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  1. Fulltext Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the patellar ligament
    Rauf A, Razak M, Ismail M
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:107-14.
    PMID: 10968192
    From January 1992 to January 1996, thirty-three patients with persistent clinical and functional knee instability due to anterior cruciate insufficiency underwent ACL reconstruction using central third of the bone-patellar ligament-bone graft. An early experience was presented with average follow-up of 9.8 months (range six to thirty-three months). There thirty-two male and two females. The average age was twenty-four months. Eighty-three percent were involved in football injury. The average time interval from initial injury to operation was twenty-five months. Majority presented with knee pain and giving way. Meniscal tear was the commonest associated injury in more than 70 percent; the lateral meniscus being more frequently injured (42 percent) than the medial meniscus (15 percent). Using modified criteria by Paterson and Trickey (1986), nine patients (27 percent) had good results and twenty-two (67 percent) has satisfactory results. Two patients (6 percent) who had post-operative infection were graded as poor. Functional stability was achieved in twenty-eight (85 percent) and instability persisted in five (15 percent). There were marked clinical improvement in the Lachman and anterior drawer grading post-operatively. The accelerated rehabilitation programme was effective in obtaining early clinical improvement and in reducing post-operative knee stiffness.
  2. Effects of speech phonological features during passive perception on cortical auditory evoked potential in sensorineural hearing loss
    Abdul Rauf A. Bakar, Jayasree Santhosh, Mohammed G. Al-zidi, Ibrahim Amer Ibrahim, Ng SC, Hua NT
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:2477-2488.
    The deficiency in the human auditory system of individuals suffering from sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is known to be associated with the difficulty in detecting of various speech phonological features that are frequently related to speech perception. This study investigated the effects of speech articulation features on the amplitude and latency of cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) components. The speech articulation features included the placing contrast and voicing contrast. 12 Malay subjects with normal hearing and 12 Malay subjects with SNHL were recruited for the study. The CAEPs response recorded at higher amplitude with longer latency when stimulated by voicing contrast cues compared to that of the placing contrast. Subjects with SNHL elicited greater amplitude with prolonged latencies in the majority of the CAEP components in both speech stimuli. The existence of different frequency spectral and time-varying acoustic cues of the speech stimuli was reflected by the CAEPs response strength and timing. We anticipate that the CAEPs responses could equip audiologist and clinicians with useful knowledge, concerning the potential deprivation experience by hearing impaired individuals, in auditory passive perception. This would help to determine what type of speech stimuli that might be useful in measuring speech perception abilities, especially in Malay Malaysian ethic group, for choosing a better rehabilitation program, since no such study conducted for evaluating speech perception among Malaysian clinical population.
  3. Functional outcomes of conservatively treated clavicle fractures
    Bajuri MY, Maidin S, Rauf A, Baharuddin M, Harjeet S
    Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2011;66(4):635-9.
    PMID: 21655759
    OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study was to analyze the outcomes of clavicle fractures in adults treated non-surgically and to evaluate the clinical effects of displacement, fracture patterns, fracture location, fracture comminution, shortening and fracture union on shoulder function.

    METHODS: Seventy clavicle fractures were non-surgically treated in the Orthopedics Department at the Tuanku Ja'afar General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Seremban, Malaysia, an average of six months after injury. The clavicle fractures were treated conservatively with an arm sling and a figure-eight splint for three weeks. No attempt was made to reduce displaced fractures, and the patients were allowed immediate free-shoulder mobilization, as tolerated. They were prospectively evaluated clinically and radiographically. Shoulder function was evaluated using the Constant scoring technique.

    RESULTS: There were statistically significant functional outcome impairments in non-surgically treated clavicle fractures that correlated with the fracture type (comminution), the fracture displacement (21 mm or more), shortening (15 mm or more) and the fracture union (malunion).

    CONCLUSION: This article reveals the need for surgical intervention to treat clavicle fractures and improve shoulder functional outcomes.

