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  1. Fulltext (Benzyl-diphenyl-phosphane-1κP)[μ-bis(diphenylphosphan-yl)methane-2:3κ(2) P:P']nona-carbonyl-1κ(3) C,2κ(3) C,3κ(3) C-triangulo-triruthenium(0)
    Shawkataly OB, Khan IA, Sirat SS, Rosli MM
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2014 Aug 1;70(Pt 8):m293-4.
    PMID: 25249878 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814015475
    The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ru3(C19H17P)(C25H22P2)(CO)9], consists of two independent mol-ecules. The bis-(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)methane ligand bridges an Ru-Ru bond and the benzyl-diphenyl-phosphane ligand binds to the third Ru atom. The Ru-Ru bond cis to the benzyl-diphenyl-phosphane ligand is the longest of the three Ru-Ru bonds in both mol-ecules. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the ac plane. C-H⋯π contacts further stabilize the crystal packing.
  2. Fulltext An energy efficient simultaneous-node repositioning algorithm for mobile sensor networks
    Khan MA, Hasbullah H, Nazir B, Khan IA
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:785305.
    PMID: 25152924 DOI: 10.1155/2014/785305
    Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) applications have seen an increase in interest. In search and rescue, battlefield reconnaissance, and some other such applications, so that a survey of the area of interest can be made collectively, a set of mobile nodes is deployed. Keeping the network nodes connected is vital for WSNs to be effective. The provision of connectivity can be made at the time of startup and can be maintained by carefully coordinating the nodes when they move. However, if a node suddenly fails, the network could be partitioned to cause communication problems. Recently, several methods that use the relocation of nodes for connectivity restoration have been proposed. However, these methods have the tendency to not consider the potential coverage loss in some locations. This paper addresses the concerns of both connectivity and coverage in an integrated way so that this gap can be filled. A novel algorithm for simultaneous-node repositioning is introduced. In this approach, each neighbour of the failed node, one by one, moves in for a certain amount of time to take the place of the failed node, after which it returns to its original location in the network. The effectiveness of this algorithm has been verified by the simulation results.
  3. Fulltext Entropy in Education System: Transformation of an Individual Through Meaningful Interactions in a Community of Inquiry
    Ahmad MI, Khan IA, Ahmad M, Husain A, Jamaludin R
    Syst Pract Action Res, 2021 Nov 20.
    PMID: 34840496 DOI: 10.1007/s11213-021-09585-6
    Every individual is unique and may serve a unique purpose in this life. Education is widely accepted to be the means of transformation of individuals so that they may achieve their unique success or create their own lives. However, not every individual seems to be realizing their true potential. This paper explores the concept of entropy in education system as a force that is usually imagined to oppose realization of potential of an individual during life in this phenomenal world. Alternatively, the same may provide an impetus that is necessary to bring in organization in oneself to realize the hidden potential. A one group Pretest-Posttest quasi-experimental design was used to draw the conclusions on data obtained from participants of workshops in three different modes, viz. face-to-face Pre COVID-19, face-to-face in COVID-19 with SOPs, and online in COVID-19. Realization of an individual's potential was represented as a dependent variable, i.e. transformation in cognition, skills, and attitude while the independent variables taken into account were the meaningful interactions of an individual with peers and advanced learners in a designed environment. It was inferred from the results that transformation in learners' cognition (6-30 %), skills (0-20 %), and attitude (5-32 %) occurred through human discourse, in a community of inquiry.
  4. Fulltext Evaluation of drug interaction potential of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) and its constituents
    Manda VK, Dale OR, Awortwe C, Ali Z, Khan IA, Walker LA, et al.
    Front Pharmacol, 2014;5:178.
