condition, is no longer the number one cause of death in PLHIV.

    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis/drug therapy; Tuberculosis/etiology; Tuberculosis/epidemiology; Tuberculosis/prevention & control*
  3. Fulltext Tuberculosis: an eight year (2000-2007) retrospective study at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Jetan CA, Jamaiah I, Rohela M, Nissapatorn V
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2010 Mar;41(2):378-85.
    PMID: 20578521
    This was an eight year (2000-2007) retrospective study of tuberculosis in patients admitted to the UMMC. A total of 131 cases were analyzed. Malays constituted the most cases, (43%), followed by Chinese (22%), Indians (17%) and others (18%). The majority of cases were within the 21-60 year old age group, which constituted 69.5% of the total. Males were more commonly affected (65%). Most cases were reported among Malaysians (83%). The majority of patients were unemployed (39%), followed by housewives (10%), laborers (9%), students (8%), shop assistants (7%), and other occupations (27%). The most common presenting complaints were prolonged productive cough, night sweats, fever, anorexia, weight loss (57%), hemoptysis (34%), and undifferentiated symptoms, such as prolonged diarrhea and dysphagia (9%). Sputum was positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 89%, but only 69% of cases had abnormal chest radiographs. The majority of patients (65%) developed no complications. The most common complications were pleural effusion, pneumothorax and pulmonary fibrosis. The majority of patients (82%) suffered either from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease or all 3 conditions. Regarding risk factors for tuberculosis, two were HIV positive and two were intravenous drug users. The majority of the patients (85%) did not complain of any side effects from their anti-tuberculosis treatment. Among those who did complain of side effects, the most common were nausea and vomiting (41%), drug induced hepatitis (37%), blurring of vision (11%) and skin rashes (11%). Two cases of death were reported.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/ethnology; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology*
  4. A modern African perspective on the role of the clinical nurse specialist
    Mapanga KG, Mapanga MB
    Clin Nurse Spec, 2008 Sep-Oct;22(5):226-30.
    PMID: 18753880 DOI: 10.1097/01.NUR.0000325367.54044.d5
    In Africa, there is an overwhelming and increasing prevalence of illnesses such as HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This constitutes a "burden of disease" facing Africa. Nursing must evolve accordingly to the changing needs of clients, many of whom have chronic illnesses. In achieving desirable outcomes, it is essential to adopt and adapt the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) role so that expert and specialist practice is available to clients in a cost-effective manner. The role of the CNS singles out clinical responsibilities in a hospital setting so that nurse administrators can concentrate on the provision of resources. A CNS position in the hospital structure would offer a clinical career pathway for advanced practice nurses who wish to remain "by-the-bedside." Regional initiatives are already beginning to show a need for master's-prepared, advanced practice nurses in the clinical areas so as to reduce maternal mortality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis/nursing*; Tuberculosis/epidemiology
  5. Fulltext Pulmonary tuberculosis--a review of clinical features and diagnosis in 232 cases
    Ismail Y
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Mar;59(1):56-64.
    PMID: 15535337
    The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is often delayed due to atypical clinical features and difficulty in obtaining positive bacteriology. We reviewed 232 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed in Kedah Medical Centre, Alor Setar from January 1998 to December 2002. All age groups were affected with a male predominance (Male:Female ratio = 60:40). Risk factors include underlying diabetes mellitus (17.7%), positive family history (16.8%) and previous tuberculosis (5.2%). Nearly half (45.3%) of patients had symptoms for more than one year. Only 22% of patients had typical symptoms of tuberculosis (prolonged recurrent fever, cough, anorexia and weight loss), whilst others presented with haemoptysis, chronic cough, COPD, bronchiectasis, general ill-health, pyrexia of unknown origin or pleural effusion without other systemic symptoms. Fifteen percent of the patients presented with extrapulmonary diagnosis. Ninety percent of the patients had previous medical consultations but 40% had no chest radiograph or sputum examination done. The chest radiographs showed 'typical' changes of tuberculosis in 62% while in the other 38% the radiological features were 'not typical'. Sputum direct smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli in only 22.8% of patients and 11.2% were diagnosed base on positive sputum culture. Sputum may be negative even in patients with typical clinical presentations and chest radiograph changes. Bronchial washing improved the diagnosis rate being positive in 49.1% of cases (24.1% by direct smear and the other 25.0% by culture). In 16.8% of cases, the diagnosis was based on a good response to empirical anti-tuberculosis therapy in patients with clinical and radiological features characteristic of tuberculosis. In conclusions, the clinical and radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis may be atypical. Sputum is often negative and bronchoscopy with washings for Mycobacterium culture gives a higher yield for diagnosis. In highly probable cases, empirical therapy with antituberculosis drugs should be considered because it is safe and beneficial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis*; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
  6. Fulltext Isolated tuberculosis of talus without ankle and subtalar joint involvement
    Anand A, Sood LK
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Sep;57(3):371-3.
    PMID: 12440280
    This case has been reported because of its rarity and atypical clinical presentation. An 8-year-old boy presented with a gradually increasing swelling localised on the antero-medial aspect of the foot haemogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Mantoux and X-ray chest were normal. An irregular lytic lesion of the talus was seen on the x-ray of the affected part. Ziehl Nelson staining of the aspirated fluid revealed acid-fast bacilli. Material obtained after curettage and bone grafting was sent for histopathological examination which confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Post operatively a below knee cast was given for 12 weeks and anti tubercular treatment was given for 20 months. At the end of the treatment patient had full and painless motion at the ankle and subtalar joint. The lytic lesion had healed on X-ray.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular/microbiology*; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular/radiography*
  7. Fulltext Systemic lupus erythematosus and miliary tuberculosis in a prepubertal girl--a case report
    Raj SM, Hunt J
    Med J Malaysia, 1990 Dec;45(4):347-8.
    PMID: 2152059
    A 13 year old girl presented with miliary tuberculosis and active systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.). She responded to a combination of antituberculous drugs and systemic steroids. This case illustrates the fact that S.L.E. presenting in childhood may be rare but not unknown and exemplifies the need for vigilance in detecting life threatening infections in this group of patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Miliary/complications*; Tuberculosis, Miliary/drug therapy
