Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 33 in total

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  1. Nair S
    Cureus, 2021 Oct;13(10):e18846.
    PMID: 34804700 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18846
    COVID-19 infection is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was declared a pandemic in 2020. Dengue fever (DF) is caused by the dengue virus (DENV) from the Flaviviridae family and is transmitted via the bite of the female Aedes aegypti mosquito. COVID-19 pneumonia and dengue fever coinfection is a relatively difficult diagnosis to be established considering the similarities in the clinical manifestation of both diseases. I hereby report an unusual case of dual diagnosis involving COVID-19 pneumonia and dengue fever (DF) on the same day of presentation to the hospital. A 62-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a fever of six days duration associated with chills, rigors, arthralgia, myalgia, and a generalized pinpoint rash over the chest and abdomen. He had contact with a worker who recently tested positive for COVID-19. However, his vital signs were stable with peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SPO2) of 99% under room air. Laboratory investigations showed polycythemia, increased hematocrit levels, and thrombocytopenia. Liver function tests showed evidence of acute hepatitis. Otherwise, the basic metabolic panel and coagulation profile were normal. Viral screens for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were negative. The posterior-anterior chest radiograph of the patient showed ground glass opacity in both middle and lower zones of the lungs, which is mostly peripheral with preservation of lung markings. The diagnosis was confirmed by a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with a cycle threshold (CT) value of 19.97 and positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers on the dengue serology panel on the same day of testing. Predisposing risk factors were chronic medical illnesses (type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease) and exposure to probable COVID-19-infected individuals. The patient fully recovered after treatment with oral paracetamol 1 g four times a day for five days and an intravenous drip of 0.9% sodium chloride for 24 hours.
  2. Nair RS, Nair S
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2015;12(5):517-23.
    PMID: 25675336
    Mortality rate due to heart diseases increases dramatically with age. Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE) used effectively for the management of hypertension. Due to short elimination half-life of captopril the oral dose is very high. Captopril is prone to oxidation and it has been reported that the oxidation rate of captopril in skin tissues is considerably low when compared to intestinal tissues. All these factors make captopril an ideal drug candidate for transdermal delivery. In this research work an effort was made to formulate transdermal films of captopril by utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as film formers and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) as a plasticizer. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were used as permeation enhancers. Physicochemical parameters of the films such as appearance, thickness, weight variation and drug content were evaluated. The invitro permeation studies were carried out through excised human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells. The in-vitro permeation studies demonstrated that the film (P4) having the polymer ratio (PVP:PVA = 80:20) with DMSO (10%) resulted a promising drug release of 79.58% at 24 hours with a flux of 70.0 µg/cm(2)/hr. No signs of erythema or oedema were observed on the rabbit skin as a result of skin irritation study by Draize test. Based on the stability report it was confirmed that the films were physically and chemically stable, hence the prepared films are very well suited for transdermal application.
  3. Damodaran A, Nair S, Somasundram R
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Dec;28(2):99-102.
    PMID: 4276265
  4. Khoo, Suan Phaik, Shanmuhasuntharam, P., Mahadzir, W.M., Tay, K.K., Latif, A., Nair, S.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The diagnosis of oral cancer have been variously reported as being due to delay by clinicians, patients or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral pattern of 65 patients eventually diagnosed as having oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that 50% of the patients delayed seeking professional help for more than 3 months after being aware of the lesion. The majority of the patients consulted medical practitioners as the first source of help. The mean clinicians' and patients' delay were 10.3 weeks and 28.9 weeks respectively. Dental practitioners showed a tendency to refer on more advanced lesions compared to the medical practitioners. The findings raise the concern that lack of patients' awareness, misdiagnosis by clinicians and late detection by dental practitioners prevail thus calling for urgent measures towards early detection of the disease.
  5. Karanth L, Barua A, Kanagasabai S, Nair S
    PMID: 26350784 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009824.pub3
    BACKGROUND: Congenital bleeding disorders can cause obstetric haemorrhage during pregnancy, labour and following delivery. Desmopressin acetate is found to be an effective drug which can reduce the risk of haemorrhage and can also stop bleeding in certain congenital bleeding disorders. Its use in pregnancy has been controversial. Hence beneficial and adverse effects of desmopressin acetate in these groups of pregnant women should be evaluated.This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2013.

    OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of desmopressin acetate in preventing and treating acute bleeds during pregnancy in women with congenital bleeding disorders.

    SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Coaguopathies Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant and abstract books of conferences proceedings. We also searched for any randomised controlled trials in a registry of ongoing trials and the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.Date of most recent search: 18 June 2015.

    SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials investigating the efficacy of desmopressin acetate versus tranexamic acid or factor VIII or rFactor VII or fresh frozen plasma in preventing and treating congenital bleeding disorders during pregnancy were eligible.

    DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: No trials matching the selection criteria were eligible for inclusion.

    MAIN RESULTS: No trials matching the selection criteria were eligible for inclusion.

    AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The review did not identify any randomised controlled trials investigating the relative effectiveness of desmopressin acetate for bleeding during pregnancy in women with congenital bleeding disorders. In the absence of high quality evidence, clinicians need to use their clinical judgement and lower level evidence (e.g. from observational trials) to decide whether or not to treat women with congenital bleeding disorders with desmopressin acetate.Given the ethical considerations, future randomised controlled trials are unlikely. However, other high quality controlled studies (such as risk allocation designs, sequential design, parallel cohort design) to investigate the risks and benefits of using desmopressin acetate in this population are needed.

  6. Nair S, Schreiber E, Thong KL, Pang T, Altwegg M
    J Microbiol Methods, 2000 Jun;41(1):35-43.
    PMID: 10856775
    Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a recently developed, PCR-based high resolution fingerprinting method that is able to generate complex banding patterns which can be used to delineate intraspecific genetic relationships among bacteria. In the present study, AFLP was evaluated for its usefulness in the molecular typing of Salmonella typhi in comparison to ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Six S. typhi isolates from diverse geographic areas (Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Chile, Papua New Guinea and Switzerland) gave unique, heterogeneous profiles when typed by AFLP, a result which was consistent with ribotyping and PFGE analysis. In a further study of selected S. typhi isolates from Papua New Guinea which caused fatal and non-fatal disease previously shown to be clonally related by PFGE, AFLP discriminated between these isolates but did not indicate a linkage between genotype with virulence. We conclude that AFLP (discriminatory index=0.88) has a higher discriminatory power for strain differentiation among S. typhi than ribotyping (DI=0.63) and PFGE (DI=0.74).
  7. Nair S, Karim R, Cardosa MJ, Ismail G, Pang T
    J Microbiol Methods, 1999 Oct;38(1-2):63-7.
    PMID: 10520586
    We describe a convenient, versatile and safe method for preparing bacterial DNA for ribotyping analysis. In this method, extraction of bacterial DNA from Salmnonella typhi and Burkholderia pseudomallei. and subsequent restriction endonuclease digestion, was performed in agarose blocks/plugs thus minimizing shearing and loss of DNA, problems commonly associated with liquid phase phenol extraction. Digested DNA in the plugs was then electrophoresed directly, transferred to nylon membranes and hybridized with labeled rDNA probes in the usual manner to provide reproducible restriction patterns. This method is particularly useful for bacterial species where standard DNA extraction in the liquid phase using phenol has been problematic (e.g. B. pseudomallei) but can be used for any bacterial species. The DNA extracted within the agarose plugs can be stored for long periods and can be used in other, widely-used typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR-based techniques. Embedding live cells directly in agarose plugs also minimizes the risk of exposure to these virulent human pathogens among laboratory workers.
  8. Zulfiqar MA, Nair S, Lily M, Norizan MA
    Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):471-7.
    PMID: 11072464
    This is a review of the positive biopsy rate of nonpalpable breast lesions detected on mammography. The histology of 130 hookwire excision biopsy from 1990 to 1995 and the cytology of 39 stereotactic fine needle aspiration cytology in 1995 were reviewed. The yearly positive biopsy rate of each procedure was determined. In 1990, the positive biopsy rate for hookwire excision biopsy was 15%, in 1991 20%, in 1992 11%, in 1993 17%, in 1994 33% and in 1995 39%. In 1995, the positive biopsy rate for stereotactic fine needle aspiration cytology was 21%. The positive biopsy rate for hookwire excision biopsy had improved from 15% in 1990 to 39% in 1995.
