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A review on exploration of Fe2O3 photocatalyst towards degradation of dyes and organic contaminants

Hitam CNC, Jalil AA

J Environ Manage, 2020 Mar 15;258:110050.
PMID: 31929077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110050

Photocatalytic degradation is among the promising technology for removal of various dyes and organic contaminants from environment owing to its excellent catalytic activity, low energy utilization, and low cost. As one of potential photocatalysts, Fe2O3 has emerged as an important material for degradation of numerous dyes and organic contaminants caused by its tolerable band gap, wide harvesting of visible light, good stability and recyclability. The present review thoroughly summarized the classification, synthesis route of Fe2O3 with different morphologies, and several modifications of Fe2O3 for improved photocatalytic performance. These include the incorporation with supporting materials, formation of heterojunction with other semiconductor photocatalysts, as well as the fabrication of Z-scheme. Explicitly, the other photocatalytic applications of Fe2O3, including for removal of heavy metals, reduction of CO2, evolution of H2, and N2 fixation are also deliberately discussed to further highlight the huge potential of this catalyst. Moreover, the prospects and future challenges are also comprised to expose the unscrutinized criteria of Fe2O3 photocatalyst. This review aims to contribute a knowledge transfer for providing more information on the potential of Fe2O3 photocatalyst. In the meantime, it might give an idea for utilization of this photocatalyst in other environmental remediation application.
A review on self-modification of zirconium dioxide nanocatalysts with enhanced visible-light-driven photodegradation of organic pollutants

Hassan NS, Jalil AA

J Hazard Mater, 2022 Feb 05;423(Pt A):126996.
PMID: 34461544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126996

Over the past few years, photocatalysis is one of the most promising approaches for removing organic pollutants. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) has been shown to be effective in the photodegradation of organic pollutants. However, low photoresponse and fast electron-hole recombination of ZrO2 affected the efficiency of catalytic performance. Modifying the photocatalyst itself (self-modification) is a prominent way to enhance the photoactivity of ZrO2. Moreover, as ZrO2-like photocatalysts have a large bandgap, improving the spectral response via self-modification could extend the visible light region and reduce the chance of recombination. Here, we review the self-modification of ZrO2 for enhanced the degradation of organic pollutants. The approaches of the ZrO2 self-modification, including the type of synthetic route and synthesis parameter variation, are discussed in the review. This will be followed by a brief section on the effect of ZrO2 self-modification in terms of morphology, crystal structure, and surface defects for enhanced photodegradation efficiency. It also covers the discussion on the photocatalytic mechanism of ZrO2 self-modification. Finally, some challenges with ZrO2 catalysts are also discussed to promote new ideas to improve photocatalytic performance.
Recent advances on nanocellulose biomaterials for environmental health photoremediation: An overview

Hitam CNC, Jalil AA

Environ Res, 2022 03;204(Pt A):111964.
PMID: 34461122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111964

As one of the potential bionanomaterials, nanocellulose has appeared as a favorable candidate for photoremediation of the environment because of its abundance in nature, inexpensive, eco-friendly, decomposable, high surface area, and outstanding mechanical properties. The current review carefully summarized the diverse type of nanocellulose, their preparation approaches, and several previous works on the use of nanocellulose for photoremediation. These include the role of nanocellulose for the increased surface active site of the hybrid photocatalysts by providing a large surface area for enhanced adsorption of photons and pollutant molecules, as a dispersing agent to increase distribution of metal/non-metal dopants photocatalysts, as well as for controlled size and morphology of the dopants photocatalysts. Furthermore, the recommendations for upcoming research provided in this review are anticipated to ignite an idea for the development of other nanocellulose-based photocatalysts. Other than delivering beneficial information on the present growth of the nanocellulose biomaterials photocatalysts, this review is expected will attract more interest to the utilization of nanocellulose photocatalyst and distribute additional knowledge in this exciting area of environmental photoremediation. This could be attained by considering that a review on nanocellulose biomaterials for environmental health photoremediation has not been described elsewhere, notwithstanding intensive research works have been dedicated to this topic.
Outpatients laparoscopic sterilization -- a review of the difficulties in procedure and complications encountered

Arshat H, Kim KS, Jalil AH

Malays J Reprod Health, 1985 Jun;3(1):59-63.
PMID: 12314428

PIP:
A total of 552 women in 1983 have undergone laparoscopic sterilization under local anesthesia with sedation in the family planning clinic at Maternity Hospital and the Specialist Center at Batu Complex. A review was made to evaluate the risks, benefits, and safety of outpatient surgery in view of the shortage of anesthetic personnel, operating theaters and costs to patients if general anesthesia were to be used instead. Anesthetic complications (0.9%) were found to be of a very minor nature, not requiring hospitalization. Surgical complication was higher at 3.8%. There was a high rate (21%) of difficulties encountered at operation, 15% for medical officers and trainees but only 6% for specialists. In summary, a very low complication rate was encountered with local anesthetics. The use of local anesthesia with sedation is advocated. This cuts down on costs, hospitalization and recovey time and overcomes the perennial problem of shortage of anesthetic staff and operating theaters. The rate of the surgical complications was related to the surgeon's experience.