  4. The Occurrence of Bean common mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus in Yardlong Beans in Indonesia
    Damayanti TA, Alabi OJ, Rauf A, Naidu RA
    Plant Dis, 2010 Apr;94(4):478.
    PMID: 30754487 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-94-4-0478B
    Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) is extensively cultivated in Indonesia for consumption as a green vegetable. During the 2008 season, a severe outbreak of a virus-like disease occurred in yardlong beans grown in farmers' fields in Bogor, Bekasi, Subang, Indramayu, and Cirebon of West Java, Tanggerang of Banten, and Pekalongan and Muntilan of Central Java. Leaves of infected plants showed severe mosaic to bright yellow mosaic and vein-clearing symptoms, and pods were deformed and also showed mosaic symptoms on the surface. In cv. 777, vein-clearing was observed, resulting in a netting pattern on symptomatic leaves followed by death of the plants as the season advanced. Disease incidence in the Bogor region was approximately 80%, resulting in 100% yield loss. Symptomatic leaf samples from five representative plants tested positive in antigen-coated plate-ELISA with potyvirus group-specific antibodies (AS-573/1; DSMZ, German Resource Center for Biological Material, Braunschweig, Germany) and antibodies to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV; AS-0929). To confirm these results, viral nucleic acids eluted from FTA classic cards (FTA Classic Card, Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, UK) were subjected to reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using potyvirus degenerate primers (CIFor: 5'-GGIVVIGTIGGIWSIGGIAARTCIAC-3' and CIRev: 5'-ACICCRTTYTCDATDATRTTIGTIGC-3') (3) and degenerate primers (CMV-1F: 5'-ACCGCGGGTCTTATTATGGT-3' and CMV-1R: 5' ACGGATTCAAACTGGGAGCA-3') specific for CMV subgroup I (1). A single DNA product of approximately 683 base pairs (bp) with the potyvirus-specific primers and a 382-bp fragment with the CMV-specific primers were amplified from ELISA-positive samples. These results indicated the presence of a potyvirus and CMV as mixed infections in all five samples. The amplified fragments specific to potyvirus (four samples) and CMV (three samples) were cloned separately into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA). Two independent clones per amplicon were sequenced from both orientations. Pairwise comparison of these sequences showed 93 to 100% identity among the cloned amplicons produced using the potyvirus-specific primers (GenBank Accessions Nos. FJ653916, FJ653917, FJ653918, FJ653919, FJ653920, FJ653921, FJ653922, FJ653923, FJ653924, FJ653925, and FJ653926) and 92 to 97% with a corresponding nucleotide sequence of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) from Taiwan (No. AY575773) and 88 to 90% with BCMV sequences from China (No. AJ312438) and the United States (No. AY863025). The sequence analysis indicated that BCMV isolates from yardlong bean are more closely related to an isolate from Taiwan than with isolates from China and the United States. The CMV isolates (GenBank No. FJ687054) each were 100% identical and 96% identical with corresponding sequences of CMV subgroup I isolates from Thailand (No. AJ810264) and Malaysia (No. DQ195082). Both BCMV and CMV have been documented in soybean, mungbean, and peanut in East Java of Indonesia (2). Previously, BCMV, but not CMV, was documented on yardlong beans in Guam (4). To our knowledge, this study represents the first confirmed report of CMV in yardlong bean in Indonesia and is further evidence that BCMV is becoming established in Indonesia. References: (1) J. Aramburu et al. J. Phytopathol. 155:513, 2007. (2) S. K. Green et al. Plant Dis. 72:994, 1988. (3) C. Ha et al. Arch. Virol. 153:25, 2008. (4) G. C. Wall et al. Micronesica 29:101, 1996.
  5. Revisiting the energy-economy-environment relationships for attaining environmental sustainability: evidence from Belt and Road Initiative countries
    Shakib M, Yumei H, Rauf A, Alam M, Murshed M, Mahmood H
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Jan;29(3):3808-3825.