  8. Fulltext The role of diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
    Zainudin BM, Wahab Sufarlan A, Rassip CN, Ruzana MA, Tay AM
    Med J Malaysia, 1991 Dec;46(4):309-13.
    PMID: 1840437
    The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was examined among 74 patients who were suspected of having the disease but had negative sputum smear for acid fast bacilli. Bronchial brushing and washing were routinely performed in all subjects and bronchial biopsy was performed on abnormal mucosa in 7 of them. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed in 44.6% of the patients studied from smear examination, culture, histology or the combination of them. Rapid diagnosis was achieved in 54.5% of the confirmed cases from smear or histology within a few days of examination. Two of the cases had concomitant bronchogenic carcinoma. We conclude that the fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a useful investigation for this group of patients as confirmation of the diagnosis can be made fairly rapidly in a significant proportion of them, hence the treatment can be started confidently.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis*; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
  9. Tuberculous liver abscess
    Goh KL, Pathmanathan R, Chang KW, Wong NW
    J Trop Med Hyg, 1987 Oct;90(5):255-7.
    PMID: 3669128
    Tuberculous liver abscess is uncommonly seen in our experience. We report a case of a 17-year-old boy who presented with typical clinical features of liver abscess, where a diagnosis of tuberculous liver abscess was made on laparotomy and biopsy of the abscess wall.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Hepatic/diagnosis*; Tuberculosis, Hepatic/pathology
  10. Fulltext The whole genome sequence data analyses of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain SBH321 isolated in Sabah, Malaysia, belongs to Ural family of Lineage 4
    Jani J, Mustapha ZA, Ling CK, Hui ASM, Teo R, Ahmed K
    Data Brief, 2020 Dec;33:106388.
    PMID: 33102655 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106388
    In 2019, 10 million new cases of tuberculosis have been reported worldwide. Our data reports genetic analyses of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain SBH321 isolated from a 31-year-old female with pulmonary tuberculosis. The genomic DNA of the strain was extracted from pure culture and subjected to sequencing using Illumina platform. M. tuberculosis strain SBH321 consists of 4,374,895 bp with G+C content of 65.59%. The comparative analysis by SNP-based phylogenetic analysis using maximum-likelihood method showed that our strain belonging to sublineage of the Ural family of Europe-America-Africa lineage (Lineage 4) and clustered with M. tuberculosis strain OFXR-4 from Taiwan. The whole genome sequence is deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession WCJH00000000 (SRR10230353).
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
  11. Fulltext Whole genome sequencing data and analysis of a rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain SBH162 from Sabah, Malaysia
    Jani J, Mustapha ZA, Jamal NB, Stanis CS, Ling CK, Avoi R, et al.
    Data Brief, 2019 Oct;26:104445.
    PMID: 31534995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104445
    A Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain SBH162 was isolated from a 49-year-old male with pulmonary tuberculosis. GeneXpert MDR/RIF identified the strain as rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis. The whole genome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 4000 system to further investigate and verify the mutation sites of the strain through genetic analyses namely variant calling using bioinformatics tools. The de novo assembly of genome generated 100 contigs with N50 of 156,381bp. The whole genome size was 4,343,911 bp with G + C content of 65.58% and consisted of 4,306 predicted genes. The mutation site, S450L, for rifampicin resistance was detected in the rpoB gene. Based on the phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method, the strain was identified as belonging to the Europe America Africa lineage (Lineage 4). The genome dataset has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession number SMOE00000000.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
  12. Fulltext Case series of ocular tuberculosis; the great masquerader
    Loh, Ui Lyn, Nadras, Indira, Yeong, Choo Mee, Nadarajah, Gaayathri, Fazilawati Qamarruddin, Shelina Oli Mohamed, et al.
    Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(2):1-5.
    MyJurnal
    Tuberculosis, an ancient disease, still thrives today as the leading infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis poses a great challenge due to the varied clinical presentations. We report 3 cases of primary ocular tuberculosis with varied presentations: conjunctival abscess, sclera-uveitis and occlusive vasculitis. There were no symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis in all cases. All patients presented with acute, unilateral painful red eye. The first case had good visual acuity (VA) OD (6/9) with a swollen upper lid, localized perilimbal-hemorrhagic conjunctival swelling superiorly, keratic precipitates and mild anterior chamber reaction. The posterior segment was normal. The second case had a VA of 6/60 OD. There was presence of conjunctival injection, keratic precipitates, posterior synechiae and anterior chamber reaction of 1+. A few days later, there was a progression to vitritis OU and hyperemic optic disc OD with choroidal folds, cystoid macula edema and a positive T sign on B scan ultrasonography. The third case had VA of 6/6 OU, AC reaction of 2+ OD. There was multiple peripheral choroiditis with peripheral vasculitis seen in the posterior segment OU. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) showed peripheral periphlebitis in all 4 quadrants OU. All 3 cases had positive Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux test) results which were more than 20mm. Anti-tuberculous treatment was promptly started and all patients showed significant clinical improvement. This case series highlights the diverse clinical presentations of ocular tuberculosis. A high clinical index of suspicion led to prompt initiation of anti-tuberculous therapy which resulted in good clinical outcomes for all cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Ocular; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
  13. Fulltext A case of secondary choroidal neovascularization in inactive choroidal tuberculoma
    Farhana, I., Nor Azita, A.T., Hamisah, I.
    Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):158-163.
    MyJurnal
    Ocular tuberculosis is an ocular infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). About 5-10% of ocular inflammation cases are caused by ocular TB. Spectrum of ocular TB is diverse, affecting any part of the adnexa, different layers and structures of the globe, orbital contents, optic nerve to the orbital apex posteriorly. It can be associated with or without systemic manifestation. Posterior uveitis is the most common presentation of ocular tuberculosis. Subretinal haemorrhage secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a rare complication in ocular tuberculosis. We report a rare case of secondary choroidal neovascularization in a 9-year-old boy with bilateral eye choroidal tuberculoma with underlying miliary tuberculosis. He was treated with intravitreal ranibizumab and intravitreal recombinant-tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) injection. The CNV resolved, however, vision was poor due to atrophic fovea.