Study site: family planning clinic at Maternity Hospital and the Specialist Center at Batu Comple
Paramedic insertion of intrauterine device in a Malaysian family planning clinic

Kwa Siew Kim, Arshat H, Abdul Jalil AH, Ang Eng Suan, Suhaimi A

Malays J Reprod Health, 1987 Jun;5(1):11-6.
PMID: 12269176
Sulfur dioxide removal: An overview of regenerative flue gas desulfurization and factors affecting desulfurization capacity and sorbent regeneration

Hanif MA, Ibrahim N, Abdul Jalil A

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Aug;27(22):27515-27540.
PMID: 32415453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09191-4

Numerous mitigation techniques have been incorporated to capture or remove SO2 with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) being the most common method. Regenerative FGD method is advantageous over other methods due to high desulfurization efficiency, sorbent regenerability, and reduction in waste handling. The capital costs of regenerative methods are higher than those of commonly used once-through methods simply due to the inclusion of sorbent regeneration while operational and management costs depend on the operating hours and fuel composition. Regenerable sorbents like ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, ammonium halide solutions, alkyl-aniline solutions, amino acid solutions, activated carbons, mesoporous silica, zeolite, and metal-organic frameworks have been reported to successfully achieve high SO2 removal. The presence of other gases in flue gas, e.g., O2, CO2, NOx, and water vapor, and the reaction temperature critically affect the sorption capacity and sorbent regenerability. To obtain optimal SO2 removal performance, other parameters such as pH, inlet SO2 concentration, and additives need to be adequately governed. Due to its high removal capacity, easy preparation, non-toxicity, and low regeneration temperature, the use of deep eutectic solvents is highly feasible for upscale utilization. Metal-organic frameworks demonstrated highest reported SO2 removal capacity; however, it is not yet applicable at industrial level due to its high price, weak stability, and robust formulation.
Fulltext Do powerful CEOs matter for earnings quality? Evidence from Bangladesh

Arif HM, Mustapha MZ, Abdul Jalil A

PLoS One, 2023;18(1):e0276935.
PMID: 36662870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276935

This study investigates the effects of powerful Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) on earnings quality in a setting where CEOs have strong dominance over other top executives and occasionally attempt to exert their influence over corporate regulatory bodies. Using 10-year longitudinal data for the period from 2010 to 2019 and 1,395 firm-year observations from listed non-financial firms in Bangladesh, we found that CEOs' political power and CEOs with high structural and expert power have a significant detrimental effect on earnings quality. Ownership and prestige power have an insignificant impact on earnings quality. These powerful CEOs use accrual and real activity manipulation techniques together to manage the earnings. This study uses the system-generalized method of moment estimates for estimation purposes, and the results remain robust when alternative earnings quality proxies are used. Taken together, our results suggest that CEOs' political duality (i.e., serving simultaneously as a member of parliament and a CEO) should be restricted and that a CEO's tenure should be limited to a reasonable period. This research adds to the existing body of knowledge by offering empirical support for CEO power dynamics on earnings quality, specifically political and prestige power.
Perception of lower extremity loading in stroke

Kumar SN, Joseph LH, Pharmy Jalil A

Clin Neurophysiol, 2015 Jul;126(7):1453-4.
PMID: 25468242 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.09.031
Influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on textural and adsorption characteristics of in situ synthesized mesostructured silica

Karim AH, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Kamarudin NH, Ripin A

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2014 May 1;421:93-102.
PMID: 24594037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.01.039

Carbon nanotubes-mesostructured silica nanoparticles (CNT-MSN) composites were prepared by a simple one step method with various loading of CNT. Their surface properties were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TEM and FTIR, while the adsorption performance of the CNT-MSN composites were evaluated on the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) while varying the pH, adsorbent dosage, initial MB concentration, and temperature. The CNTs were found to improve the physicochemical properties of the MSN and led to an enhanced adsorptivity for MB. N2 physisorption measurements revealed the development of a bimodal pore structure that increased the pore size, pore volume and surface area. Accordingly, 0.05 g L(-1) CNT-MSN was able to adsorb 524 mg g(-1) (qm) of 60 mg L(-1) MB at pH 8 and 303 K. The equilibrium data were evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models, with the Langmuir model affording the best fit to the adsorption data. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-first order model. These results indicate the potential of CNT-MSN composites as effective new adsorbents for dye adsorption.
Modified PVA-alginate encapsulated photocatalyst ferro photo gels for Cr(VI) reduction