    PMID: 25152732 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00178
    Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) is a popular herb in Malaysia that has been traditionally used in a number of women's health applications such as to improve libido, relieve postmenopausal symptoms, and to facilitate or hasten delivery in childbirth. In addition, the constituents of this plant have been reported to possess anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Clinical studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and Pregnane X receptor (PXR) are the three main modulators of drug-drug interactions which alter the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs. Given the widespread use of Kacip Fatimah in dietary supplements, the current study focuses on determining the potential of its constituents to affect the activities of CYPs, P-gp, or PXR using in vitro assays which may provide useful information toward the risk of herb-drug interaction with concomitantly used drugs. Six compounds isolated from the roots of L. pumila (2 saponins and 4 alkyl phenols) were tested, in addition to the methanolic extract. The extract of L. pumila showed a significant time dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4, reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2C19 and a weak inhibition of 1A2 and 2D6 as well as an inhibition of P-gp and rifampicin-induced PXR activation. The alkyl phenols inhibited CYP3A4 (TDI), CYP2C9, and 2C19 (reversible) while saponins inhibited P-gp and PXR. In conclusion, L. pumila and its constituents showed significant modulation of all three regulatory proteins (CYPs, P-gp, and PXR) suggesting a potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conventional drugs if used concomitantly.
  5. Fulltext Synthesis, spectral characterization and crystals structure of some arsane derivatives of gold (I) complexes: a comparative density functional theory study
    Shawkataly OB, Goh CP, Tariq A, Khan IA, Fun HK, Rosli MM
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0119620.
    PMID: 25798915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119620
    A series of complexes of the type LAuCl where L = tris(p-tolylarsane), tris(m-tolylarsane), bis(diphenylarsano)ethane, and tris(naphthyl)arsane have been synthesized. All of the new complexes, 1-4, have been fully characterized by means of ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray crystallography. The structures of complexes 1-4 have been determined from X-ray diffraction data. The linear molecules have an average bond distance between gold-arsenic and gold-chlorine of 2.3390Å and 2.2846Å, respectively. Aurophilic interaction was prominent in complex 1 and 3, whereas complex 2 and 4 do not show any such interaction. The intermolecular gold interaction bond length was affected by the electronegativity of the molecule. The computed values calculated at DFT level using B3LYP function are in good agreement with the experimental results.
  6. Cytotoxic constituent of Melicope latifolia (DC.) T. G. Hartley
    Lim PC, Ali Z, Khan IA, Khan SI, Kassim NK, Awang K, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2021 Feb 12.
    PMID: 33576269 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1885031
    An undescribed conjugated sesquiterpene, amelicarin (1), together with nine known compounds (2-10) were isolated for the first time from Melicope latifolia. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods. The conjugated sesquiterpene possesses a unique 6/6/9/4-ring fused tetracyclic skeleton. The proposed biosynthesis pathway of 1 consist of three reactions steps: (1) polyketide formation, (2) cyclisation and (3) addition to form the conjugated sesquiterpenoid as final metabolite. Out of the ten isolated metabolites, amelicarin (1) showed activity against 4 cancerous cell lines namely SK-MEL skin cancer, KB oral cancer, BT-549 breast cancer, and SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer with IC50 values between 15 and 25 µg/mL.
  7. Fulltext Discovery of Amide-Functionalized Benzimidazolium Salts as Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
    Khan IA, Ahmad M, Ashfaq UA, Sultan S, Zaki MEA
    Molecules, 2021 Aug 06;26(16).
    PMID: 34443347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164760
    α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are used as medicines for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The α-Glucosidase enzyme is present in the small intestine and is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. The process results in an increase in blood sugar levels. AGIs slow down the digestion of carbohydrates that is helpful in controlling the sugar levels in the blood after meals. Among heterocyclic compounds, benzimidazole moiety is recognized as a potent bioactive scaffold for its wide range of biologically active derivatives. The aim of this study is to explore the α-glucosidase inhibition ability of benzimidazolium salts. In this study, two novel series of benzimidazolium salts, i.e., 1-benzyl-3-{2-(substituted) amino-2-oxoethyl}-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium bromide 9a-m and 1-benzyl-3-{2-substituted) amino-2-oxoethyl}-2-methyl-1H-benzo[d] imidazol-3-ium bromide 10a-m were screened for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. These compounds were synthesized through a multistep procedure and were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EI-MS techniques. Compound 10d was identified as the potent α-glucosidase inhibitor among the series with an IC50 value of 14 ± 0.013 μM, which is 4-fold higher than the standard drug, acarbose. In addition, compounds 10a, 10e, 10h, 10g, 10k, 10l, and 10m also exhibited pronounced potential for α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value ranging from 15 ± 0.037 to 32.27 ± 0.050 µM when compared with the reference drug acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 ± 0.12 μM). A molecular docking study was performed to rationalize the binding interactions of potent inhibitors with the active site of the α-glucosidase enzyme.
