Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 37 in total

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  1. Lok FYL, Chan PWK, Goh AYT
    JUMMEC, 2001;6:34-35.
    We describe a rare encounte.r with a 6-year old Indian boy admitted with acute epiglottitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Acute epiglottitis is an uncommon cause of lifethreatening upper airway obstruction and a rare presentation of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in this region, compared to Ihe more developed West. The cause for this observation is often attributed to differences in the genetic predisposition and socio-economk parameters. The organism subtype and the host response have been shown to determine the type of invasive Hib disease. However, the evidence to explain this difference is poorly understood and remains an intriguing enigma. KEYWORDS: Epiglottitis, Haemophilus influenzae
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus; Haemophilus influenzae; Haemophilus influenzae type b
  2. Lolekha S, Cooksley G, Chan V, Isahak I, Ismael S, John J, et al.
    PMID: 11414406
    Meningitis due to an invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection, has been previously perceived to be relatively uncommon in Asia. However, the incidence of disease and its impact may have been underestimated. In addition to a lack of microbiological facilities in some hospitals, difficulties in culturing the organism and the widespread use of antibiotics may have hidden the true incidence of the disease in some countries. Furthermore, the reported disease burden probably underestimates the incidence of Hib pneumonia. The epidemiology of invasive Hib disease for various Asian nations is reviewed in this paper. Hospital-based studies show that Hib is a major cause of bacterial meningitis and/or pneumonia in the Philippines, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. Singapore and Hong Kong have a low incidence of infection compared with Western and other Asian nations. This low incidence is not due to a higher level of natural protective antibodies, but may be related to an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Therefore the widespread belief that Hib infection is unimportant in Asia does not refer to Asia as a whole and possibly to Chinese patients only, and failure to recognize this has serious implications. The inclusion of Hib vaccine in the routine infant immunization schedule in many industrialized nations has significantly reduced the incidence of invasive disease. Recent studies have shown Hib vaccination is also effective in preventing invasive disease in children in developing countries. While population-based data may be required to confirm the need for public-funded infant Hib immunization in Asia, its introduction in countries with a high incidence of Hib meningitis and/or pneumonia has the potential to significantly improve pediatric health and survival.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/microbiology; Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology*; Haemophilus Infections/prevention & control; Haemophilus influenzae/immunology; Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification*; Haemophilus Vaccines/administration & dosage
  3. Mohd-Zain Z, Kamsani NH, Ahmad N, Clarke SC
    Infect Genet Evol, 2015 Dec;36:240-3.
    PMID: 26394107 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.017
    The epidemiology of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) remains poorly understood. We therefore sought to determine the genetic relationship of 25 NTHi isolated from various states in Malaysia using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The majority of isolates were obtained from sputum. There were 24 novel sequence types (STs). Eight isolates were single-locus variants, the remainder being singletons. Clustering was not based on clinical site of isolation or geographical origin. Despite the limited number of isolates examined in this study, we demonstrate that NTHi isolates in Malaysia are diverse and warrant further investigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae
  4. Malik AS
    Ann Trop Paediatr, 1995 Sep;15(3):193-5.
    PMID: 8534036
    Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) endocarditis is a rare but potentially lethal condition. Only ten cases have been reported in the English literature. This report describes an 8-month-old Malay child with a ventricular septal defect who developed Hib endocarditis and died after 4 weeks of hospitalization. The literature is reviewed and previously reported cases summarized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/diagnosis*; Haemophilus Infections/drug therapy; Haemophilus influenzae*
  5. Zain ZB, Iritani Y
    J Vet Med Sci, 1992 Apr;54(2):363-5.
    PMID: 1606267
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus/classification*; Haemophilus Infections/microbiology; Haemophilus Infections/veterinary*
  6. Palaniappan PA, Mohamed Sukur S, Liow YL, Maniam S, Sherina F, Ahmad N
    Vaccine, 2020 12 03;38(51):8232-8237.
    PMID: 33139134 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.066
    BACKGROUND: Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a human upper respiratory tract colonizer which causes wide range of disease especially in children<5 years old and in the elderly. Although worldwide incidence in industrialised countries where Hib vaccination is commonly used has dropped sharply since implementation of H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination, there is limited data on the disease burden caused by H. influenzae in Malaysia post vaccination era. A change in predominant serotype from type b to non-b serotypes of H. influenzae in invasive diseases was reported worldwide. We investigated the carriage of H. influenzae post vaccination era among 2-4 years old.