Idris A, Misran E, Hassan N, Abd Jalil A, Seng CE

J Hazard Mater, 2012 Aug 15;227-228:309-16.
PMID: 22682796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.065

In this study magnetic separable photocatalyst beads containing maghemite nanoparticles (γ-Fe(2)O(3)) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer were prepared and used in the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in an aqueous solution under sunlight. The unique superparamagnetic property of the photocatalyst contributed by the γ-Fe(2)O(3) and robust property of PVA polymer allow the magnetic beads to be recovered easily and reused for at least 7 times without washing. The concentration of γ-Fe(2)O(3) was varied from 8% (v/v) to 27% (v/v) and the results revealed that the beads with 8% (v/v) γ-Fe(2)O(3) exhibited the best performance where Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in only 30 min under sunlight. The use of the PVA has improved the bead properties and life cycle of beads which is in line with sustainable practices.
Recent advances in catalytic systems in the prism of physicochemical properties to remediate toxic CO pollutants: A state-of-the-art review

Hussain I, Jalil AA, Hamid MYS, Hassan NS

Chemosphere, 2021 Aug;277:130285.
PMID: 33794437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130285

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most harmful pollutant in the air, causing environmental issues and adversely affecting humans and the vegetation and then raises global warming indirectly. CO oxidation is one of the most effective methods of reducing CO by converting it into carbon dioxide (CO2) using a suitable catalytic system, due to its simplicity and great value for pollution control. The CO oxidation reaction has been widely studied in various applications, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cell technology and catalytic converters. CO oxidation has also been of great academic interest over the last few decades as a model reaction. Many review studies have been produced on catalysts development for CO oxidation, emphasizing noble metal catalysts, the configuration of catalysts, process parameter influence, and the deactivation of catalysts. Nevertheless, there is still some gap in a state of the art knowledge devoted exclusively to synergistic interactions between catalytic activity and physicochemical properties. In an effort to fill this gap, this analysis updates and clarifies innovations for various latest developed catalytic CO oxidation systems with contemporary evaluation and the synergistic relationship between oxygen vacancies, strong metal-support interaction, particle size, metal dispersion, chemical composition acidity/basicity, reducibility, porosity, and surface area. This review study is useful for environmentalists, scientists, and experts working on mitigating the harmful effects of CO on both academic and commercial levels in the research and development sectors.
Liquid crystal physical gel formed by cholesteryl stearate for light scattering display material

Leaw WL, Mamat CR, Triwahyono S, Jalil AA, Bidin N

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2016 Aug 10;483:41-48.
PMID: 27552412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.020

A liquid crystal physical gel was prepared by the self-assembly of cholesteryl stearate in a nematic liquid crystal, 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl. The electro-optical properties were tuned by varying the gelator concentration and the gelation conditions. Polarized optical microscopy revealed that cholesteric cholesteryl stearate induced chiral nematic phase in 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl during the gelation process. As a result, a plate-like gel structure consisting of spherical micropores was formed, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy showed that the liquid crystal director orientations in these macrophase-separated structures were massively randomised. For these reasons, the liquid crystal physical gel generated a strong light scattering effect. For 48.0wt% cholesteryl stearate gelled 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl, the turbid appearance could be switched to a transparent state using a 5.0V alternating current. The response time was about 3.7μs. This liquid crystal physical gel has potential for use in light scattering electro-optical displays.
Recent progress and perspectives of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for the detection of food contaminants

Manoj D, Rajendran S, Murphy M, Jalil AA, Sonne C

Chemosphere, 2023 Nov;340:139820.
PMID: 37586499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139820