  8. Fulltext TARS: A Novel Mechanism for Truly Autonomous Resource Selection in LTE-V2V Mode 4
    Khan IA, Shah SAA, Akhunzada A, Gani A, Rodrigues JJPC
    Sensors (Basel), 2021 Nov 09;21(22).
    PMID: 34833507 DOI: 10.3390/s21227431
    Effective communication in vehicular networks depends on the scheduling of wireless channel resources. There are two types of channel resource scheduling in Release 14 of the 3GPP, i.e., (1) controlled by eNodeB and (2) a distributed scheduling carried out by every vehicle, known as Autonomous Resource Selection (ARS). The most suitable resource scheduling for vehicle safety applications is the ARS mechanism. ARS includes (a) counter selection (i.e., specifying the number of subsequent transmissions) and (b) resource reselection (specifying the reuse of the same resource after counter expiry). ARS is a decentralized approach for resource selection. Therefore, resource collisions can occur during the initial selection, where multiple vehicles might select the same resource, hence resulting in packet loss. ARS is not adaptive towards vehicle density and employs a uniform random selection probability approach for counter selection and reselection. As a result, it can prevent some vehicles from transmitting in a congested vehicular network. To this end, the paper presents Truly Autonomous Resource Selection (TARS) for vehicular networks. TARS considers resource allocation as a problem of locally detecting the selected resources at neighbor vehicles to avoid resource collisions. The paper also models the behavior of counter selection and resource block reselection on resource collisions using the Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC). Observation of the model is used to propose a fair policy of counter selection and resource reselection in ARS. The simulation of the proposed TARS mechanism showed better performance in terms of resource collision probability and the packet delivery ratio when compared with the LTE Mode 4 standard and with a competing approach proposed by Jianhua He et al.
  9. Phytochemical, antioxidant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica
    Ain QU, Iqbal MO, Khan IA, Bano N, Naeem M, Jamaludin MI, et al.
    Am J Transl Res, 2023;15(7):4533-4543.
    PMID: 37560231
    OBJECTIVE: Plant-based natural antioxidants have a wide variety of biological activities with significant therapeutic value. Mangifera indica has been used traditionally to treat a variety of ailments in animals and human, but little is defined about its biological or pharmacological effects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate phytochemical, antioxidant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of M. indica.

    METHODS: To investigate the possible impact of aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of M. indica on oxidative stress, inflammation, and pyrexia, we used a combined in vitro and in vivo series of experiments on laboratory animals.

    RESULTS: Results revealed significant antioxidant potential in 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay, while significant but dose dependent antipyretic potential was documented in typhoid-paratyphoid A and B (TAB) vaccine and prostaglandin E (PGE) induced pyrexia models. Significant anti-inflammatory effects were observed in both acute and chronic inflammatory models of arachidonic acid and formalin. Phytochemical screening and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of M. Indica confirmed the presence of mangiferin, quercetin, and isoquercetin. These phytoconstituents likely play a role in the observed biological activities. Our results show that M. indica has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects, lending credence to its traditional use and advocating for its utilization as a viable contender in treating oxidative stress-associated ailments.

    CONCLUSION: It is concluded that Magnifera indica has various properties in the treatment of various diseases.