    PMID: 34402005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15860-9
    The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an ambitious development project initiated by the Chinese government to foster economic progress worldwide. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the dynamics of energy, economy, and environment among 42 BRI developing countries using an annual frequency panel dataset from 1995 to 2019. The major findings from the econometric analyses revealed that higher levels of energy consumption, economic growth, population growth rate, and FDI inflows exhibit adverse environmental consequences by boosting the CO2 emission figures of the selected developing BRI member nations. However, it is interesting to observe that exploiting renewable energy sources, which are relatively cleaner compared to the traditionally-consumed fossil fuels, and fostering agricultural sector development can significantly improve environmental well-being by curbing the emission levels further. On the other hand, financial development is found to be ineffective in explaining the variations in the CO2 emission figures of the selected countries. Besides, the causality analysis shows that higher energy consumption, FDI inflows, and agricultural development cause environmental pollution by boosting CO2 emissions. However, economic growth, technology development, financial progress, and renewable energy consumption are evidenced to exhibit bidirectional causal associations with CO2 emissions. In line with these findings, several relevant policies can be recommended for the BRI to be environmentally sustainable.
  6. Design and synthesis of new barbituric- and thiobarbituric acid derivatives as potent urease inhibitors: Structure activity relationship and molecular modeling studies
    Rauf A, Shahzad S, Bajda M, Yar M, Ahmed F, Hussain N, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem, 2015 Sep 1;23(17):6049-58.
    PMID: 26081763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.038
    In this study 36 new compounds were synthesized by condensing barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid and respective anilines (bearing different substituents) in the presence of triethyl orthoformate in good yields. In vitro urease inhibition studies against jack bean urease revealed that barbituric acid derived compounds (1-9 and 19-27) were found to exhibit low to moderate activity however thiobarbituric acid derived compounds (10-18 and 28-36) showed significant inhibition activity at low micro-molar concentrations. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds (15), (12), (10), (36), (16) and (35) showed excellent urease inhibition with IC50 values 8.53 ± 0.027, 8.93 ± 0.027, 12.96 ± 0.13, 15 ± 0.098, 18.9 ± 0.027 and 19.7 ± 0.63 μM, respectively, even better than the reference compound thiourea (IC50 = 21 ± 0.011). The compound (11) exhibited comparable activity to the standard with IC50 value 21.83 ± 0.19 μM. In silico molecular docking studies for most active compounds (10), (12), (15), (16), (35) and (36) and two inactive compounds (3) and (6) were performed to predict the binding patterns.
  7. Fulltext Childhood burns at the Paediatric Institute Kuala Lumpur
    Ibrahim SB, Omar MB, Gan EC, Rauf A, Johari NB, Yusof HB
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 Sep;50(3):221-5.
    PMID: 8926898
    A prospective study of 94 burned children was carried out from January 1993 to October 1994. Scalding was the predominant cause of injury affecting mainly toddlers between 1 and 3 years old. Ninety-six per cent of the injuries occurred at home. There was 1 death following an 81% flame burns. An intense campaign to make parents aware of the hazards is required as almost all the injuries were preventable.
  8. Fulltext Asymmetric impact of temperature on COVID-19 spread in India: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression approach
    Irfan M, Razzaq A, Suksatan W, Sharif A, Madurai Elavarasan R, Yang C, et al.
    J Therm Biol, 2022 Feb;104:103101.
    PMID: 35180949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103101
    The emergence of new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a significant public health issue worldwide. Some researchers have identified a positive link between temperature and COVID-19 cases. However, no detailed research has highlighted the impact of temperature on COVID-19 spread in India. This study aims to fill this research gap by investigating the impact of temperature on COVID-19 spread in the five most affected Indian states. Quantile-on-Quantile regression (QQR) approach is employed to examine in what manner the quantiles of temperature influence the quantiles of COVID-19 cases. Empirical results confirm an asymmetric and heterogenous impact of temperature on COVID-19 spread across lower and higher quantiles of both variables. The results indicate a significant positive impact of temperature on COVID-19 spread in the three Indian states (Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka), predominantly in both low and high quantiles. Whereas, the other two states (Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) exhibit a mixed trend, as the lower quantiles in both states have a negative effect. However, this negative effect becomes weak at middle and higher quantiles. These research findings offer valuable policy recommendations.