    METHODOLOGY: Randomly, we collected 436 oropharyngeal swabs from healthy children aged 2-4 years in 30 registered childcare centres in Kuala Lumpur (August 2018-May 2019). Informed consent and written questionnaires were obtained from parents. H. influenzae was identified by standard microbiological methods. Univariable analysis was carried out to describe variables associated with colonization. All variables with p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus influenzae; Haemophilus Vaccines*; Haemophilus influenzae type b*
  7. Chongmelaxme B, Hammanee M, Phooaphirak W, Kotirum S, Hutubessy R, Chaiyakunapruk N
    J Med Econ, 2017 Oct;20(10):1094-1106.
    PMID: 28737468 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2017.1359181
    AIMS: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines, but China and Thailand have not used Hib vaccination in their national immunization programs. This systematic review aimed to update published economic evaluations of Hib vaccinations and to determine factors that potentially affected their cost-effectiveness.

    METHODS: Searches were performed from the inception until December 2015 using 13 databases: CAB direct; CEA registry; EconLit; EMBASE; E-library; NHSEED; PAHO; POPLINE; PubMed; Redalyc project; RePEc; SciELO; and WHOLIS. Reference lists of relevant studies and grey literature were also searched. Full economic evaluations of Hib vaccination with results of costs and outcomes were included. The WHO checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Data from eligible studies were extracted using a standardized data collection form.

    RESULTS: Out of 830 articles, 27 were included. Almost half of the studies (12/27) were conducted in high-income countries. Twelve studies (12/27) investigated the Hib vaccine as an addition to the existing vaccination program. Most studies (17/27) examined a 3-dose schedule of Hib vaccine. Nineteen studies (19/27) reported the model used, where all were decision tree models. Most of the studies (23/27) demonstrated an economic value of Hib vaccination programs, key influential parameters being incidence rates of Hib disease and vaccine price.

    CONCLUSIONS: Hib vaccination programs are mostly found to be cost-effective across geographic regions and country income levels, and Hib vaccination is recommended for inclusion into all national immunization programs. The findings are expected to support policy-makers for making decisions on allocating limited resources of the Hib vaccination program effectively.

    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/prevention & control*; Haemophilus Vaccines/administration & dosage*; Haemophilus Vaccines/economics*
  8. Hussain IH, Sofiah A, Ong LC, Choo KE, Musa MN, Teh KH, et al.
    Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1998 Sep;17(9 Suppl):S189-90.
    PMID: 9781759
    To determine the pattern of postneonatal childhood meningitis in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Meningitis, Haemophilus/epidemiology*; Haemophilus influenzae type b
  9. Lim CT, Parasakthi N, Puthucheary SD
    Singapore Med J, 1994 Feb;35(1):104-5.
    PMID: 8009266
    A set of twins born to a 24-year-old primigravida had evidence of sepsis 24 to 60 hours after birth and were treated empirically with penicillin and gentamicin. A non-encapsulated H. influenzae biotype IV strain was isolated from the blood cultures of both and from the CSF of twin II. The isolates were beta-lactamase positive and hence showed resistance to ampicillin and therapy was changed to chloramphenicol only. Twin II recovered but Twin I developed a brain abscess in the left occipital region which resolved with extended antibiotic treatment. Although ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae have been reported in Malaysia, invasive disease by such strains are rare.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus influenzae/classification*; Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects; Meningitis, Haemophilus/diagnosis*; Meningitis, Haemophilus/drug therapy
  10. Aye AM, Law CW, Sabet NS, Karunakaran R, Hanifah YA, Jafar FL, et al.
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Jul;15(7):845-7.
    PMID: 21780555
    Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency. The etiology and pathophysiology of appendicitis have been well investigated. Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is a fastidious gram-negative coccobacilli. Detection of this organism in clinical samples and its differentiation from Haemophilus aphrophilus or from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in routine microbiology settings could be difficult.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus paraphrophilus/classification; Haemophilus paraphrophilus/genetics; Haemophilus paraphrophilus/isolation & purification*
  11. Mohd-Zain Z, Kamsani NH, Ahmad N
    Trop Biomed, 2013 Dec;30(4):584-90.
    PMID: 24522126 MyJurnal
    In the last few decades, co-trimoxazole (SXT), an antibacterial combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, has been used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection due to Haemophilus influenzae. The usage of this antibiotic has become less important due to emergence of SXT-resistant strains worldwide. Most reports associate SXT resistance to the presence of variants of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) dfrA genes which are responsible for trimethoprim resistance; while the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) resistance are due to sulfonamide (SUL) genes sul1 and sul2 and/or mutation in the chromosomal (folP) gene encoding dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS). This study aims to detect and analyse the genes that are involved in SXT resistance in H. influenzae strains that were isolated in Malaysia. Primers targeting for variants of dfrA, fol and sul genes were used to amplify the genes in nine SXT-resistant strains. The products of amplification were sequenced and multiple alignments of the assembled sequences of the local strains were compared to the sequences of other H. influenzae strains in the Genbank. Of the five variants of the dhfA genes, dfrA1 was detected in three out of the nine strains. In contrast to intermediate strains, at least one variant of folP genes was detected in the resistant strains. Multiple nucleotide alignment of this gene revealed that strain H152 was genetically different from the others due to a 15-bp nucleotide insert in folP gene. The sequence of the insert was similar to the insert in folP of H. influenzae strain A12, a strain isolated in United Kingdom. None of the strains had sul1 gene but sul2 gene was detected in four strains. Preliminary study on the limited number of samples shows that the TMP resistance was attributed to mainly to dfrA1 and the SMX was due to folP genes. Presence of sul2 in addition to folP in seven strains apparently had increased their level of resistance. A strain that lacked sul1 or sul2 gene, its resistance to sulfonamide was attributed to a 15-bp DNA insert in the folP gene.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/microbiology*; Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects*; Haemophilus influenzae/enzymology; Haemophilus influenzae/genetics*; Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification
  12. Nik Zuraina NMN, Sarimah A, Suharni M, Hasan H, Suraiya S
    J Infect Public Health, 2018 08 07;11(6):878-883.
    PMID: 30097415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.07.010
    BACKGROUND: Overcrowding during the annual Hajj pilgrimage has been known to increase the risk of infectious diseases transmission. Despite the high prevalence of respiratory illness among Malaysian Hajj pilgrims, knowledge about the etiologic pathogens is yet very limited. Thus, this study aimed to determine the spectrum of bacterial respiratory pathogens among the Hajj pilgrims returning to Malaysia in year 2016.