  9. Naidu R, Yadav M, Nair S, Kutty MK
    Br. J. Cancer, 1998 Nov;78(10):1385-90.
    PMID: 9823984
    Expression of c-erbB3 protein was investigated in 104 primary breast carcinomas comprising nine comedo ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 91 invasive ductal carcinomas and four invasive lobular carcinomas using two monoclonal antibodies, RTJ1 and RTJ2. Of the 91 invasive ductal carcinomas, seven contained the comedo DCIS component adjacent to the invasive component. An immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate the association between expression of c-erbB3 and clinical parameters and tumour markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB2, cathepsin-D and p53 in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissues. Our results indicated that RTJ1 and RTJ2 gave identical staining patterns and concordant results. It was found that the overexpression of c-erbB3 protein was observed in 67% (6/9) of comedo DCIS, 52% (44/84) of invasive ductal carcinomas, 71% (5/7) of carcinomas containing both the in situ and invasive lesions and 25% (1/4) of invasive lobular carcinomas. A significant relationship (P < 0.05) was observed between strong immunoreactivity of c-erbB3 protein and histological grade, EGFR and cathepsin-D, but not with expression of c-erbB2, p53, oestrogen receptor status, lymph node metastases or age of patient. However, we noted that a high percentage of oestrogen receptor-negative tumours (59%), lymph node-positive tumours (63%) and c-erbB2 (63%) were strongly positive for c-erbB3 protein. We have also documented that a high percentage of EGFR (67%), c-erbB2 (67%), p53 (75%) and cathepsin-D-positive DCIS (60%) were strongly positive for c-erbB3. These observations suggest that overexpression of c-erbB3 protein could play an important role in tumour progression from non-invasive to invasive and, also, that it may have the potential to be used as a marker for poor prognosis of breast cancer.
  10. Naidu R, Yadav M, Nair S, Kutty KK
    Anticancer Res, 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1A):65-70.
    PMID: 9568057
    Expression of p53 protein was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques in archival cases of 134 primary breast carcinomas comprising 13 comedo ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 105 invasive ductal carcinomas, 7 contained the comedo DCIS component adjacent to the invasive ductal component, 5 invasive lobular carcinomas, three colloid carcinomas and one medullary carcinoma. Overexpression of p53 gene product was studied to determine the association with clinico-pathological parameters and also its relationship to c-erbB2. Overexpression of p53 protein was observed in 31% (4/13) of comedo DCIS, 37% (39/105) of invasive ductal carcinomas, 57% (4/7) of carcinomas containing both the in situ and invasive lesions and all medullary carcinomas. A significant relationship (p < 0.05) was observed between strong immunoreactivity of p53 protein and absence of estrogen receptor, histological grade and c-erbB2 but not with lymph node metastases or age of patient. These observations suggest that overexpression of p53 protein may play an important role in tumor progression from noninvasive to invasive in some breast carcinomas and may have potential as an indicator for poorer prognosis.
  11. Nair SV, Madhulaxmi, Thomas G, Ankathil R
    J Maxillofac Oral Surg, 2021 Sep;20(3):340-344.
    PMID: 34408360 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-020-01462-4
    Objective: In this article, we provide a gestalt idea about NGS technologies and their applications in cancer research and molecular diagnosis.

    Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) advancements like DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing allow uncovering of genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic scenes of individual malignant growths. An assortment of genomic abnormalities can be screened at the same time, for example common and uncommon variations, auxiliary variations like insertions and deletions, copy-number variation, and fusion transcripts.

    Conclusion: NGS innovations together with bioinformatics investigation, which extend our insight, are progressively used to analyze multiple genes in a cost-effective way and have been applied in examining clinical cancer samples and offering NGS-based molecular diagnosis.

    Application: NGS is progressively significant as a device for the diagnosis of cancers.