  9. Land characteristics and land suitability assessment for Styrax sp. in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia
    Rahmawaty, Ismail MH, Rauf A, Batubara R, Elena Sitorus EW, Simamora Z, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Jul;9(7):e16936.
    PMID: 37539247 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16936
    Styrax sp. is a valuable latex-producing plant in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, which requires sustainable land use practices to maintain its production and ecological value. This study aimed to assess the land characteristics and suitability of Styrax sp. in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra Province, to support the development of sustainable land use practices for the cultivation of this plant. The study employed a survey method to collect soil samples and evaluated the land suitability using a matching method and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The results showed that Styrax sp. had moderately suitable land suitability in three villages in Humbang Hasundutan Regency. The limiting factors for land suitability were identified as rooting media, nutrient retention, water availability, and erosion hazard. These findings have important implications for the development of sustainable land use practices for Styrax sp. cultivation in the region, which can contribute to the conservation of this valuable plant species and the maintenance of ecological balance. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the land characteristics and suitability of Styrax sp. in North Sumatra Province and highlights the importance of sustainable land use practices for the conservation of valuable plant species.
  10. Does organizational justice facet matters in knowledge hiding?
    Mahmood H, Rehman AU, Sabir I, Rauf A, Afthanorhan A, Nawal A
    Heliyon, 2023 Aug;9(8):e18372.
    PMID: 37529340 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18372
    To address the gap of extant literature and to assess employees' in-role and innovative performance, a model was developed and tested through organizational justice facets- procedural, distributive, and interactional justice with knowledge hiding facets, well-being facets and professional commitment. The purpose of the present research is to inspect the role of justice facets in shaping knowledge hiding behavior through optimistic role of well-being toward employee performance with the remedial role of professional commitment under the shadow of Psychological Ownership Knowledge Theory (POKT) and Social Exchange Theory (SET). For that persistence, present research acknowledged the practices and connotations of knowledge hiding because limited research is prevailed on the contrasting influence of knowledge hiding practice. Data were collected through random sampling via dual-wave survey questionnaire from 613 employees working in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Structural Equation Modeling was carried out through AMOS (24.0) and SPSS (25.0). Findings reveal that the association with in-role and innovative performance with justice is positively associated through well-being, and the relationship between knowledge hiding and job performance was also positively associated. This study argued that knowledge sharing reshapes knowledge hiding behavior that plays a negative role in organizational performance. This study suggested the notable contribution in the direction of organizational context of developing realm settings by revealing the predecessor character of knowledge hiding and endorses the organizational justice to persuade top management for in-role and innovative performance enhancement.
  11. Fulltext Restaurant Diners' Switching Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protection Motivation Theory
    Mahmood H, Rehman AU, Sabir I, Rauf A, Afthanorhan A, Nawal A
    Front Psychol, 2022;13:833627.