Over the past decades, increasing research in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) being a large family of highly tunable porous materials with intrinsic physical properties, show propitious results for a wide range of applications in adsorption, separation, electrocatalysis, and electrochemical sensors. MOFs have received substantial attention in electrochemical sensors owing to their large surface area, active metal sites, high chemical and thermal stability, and tunable structure with adjustable pore diameters. Benefiting from the superior properties, MOFs and MOF-derived carbon materials act as promising electrode material for the detection of food contaminants. Although several reviews have been reported based on MOF and its nanocomposites for the detection of food contaminants using various analytical methods such as spectrometric, chromatographic, and capillary electrophoresis. But there no significant review has been devoted to MOF/and its derived carbon-based electrodes using electrochemical detection of food contaminants. Here we review and classify MOF-based electrodes over the period between 2017 and 2022, concerning synthetic procedures, electrode fabrication process, and the possible mechanism for detection of the food contaminants which include: heavy metals, antibiotics, mycotoxins, and pesticide residues. The merits and demerits of MOF as electrode material and the need for the fabrication of MOF and its composites/derivatives for the determination of food contaminants are discussed in detail. At last, the current opportunities, key challenges, and prospects in MOF for the development of smart sensing devices for future research in this field are envisioned.
Sustainable energy for better social, environmental, and economic returns

Jalil AA, Hamid MYS, Jusoh NWC, Hassan NS

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Nov;30(55):116876-116877.
PMID: 37858029 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30429-4
Progress and Advances in Porous Silica-based Scaffolds for Enhanced Solid-state Hydrogen Storage: A Systematic Literature Review

Abdulkadir BA, Jalil AA, Cheng CK, Setiabudi HD

Chem Asian J, 2024 Jan 15;19(2):e202300833.
PMID: 37997488 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300833

Hydrogen plays a crucial role in the future energy landscape owing to its high energy density. However, finding an ideal storage material is the key challenge to the success of the hydrogen economy. Various solid-state hydrogen storage materials, such as metal hydrides, have been developed to realize safe, effective, and compact hydrogen storage. However, low kinetics and thermodynamic stability lead to a high working temperature and a low hydrogen sorption rate of the metal hydrides. Using scaffolds made from porous materials like silica to confine the metal hydrides is necessary for better and improved hydrogen storage. Therefore, this article reviews porous silica-based scaffolds as an ideal material for improved hydrogen storage. The outcome showed that confining the metal hydrides using scaffolds based on porous silica significantly increases their storage capacities. It was also found that the structural modifications of the silica-based scaffold into a hollow structure further improved the storage capacity and increased the affinity and confinement ability of the metal hydrides, which prevents the agglomeration of metal particles during the adsorption/desorption process. Hence, the structural modifications of the silica material into a fibrous and hollow material are recommended to be crucial for further enhancing the metal hydride storage capacity.
Fulltext Vitamin E-Mediated Modulation of Glutamate Receptor Expression in an Oxidative Stress Model of Neural Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures

Abd Jalil A, Khaza'ai H, Nordin N, Mansor N, Zaulkffali AS

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017;2017:6048936.
PMID: 29348770 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6048936

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Excessive concentrations of glutamate in the brain can be excitotoxic and cause oxidative stress, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, the effects of vitamin E in the form of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and alpha-tocopherol (α-TCP) in modulating the glutamate receptor and neuron injury markers in an in vitro model of oxidative stress in neural-derived embryonic stem (ES) cell cultures were elucidated. A transgenic mouse ES cell line (46C) was differentiated into a neural lineage in vitro via induction with retinoic acid. These cells were then subjected to oxidative stress with a significantly high concentration of glutamate. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed after inducing glutamate excitotoxicity, and recovery from this toxicity in response to vitamin E was determined. The gene expression levels of glutamate receptors and neuron-specific enolase were elucidated using real-time PCR. The results reveal that neural cells derived from 46C cells and subjected to oxidative stress exhibit downregulation of NMDA, kainate receptor, and NSE after posttreatment with different concentrations of TRF and α-TCP, a sign of neurorecovery. Treatment of either TRF or α-TCP reduced the levels of ROS in neural cells subjected to glutamate-induced oxidative stress; these results indicated that vitamin E is a potent antioxidant.
Interaction between copper and carbon nanotubes triggers their mutual role in the enhanced photodegradation of p-chloroaniline

Khusnun NF, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Jusoh NW, Johari A, Kidam K

Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2016 04 28;18(17):12323-31.
PMID: 27088140 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08068a

Copper (Cu, 1-5 wt%) was loaded onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a simple electrochemical method. The physicochemical properties of catalysts (Cu/CNTs) were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron spinning resonance (ESR). The results showed that the Cu was distributed well on the CNT surface by the interaction of Cu(2+) ions with -OH and -COOH groups on the CNT surface, which preferentially occurred at the defect sites along the CNT backbone. The Cu-O-C bonds formed were found to play an important role in enhancing the photoactivity of the catalysts. The highest number of Cu-O-C bonds possessed by 3 wt% Cu/CNTs demonstrated the best performance in the degradation of p-chloroaniline (96%) under UV light irradiation within 5 h of reaction at 27 °C and under neutral pH conditions. Kinetic studies showed that the degradation followed the pseudo-first order model and the surface reaction was the controlling step. It is believed that these results could contribute to the synthesis of various supported catalysts for various applications.
Oral candidosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report