  10. Fulltext Frequency regulation of interconnected hybrid power system with Assimilation of electrical vehicles
    Daraz A, Khan IA, Basit A, Malik SA, AlQahtani SA, Zhang G
    Heliyon, 2024 Mar 30;10(6):e28073.
    PMID: 38524527 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28073
    Recent widespread connections of renewable energy resource (RESs) in place of fossil fuel supplies and the adoption of electrical vehicles in place of gasoline-powered vehicles have given birth to a number of new concerns. The control architecture of linked power networks now faces an increasingly pressing challenge: tie-line power fluctuations and reducing frequency deviations. Because of their nature and dependence on external circumstances, RESs are analogous to continually fluctuating power generators. Using a fractional order-based frequency regulator, this work presents a new method for improving the frequency regulation in a two-area interconnected power system. In order to deal with the frequency regulation difficulties of the hybrid system integrated with RES, the suggested controller utilizes the modified form of fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller known as FOI-PDN controller. The new proposed controllers are designed using the white shark optimizer (WSO), a current powerful bioinspired meta heuristic algorithm which has been motivated by the learning abilities of white sharks when actively hunting in the environment. The suggested FOI-PDN controller's performance was compared to that of various control methodologies such as FOPID, and PID. Furthermore, the WSO findings are compared to those of other techniques such as the salp swarm algorithm, sine cosine algorithm and fitness dependent optimizer. The recommended controller and design approach have been tested and validated at different loading conditions and different circumstances, as well as their robustness against system parameter suspicions. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the WSO-based tuned FOI-PDN controller successfully reduces peak overshoot by 73.33%, 91.03%, and 77.21% for region-2, region-1, and link power variation respectively, and delivers minimum undershoot of 89.12%, 83.11%, and 78.10% for both regions and tie-line. The obtained findings demonstrate the new proposed controller's stable function and frequency controlling performance with optimal controller parameters and without the requirement for a sophisticated design process.
  11. Fulltext Stabilization and tracking control of underactuated ball and beam system using metaheuristic optimization based TID-F and PIDD2-PI control schemes
    Zafar F, Malik SA, Ali T, Daraz A, Afzal AR, Bhatti F, et al.
    PLoS One, 2024;19(2):e0298624.
    PMID: 38354203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298624
    In this paper, we propose two different control strategies for the position control of the ball of the ball and beam system (BBS). The first control strategy uses the proportional integral derivative-second derivative with a proportional integrator PIDD2-PI. The second control strategy uses the tilt integral derivative with filter (TID-F). The designed controllers employ two distinct metaheuristic computation techniques: grey wolf optimization (GWO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for the parameter tuning. We evaluated the dynamic and steady-state performance of the proposed control strategies using four performance indices. In addition, to analyze the robustness of proposed control strategies, a comprehensive comparison has been performed with a variety of controllers, including tilt integral-derivative (TID), fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID), integral-proportional derivative (I-PD), proportional integral-derivative (PI-D), and proportional integral proportional derivative (PI-PD). By comparing different test cases, including the variation in the parameters of the BBS with disturbance, we examine step response, set point tracking, disturbance rejection analysis, and robustness of proposed control strategies. The comprehensive comparison of results shows that WOA-PIDD2-PI-ISE and GWO-TID-F- ISE perform superior. Moreover, the proposed control strategies yield oscillation-free, stable, and quick response, which confirms the robustness of the proposed control strategies to the disturbance, parameter variation of BBS, and tracking performance. The practical implementation of the proposed controllers can be in the field of under actuated mechanical systems (UMS), robotics and industrial automation. The proposed control strategies are successfully tested in MATLAB simulation.
  12. Load frequency stabilization of distinct hybrid conventional and renewable power systems incorporated with electrical vehicles and capacitive energy storage
    Daraz A, Alrajhi H, Basit A, Afzal AR, Alahmadi ANM, Khan IA
    Sci Rep, 2024 Apr 24;14(1):9400.