    PMID: 35693527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833627
    The unsettling fear of COVID-19 infections has caused a new trend in consumer behavior in the food and beverage industry. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has shifted consumers' preferences from eat-in to online delivery. This research aims to measure the impact of consumers' motivation to protect themselves from contracting COVID-19, which explains why people switch from eat-in to online food delivery. We adopted the theory of protection motivation (PMT) to explain consumer switching behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study investigated the mediating effect of switching intention on the relationship between vulnerability, altruistic fear, anticipated regret, and switching behavior. Simultaneously, we examined the role of brand awareness as a moderator of behavioral choices of consumers switching from eat-in to online delivery. We collected data from 681 eatery consumers in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, using scenario-based survey questionnaires (327 eat-in respondents and 354 online delivery respondents). Then, the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). This new generation analysis was conducted using the analysis of moment structure (AMOS) (v.24.0) and the statistical package for social science (SPSS-version 25.0). The results indicated that consumer vulnerability, altruistic fear, and anticipated regret of COVID-19 increased consumers' propensity to shift from eat-in to online food delivery. Allegedly, consumer behavioral control and intention of switching toward online delivery were pointedly affected by switching behavior. The results indicated that consumer vulnerability, altruistic fear, and anticipated regret of COVID-19 increased the shifting of restaurant dine-in patterns and made the intention to switch to online delivery. Consumers' alleged behavioral control and their intention of switching toward online delivery were pointedly affected by switching behavior. We also found that brand awareness moderately affects switching behavior toward restaurant settings. The present research contributes to developing the consumer behavior model of switching from eat-in to online delivery. This study also provides eatery customers and the business community with a safer and healthier proposition of shifting to online food delivery during the pandemic.
  12. Fulltext A Novel Design and Development of a Strip-Fed Circularly Polarized Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for 5G NR Sub-6 GHz Band Applications
    Illahi U, Iqbal J, Irfan M, Ismail Sulaiman M, Khan MA, Rauf A, et al.
    Sensors (Basel), 2022 Jul 25;22(15).
    PMID: 35898037 DOI: 10.3390/s22155531
    In this article, a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) with circularly polarized (CP) response is presented for 5G NR (New Radio) Sub-6 GHz band applications. A uniquely shaped conformal metal feeding strip is proposed to excite the RDRA in higher-order mode for high gain utilization. By using the proposed feeding mechanism, the degenerate mode pair of the first higher-order, i.e., TEδ13x at 4.13 GHz and TE1δ3y, at 4.52 GHz is excited to achieve a circularly polarized response. A circular polarization over a bandwidth of ~10%, in conjunction with a wide impedance matching over a bandwidth of ~17%, were attained by the antenna. The CP antenna proposed offers a useful gain of ~6.2 dBic. The achieved CP bandwidth of the RDRA is good enough to cover the targeted 5G NR bands around 4.4−4.8 GHz, such as n79. The proposed antenna configuration is modelled and optimized using computer simulation technology (CST). A prototype was built to confirm (validate) the performance estimated through simulation. A good agreement was observed between simulated and measured results.
  13. Fulltext Green synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation of plant-based silver nanoparticles using Quercus semecarpifolia Smith aqueous leaf extract
    Khattak A, Ahmad B, Rauf A, Bawazeer S, Farooq U, Ali J, et al.
    IET Nanobiotechnol, 2019 Feb;13(1):36-41.
    PMID: 30964035 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5063
    The development of reliable and green methods for the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has many advantages in the field of nanotechnology. In this direction, the present work describes an eco-friendly and cost-effective protocol for the production of silver NPs (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Quercus semecarpifolia leaves. Different techniques were carried out for the characterisation of the synthesised AgNPs. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis showed the highest absorbance peak at 430 nm. The particle size and structure were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. From TEM imaging, it was revealed that the formed particles were spherical with an average size of 20-50 nm. The crystalline nature of the NPs was determined by X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis were also evaluated by a temperature increment from 100 to 1000°C. Bio-inspired synthesis of AgNPs was performed for their pharmacological evaluation in relation to the activities of the crude methanolic, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts. Good cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the green-synthesised AgNPs (77%). Furthermore, the AgNPs were found to exhibit significant antioxidant activity at 300 μg/ml (82%). The AgNPs also exhibited good phytotoxic potential (75%).
  14. Fulltext Applied artificial intelligence: Acceptance-intention-purchase and satisfaction on smartwatch usage in a Ghanaian context
    Uzir MUH, Bukari Z, Al Halbusi H, Lim R, Wahab SN, Rasul T, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Aug;9(8):e18666.