Siar CH, Ng KH, Rasool S, Ram S, Abdul Jalil A, Ng KP

J Oral Sci, 2003 Sep;45(3):161-4.
PMID: 14650581

Though oral candidosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects immunocompromised patients, little is known of its occurrence as a complication of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This paper reports a case of oral candidosis in a 20-year-old Indonesian woman with this lymphoproliferative disease. She presented with acute pseudomembranous candidosis on the dorsum and lateral borders of the tongue, bilateral angular cheilitis and cheilocandidosis. The latter is a rare clinical variant of oral candidosis, and the lesions affecting the vermilion borders presented as an admixture of superficial erosions, ulcers and white plaques. Clinical findings were confirmed with oral smears and swabs that demonstrated the presence of hyphae, pseudohyphae and blastospores, and colonies identified as Candida albicans. A culture from a saline rinse was also positive for multiple candidal colonies. Lip and oral lesions were managed with Nystatin. The lesions regressed with subsequent crusting on the lips, and overall reduction in oral thrush. As Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a neoplastic disease that produces a chronic immunosuppressive state, management of its oral complications, including those due to oral candidosis, is considered a long-term indication.
Fulltext Inflammatory Responses in Oro-Maxillofacial Region Expanded Using Anisotropic Hydrogel Tissue Expander

Ali Salim KM, Abd Jalil A, Radzi Z, Ismail SM, Czernuszka JT, Rahman MT

Materials (Basel), 2020 Oct 06;13(19).
PMID: 33036128 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194436

OBJECTIVE: Reconstruction of oral and facial defects often necessitate replacement of missing soft tissue. The purpose of tissue expanders is to grow healthy supplementary tissue under a controlled force. This study investigates the inflammatory responses associated with the force generated from the use of anisotropic hydrogel tissue expanders.
METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats (n = 7, body weight = 300 g ± 50 g) were grouped randomly into two groups-control (n = 3) and expanded (n = 4). Anisotropic hydrogel tissue expanders were inserted into the frontal maxillofacial region of the rats in the expanded group. The rats were sacrificed, and skin samples were harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin wax for histological investigation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to detect histological changes between the two groups and to investigate the inflammatory response in the expanded samples. Three inflammatory markers, namely interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
RESULT: IL-1-α expression was only observed in the expanded tissue samples compared to the controls. In contrast, there was no significant difference in IL-6, and TNF-α production. Histological analysis showed the absence of inflammatory response in expanded tissues, and a negative non-significant correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient) between IL-1-α immune-positive cells and the inflammatory cells (r = -0.500). In conclusion, tissues that are expanded and stabilized using an anisotropic self-inflating hydrogel tissue expander might be useful for tissue replacement and engraftment as the expanded tissue does not show any sign of inflammatory responses. Detection of IL-1-α in the expanded tissues warrants further investigation for its involvement without any visible inflammatory response.
Enhanced visible-light driven multi-photoredox Cr(VI) and p-cresol by Si and Zr interplay in fibrous silica-zirconia

Aziz FFA, Jalil AA, Hassan NS, Hitam CNC, Rahman AFA, Fauzi AA

J Hazard Mater, 2021 Jan 05;401:123277.
PMID: 33113710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123277

Multiple contaminants including heavy metals and phenolic compounds are normally co-exist in wastewater, which caused the treatment process is rather complicated. Herein, the synergistic photoredox of Cr(VI) and p-cresol (pC) by innovative fibrous silica zirconia (FSZr) photocatalyst was reported. The high surface area of FSZr comprised of microspheres with a bicontinuous concentric lamella structure morphology consisted of silica, while its core consisted of ZrO2 structure. The rearrangement of FSZr framework increased the crystallinity, formed Si-O-Zr bonds and narrowed the band gap of ZrO2 for enhanced of photoredox of Cr(VI) and pC. Compared to the reaction, the photoredox efficiency of FSZr for removing Cr(VI) and pC in simultaneous system was found to be 96 % and 59 %, respectively which are higher than that in its single system owing to the efficient electron-hole charge separation. Phenolic compound with high degree of electron donating group gave beneficial effect to photoreduction of Cr(VI). Consequently, a proposed mechanism involving multi-photoredox pathway were proposed based on photoredox reaction and scavengers studies. FSZr sustained the simultaneous photoredox activities after five runs demonstrating its possibility to be use in the wastewater treatment of various pollutants.

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