    PMID: 38658673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60028-3
    Maintaining a power balance between generation and demand is generally acknowledged as being essential to maintaining a system frequency within reasonable bounds. This is especially important for linked renewable-based hybrid power systems (HPS), where disruptions are more likely to occur. This paper suggests a prominent modified "Fractional order-proportional-integral with double derivative (FOPIDD2) controller" as an innovative HPS controller in order to navigate these obstacles. The recommended control approach has been validated in power systems including wind, reheat thermal, solar, and hydro generating, as well as capacitive energy storage and electric vehicle. The improved controller's performance is evaluated by comparing it to regular FOPID, PID, and PIDD2 controllers. Furthermore, the gains of the newly structured FOPIDD2 controller are optimized using a newly intended algorithm terms as squid game optimizer (SGO). The controller's performance is compared to benchmarks such as the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and jellyfish search optimization. By comparing performance characteristics such as maximum frequency undershoot/overshoot, and steadying time, the SGO-FOPIDD2 controller outperforms the other techniques. The suggested SGO optimized FOPIDD2 controller was analyzed and validated for its ability to withstand the influence of power system parameter uncertainties under various loading scenarios and situations. Without any complicated design, the results show that the new controller can work steadily and regulate frequency with an appropriate controller coefficient.
  13. Piper nigrum Oil - Determination of Selected Terpenes for Quality Evaluation
    Wang M, Chittiboyina AG, Parcher JF, Ali Z, Ford P, Zhao J, et al.
    Planta Med, 2019 Feb;85(3):185-194.
    PMID: 30440078 DOI: 10.1055/a-0782-0548
    The growing demand and commercial value of black pepper (Piper nigrum) has resulted in considerable interest in developing suitable and cost-effective methods for chemical characterization and quality evaluation purposes. In the current study, an extensive set of oil samples (n = 23) that were extracted by steam distillation from black pepper seeds was investigated to compare the chemical profiles of samples originating from nine major producing countries, as well as to identify potential chemical markers for quality evaluation. The twenty-two most abundant volatile compounds, mainly terpenes, in these oils were determined by conventional GC/MS analysis. Principal component analysis with this set of data revealed distinct clusters for samples that originated from China and Malaysia. Relatively low concentrations of sabinene (
  14. Fulltext Cytotoxic and chemomodulatory effects of Phyllanthus niruri in MCF-7 and MCF-7ADR breast cancer cells
    Abdel-Sattar OE, Allam RM, Al-Abd AM, Avula B, Katragunta K, Khan IA, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2023 Feb 15;13(1):2683.
    PMID: 36792619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29566-0
    The members of the genus Phyllanthus have long been used in the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. They exhibited antiproliferative activity against various human cancer cell lines. Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer death among women. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer agent used to treat breast cancer despite its significant cardiotoxicity along with resistance development. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the potential cytotoxicity of P. niruri extracts (and fractions) alone and in combination with DOX against naïve (MCF-7) and doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7ADR). The methylene chloride fraction (CH2Cl2) showed the most cytotoxic activity among all tested fractions. Interestingly, the CH2Cl2-fraction was more cytotoxic against MCF-7ADR than MCF-7 at 100 µg/mL. At sub-cytotoxic concentrations, this fraction enhanced the cytotoxic effect of DOX against the both cell lines under investigation (IC50 values of 0.054 µg/mL and 0.14 µg/mL vs. 0.2 µg/mL for DOX alone against MCF-7) and (1.2 µg/mL and 0.23 µg/mL vs. 9.9 µg/mL for DOX alone against MCF-7ADR), respectively. Further, TLC fractionation showed that B2 subfraction in equitoxic combination with DOX exerted a powerful synergism (IC50 values of 0.03 µg/mL vs. 9.9 µg/mL for DOX alone) within MCF-7ADR. Untargeted metabolite profiling of the crude methanolic extract (MeOH) and CH2Cl2 fraction exhibiting potential cytotoxicity was conducted using liquid chromatography diode array detector-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-QTOF). Further studies are needed to separate the active compounds from the CH2Cl2 fraction and elucidate their mechanism(s) of action.
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