    PMID: 37560680 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18666
    Technology and its continuous advancement facilitate human beings to get rid of their criticality and limitation. Applied artificial intelligence (AAI) is one of the latest forms that delimited the limitation of human beings. Smartwatch acts as an applied artificial intelligence to assist various patients to check medical care without going to hospital and physicians. This (three) multiple-study research focused on the intention to use, purchase, and their satisfaction and spread positive word of mouth among others in the Ghanaian. To investigate these issues two renowned theories were underpinned- TAM theory and the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R). Total 550, 320, and 170 respondents were interviewed with Google forms due to COVID-19 using social media. AI-enabled smartwatch considering Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Credibility (PC), Perceived Self-Efficacy (PSE), and Perceived Financial Cost (PFC) were significant on intention to adoption and adoption intention on actual purchase. The final study showed device quality, its service level, their usage experience, perceived value, and the extent to which the satisfied customers made positive word of mouth to their friends and family, colleagues and followers. This research is significant in understanding the usage of AI-enabled smartwatches as a device doctor or electronic doctor (e-doctor).
  15. Fulltext Multi-platform metabolomics analyses of a broad collection of fragrant and non-fragrant rice varieties reveals the high complexity of grain quality characteristics
    Mumm R, Hageman JA, Calingacion MN, de Vos RCH, Jonker HH, Erban A, et al.
    Metabolomics, 2016;12:38.
    PMID: 26848289 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-015-0925-1
    The quality of rice in terms not only of its nutritional value but also in terms of its aroma and flavour is becoming increasingly important in modern rice breeding where global targets are focused on both yield stability and grain quality. In the present paper we have exploited advanced, multi-platform metabolomics approaches to determine the biochemical differences in 31 rice varieties from a diverse range of genetic backgrounds and origin. All were grown under the specific local conditions for which they have been bred and all aspects of varietal identification and sample purity have been guaranteed by local experts from each country. Metabolomics analyses using 6 platforms have revealed the extent of biochemical differences (and similarities) between the chosen rice genotypes. Comparison of fragrant rice varieties showed a difference in the metabolic profiles of jasmine and basmati varieties. However with no consistent separation of the germplasm class. Storage of grains had a significant effect on the metabolome of both basmati and jasmine rice varieties but changes were different for the two rice types. This shows how metabolic changes may help prove a causal relationship with developing good quality in basmati rice or incurring quality loss in jasmine rice in aged grains. Such metabolomics approaches are leading to hypotheses on the potential links between grain quality attributes, biochemical composition and genotype in the context of breeding for improvement. With this knowledge we shall establish a stronger, evidence-based foundation upon which to build targeted strategies to support breeders in their quest for improved rice varieties.
  16. Fulltext Genistein: An Integrative Overview of Its Mode of Action, Pharmacological Properties, and Health Benefits
    Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Imran M, Rauf A, Nadeem M, Gondal TA, et al.
    Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021;2021:3268136.
    PMID: 34336089 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3268136
    Genistein is an isoflavone first isolated from the brooming plant Dyer's Genista tinctoria L. and is widely distributed in the Fabaceae family. As an isoflavone, mammalian genistein exerts estrogen-like functions. Several biological effects of genistein have been reported in preclinical studies, such as the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, the effects of angiogenesis and estrogen, and the pharmacological activities on diabetes and lipid metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date evidence of preclinical pharmacological activities with mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and clinical evidence of genistein. The literature was researched using the most important keyword "genistein" from the PubMed, Science, and Google Scholar databases, and the taxonomy was validated using The Plant List. Data were also collected from specialized books and other online resources. The main positive effects of genistein refer to the protection against cardiovascular diseases and to the decrease of the incidence of some types of cancer, especially breast cancer. Although the mechanism of protection against cancer involves several aspects of genistein metabolism, the researchers attribute this effect to the similarity between the structure of soy genistein and that of estrogen. This structural similarity allows genistein to displace estrogen from cellular receptors, thus blocking their hormonal activity. The pharmacological activities resulting from the experimental studies of this review support the traditional uses of genistein, but in the future, further investigations are needed on the efficacy, safety, and use of nanotechnologies to increase bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
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