    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Ocular
  14. Fulltext Mutations causing streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates of Sabah
    Cheronie Shely Stanis, Myo Thura Zaw, Zainal Arifin Mustapha, Nor Amalina Emran, Richard Avoi, Jiloris Frederick Dony, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):22-22.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a public health problem worldwide and the emergence of drug resistant TB (DR-TB) has worsened the situation as it is difficult and expensive to treat. The characterization of the genetic mutations underlying streptomycin resistance may be helpful in developing rapid detection methods which may guide clinicians in making therapeutic decisions. The aim of this study is to detect mutations causing streptomycin (STR) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sabah. Methods: Susceptibility testing was carried out in MGIT system for 42 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. The drug resistant isolates were subject to whole genome sequencing and in-silico analysis was performed to detect the mutations in the sequence of the rpsL gene known to confer resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs. Results: Of the 42 positive isolates, 27 (64.3%) are shown to be susceptible towards first line drugs (FLDs) while 15 (35.7%) isolates were mono- and multiple resistant to the FLDs. Our findings reveal that the isolate 145 possess mutations at codon 43 within rpsL gene with amino acid change A to G (K43R). Conclusion: Findings from this study enable us to expand our knowledge of mutations causing drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the point mutations, which can be used as the potential marker for detection of drug resistant isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
  15. Fulltext Dataset of complete genome assembly and analysis of mycobacterium tuberculosis strain SIT745/EAI1-MYS
    Abdullah M, Suraiya S, Mohamad S, Harun A
    Data Brief, 2020 Aug;31:105949.
    PMID: 32671154 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105949
    In this dataset, we report the genome assembly and data analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain SIT745/EAI1-MYS. Previously, this strain was isolated from a Malaysian patient with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, and identification of this strain is done by spoligotype patterns with fifteen known Shared International Type (SITs). Further analysis showed that this strain has a remarkable phylogeographical specificity for Malaysia. Based on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide database information, the complete genome consists of 150 contigs with various sequence lengths and was not assembled. In this assembly, the aforementioned contigs along with reference sequence from Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv and Mycobacterium bovis strain AF2122/97 was used for gap closures, were assembled into a single circular chromosome length of approximately 4.42 Mega bases (Mb) with an average GC content of 65.6%. The single circular chromosome was shown to contain 4,009 protein-coding sequences, 3 ribosomal RNAs, 45 transfer RNAs, and 12 superclasses distributed with 277 subsystems which constitute nearly 1900 genes, respectively. The genome information will provide fundamental knowledge of this organism as well as insight for understanding genomic and proteomic profiling, phylogenetic relationship.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
  16. Fulltext Proof of concept in utilizing in-trans surface display system of Lactobacillus plantarum as mucosal tuberculosis vaccine via oral administration in mice
    Mustafa AD, Kalyanasundram J, Sabidi S, Song AA, Abdullah M, Abdul Rahim R, et al.
    BMC Biotechnol, 2018 10 11;18(1):63.
    PMID: 30309359 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0461-y
    BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is one of the most common and deadliest infectious diseases worldwide affecting almost a third of the world's population. Although this disease is being prevented and controlled by the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine, the protective efficacy is highly variable and substandard (0-80%) in adults. Therefore, novel and effective tuberculosis vaccine that can overcome the limitations from BCG vaccine need to be developed.