  12. Rajiah K, Maharajan MK, Nair S
    Saudi Pharm J, 2016 Sep;24(5):600-604.
    PMID: 27752233
    Pharmacy students' knowledge about adverse drug reaction reporting can impact their attitude towards patient care and issues on patient safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and perception of pharmacy students about adverse drug reaction reporting and pharmacovigilance and to study their willingness to report. A cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire was conducted among the university students. The demographic details of the respondents were studied. The number of female respondents was comparatively higher than the male respondents. There were no significant differences by gender regarding the knowledge on adverse drug reaction reporting and pharmacovigilance except with the knowledge of post-marketing surveillance for which male students appeared to be more knowledgeable than female students. The results showed that the pharmacy students had sufficient knowledge and there are significant differences in perception among the students on adverse drug reaction reporting.
  13. Ross IN, Nair S, Jayakumar CR
    Singapore Med J, 1985 Jun;26(3):271-8.
    PMID: 4048988
    The results of 2449 investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract were analysed to determine the incidence of disease. Abnormalities were detected in 53% of patients who had endoscopy, but were found in only 24% of patients who had barium studies (p <= 0.001). Altogether 916 patients had abnormal findings. Duodenal ulcer accounted for 42% of cases, gastric ulcer 16% and gastric cancer 9%. The prevalence of perforated ulcer was 13%. The annual incidence/1000 in males and females (>14 years) were respectively, for duodenal ulcer 1.66 and 0.42, for gastric ulcer 0.57 and 0.25, for perforated ulcer 0.36 and 0.05, and for gastric cancer 0.29 and 0.14. Most types of gastro-duodenal disease were less common in Malays than expected (p = <0.001). However oesophageal cancer and varices were more common in Indians compared to Malays and Chinese (p = <0.001). This study showed that the pallern of perforating ulcers was not the same as that of non-peforating ulcers, suggesting a differing pathogenesis. Identification of the factors causing a different prevalence of disease between the three ethnic groups would help in the understanding of the causes of upper gastrointestinal disease.
  14. Wong HJ, Moy FM, Nair S
    BMC Public Health, 2014;14:785.
    PMID: 25086853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-785
    Childhood malnutrition is a multi-dimensional problem. An increase in household income is not sufficient to reduce childhood malnutrition if children are deprived of food security, education, access to water, sanitation and health services. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of malnourished children below five years of age and to ascertain the risk factors of childhood malnutrition in a state in Malaysia.
  15. Tan RR, Aviso KB, Foo DCY, Migo-Sumagang MV, Nair PNSB, Short M
    Nat Comput Sci, 2022 Aug;2(8):465-466.
    PMID: 38177791 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-022-00286-1
  16. Ramli N, Nair SR, Ramli NM, Lim SY
    Clin Radiol, 2015 May;70(5):555-64.
    PMID: 25752581 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.01.005
    The purpose of this review is to illustrate the differentiating features of multiple-system atrophy from Parkinson's disease at MRI. The various MRI sequences helpful in the differentiation will be discussed, including newer methods, such as diffusion tensor imaging, MR spectroscopy, and nuclear imaging.
  17. George S, Ajikumaran Nair S, Johnson AJ, Venkataraman R, Baby S
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2015 Jun 20;168:158-63.
    PMID: 25858510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.060
    Melicope lunu-ankenda leaves are used to treat diabetes in folklore medicinal practices in India and Malaysia. Here we report the isolation of an O-prenylated flavonoid (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-8,3'-dimethoxy-7-(3-methylbut-2-enoxy)flavone; OPF) from the leaves of M. lunu-ankenda and its antidiabetes activity against type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  18. Khoo SP, Shanmuhasuntharam P, Mahadzir WM, Tay KK, Latif A, Nair S
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1998;10(1):49-51.
    PMID: 10050209 DOI: 10.1177/101053959801000111
    The delay in the diagnosis of oral cancer has been variously reported as being contributed by the clinicians, patients or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral pattern of 65 patients eventually diagnosed as having oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that 50% of the patients delayed seeking professional help for more than 3 months after being aware of the lesion. The majority of the patients consulted medical practitioners as the first source of help. The mean clinicians' and patients' delay were 10.3 weeks and 28.9 weeks respectively. Dental practitioners showed a tendency to refer more advanced lesions compared to the medical practitioners. The findings raise the concern that lack of patients' awareness, misdiagnosis by clinicians and late detection by dental practitioners prevail thus calling for urgent measures towards early detection of the disease.
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