    RESULTS: A novel approach of utilizing an in-trans protein surface display system of Lactobacillus plantarum carrying and displaying combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit epitope antigens (Ag85B, CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv0475 and Rv2031c) fused with LysM anchor motif designated as ACERL was constructed, cloned and expressed in Esherichia coli Rossetta expression host. Subsequently the binding capability of ACERL to the cell wall of L. plantarum was examined via the immunofluorescence microscopy and whole cell ELISA where successful attachment and consistent stability of cell wall binding up to 4 days was determined. The immunization of the developed vaccine of L. plantarum surface displaying ACERL (Lp ACERL) via the oral route was studied in mice for its immunogenicity effects. Lp ACERL immunization was able to invoke significant immune responses that favor the Th1 type cytokine response of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-2 as indicated by the outcome from the cytokine profiling of spleen, lung, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the re-stimulation of the splenocytes from the immunized mice. Co-administration of an adjuvant consisting of Lactococcus lactis secreting mouse IL-12 (LcIL-12) with Lp ACERL was also investigated. It was shown that the addition of LcIL-12 was able to further generate significant Th1 type cytokines immune responses, similar or better than that of Lp ACERL alone which can be observed from the cytokine profiling of the immunized mice's spleen, lung and GIT.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a proof of concept in the development of L. plantarum as a carrier for a non-genetically modified organism (GMO) tuberculosis vaccine, which may be the strategy in the future for tuberculosis vaccine development.

    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology; Tuberculosis/genetics; Tuberculosis/immunology; Tuberculosis/microbiology; Tuberculosis/prevention & control*; Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage*; Tuberculosis Vaccines/genetics*; Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
  17. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in rural Malaysia
    Marks A
    Can J Public Health, 1974 7 1;65(4):305-9.
    PMID: 4851355
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis*; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
  18. Malaysian tuberculosis programme
    Sodhy JS
    Bull Int Union Tuberc, 1974 Aug;49 suppl 1:111-2.
    PMID: 4467977
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control*
  19. Tuberculosis Treated by Multiple Drugs: An Overview
    Singh G, Kesharwani P, Srivastava AK
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2018;15(3):312-320.
    PMID: 29165080 DOI: 10.2174/1567201814666171120125916
    BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an infection and caused by gentle growing bacteria. The Internet provides opportunities for people with tuberculosis (TB) to connect with one another to address these challenges.

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to introduce readers to the platforms on which Tuberculosis participants interact, to discuss reasons for and risks associated with TB-related activity, and to review research related to the potential impact of individual participation on TB outcomes.

    METHODS: Research and online content related to Tuberculosis online activity is reviewed, however, the difficulty in accurate prescribing and adhering to these protocols and the emergence of M. tuberculosis strains resistant to multiple drugs and drug-drug interactions that interfere with optimal treatment of Tuberculosis and co-infected patients with the different disease has generated a pressing need for improved Tuberculosis therapies.

    RESULTS: Together with the ominous global burden of Tuberculosis, those shortcomings of current medication have contributed to a renewed interest in the development of improved drugs and protocols for the medication of Tuberculosis. This article features obstacles related with the enhanced utilization of existing drugs and difficulties related with the advancement of enhanced products, concentrating on perspectives characteristic in Tuberculosis drug clinical improvement. The participation includes peer support, advocacy, self-expression, seeking and sharing TB information, improving approaches to Tuberculosis data management, and humour.

    CONCLUSION: This article highlights hurdles related to the optimised use of existing drugs and challenges related to the development of improved products, focusing on aspects inherent in Tuberculosis drug clinical development. Concluding comments offer processes for more efficient development of Tuberculosis therapies and increase the quality of life.

    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis/drug therapy*; Tuberculosis/etiology
  20. Fulltext An evaluation of treatment outcome in tuberculosis directly observed treatment short course facilities in Jigawa State, Nigeria (2010–2014)
    Faisal, M., Moniruddin, C., Alauddin, A.B.M.C.
    JUMMEC, 2017;20(2):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem worldwide. It is estimated that 2 billion people, a third of
    the world population, have TB infection, but are not down with the disease. Globally, incident cases of TB
    showed a rising trend, with a 6.6 million reported in 1990, 8.3 million in 2000, 9.24 million in 2004, and an
    estimated 9.27 million incident cases in 2007. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcome of
    TB patients in Nigeria in the state of Jigawa. A cross sectional retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the
    treatment outcome in directly observed treatment with a short course for tuberculosis (TB DOTS) in facilities
    in the state between the years 2010 to 2014. The study population were all the patients with TB, who had
    access to DOTS therapy. Data were collected from the various local governmental areas for tuberculosis control
    (LGA TB) register. The LGA TB control registers contained basic information of the patients, and a statistical
    software SPSS-V22.0 was used to analyse the data. A total of 963 TB patients were studied. More than half
    (57.4%) of the patients were male, and nearly three- fourths (71.2%) of the patients accessed care from urban
    local government areas in the state. The greater majority (96.3%) of the cases had pulmonary tuberculosis
    (PTB). Among the patients, more than two-fifths (45%) were cured, and a little over one-fifth (20.6%) of them
    were HIV positive. This study revealed that the treatment success rate (TSR) in the Jigawa State of Nigeria
    was higher than the overall TSR of Nigeria, and the defaulter rate in this state was lower than the Nigerian
    average. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcome of TB patients in Nigeria in the state
    of Jigawa. A cross sectional retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the treatment outcome in directly
    observed treatment with a short course for tuberculosis (TB DOTS) in facilities in the state between the years
    2010 to 2014. The study population were all the patients with TB, who had access to DOTS therapy. Data were
    collected from the various local governmental areas for tuberculosis control (LGA TB) register. The LGA TB
    control registers contained basic information of the patients, and a statistical software SPSS-V22.0 was used
    to analyse the data. A total of 963 TB patients were studied. More than half (57.4%) of the patients were
    male, and nearly three- fourths (71.2%) of the patients accessed care from urban local government areas in
    the state. The greater majority (96.3%) of the cases had pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Among the patients,
    more than two-fifths (45%) were cured, and a little over one-fifth (20.6%) of them were HIV positive. This study
    revealed that the treatment success rate (TSR) in the Jigawa State of Nigeria was higher than the overall TSR
    of Nigeria, and the defaulter rate in this state was lower than the Nigerian average.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Latent Tuberculosis
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