    METHODS: Expectorated sputum specimens were collected from the Hajj pilgrims with symptomatic respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Subsequently, the bacterial pathogens were identified using the standard bacteriological culture method and Vitek II system.

    RESULTS: This study indicated that 255 (87.33%) out of 292 cultured sputa were positive with at least one potential pathogenic bacteria. Out of 345 total bacterial isolates, 60% (n=207) were Haemophilus influenzae, which was associated with both single bacterium infection (132/173, 76.3%) and multiple bacterial infections (75/82, 91.5%). The other bacterial isolates included; Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=37, 10.7%), Moraxella catarrhalis (n=27, 7.8%), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (n=25, 7.2%), Streptococcus group G (n=18, 5.2%), Klebsiella spesies (n=16, 4.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=11, 3.2%) and few other organisms.

    CONCLUSION: High frequency of H. influenzae was isolated from Malaysian Hajj pilgrims, especially those with respiratory symptoms. Further study should evaluate the actual pathogenicity of the organism and the interactions between the respiratory microbiota towards developing effective prevention strategies of RTIs among the local pilgrims.

    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/microbiology; Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology*; Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification*
  13. Mohd-Zain Z, Kamsani NH, Ismail IS, Ahmad N
    Trop Biomed, 2012 Sep;29(3):372-80.
    PMID: 23018500 MyJurnal
    Prior to the implementation of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination worldwide, H. influenzae has been one of the main causative agents of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children. Due to the lack of information on the characteristics of the H. influenzae isolates that have previously been collected in Malaysia, the H. influenzae were assessed of their microbial susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. Emphasis was made on strains that were resistance to co-trimoxazole (SXT) and their mode of transfer of the antibiotic resistance determinants were examined. A collection of 34 H. influenzae isolates was serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed to 11 antibiotics. To the isolates that were found to be resistant to co-trimoxazole, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) to SXT was performed using Etest while agar dilution method was used to measure the individual MICs of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SUL). These isolates were also examined for presence of plasmid by PCR and isolation method. Conjugal transfers of SXT-resistant genes to SXT-susceptible hosts were performed to determine their rate of transfer. Result showed that 20.6% of the total number of isolates was serotype B while the remaining was non-typeable. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of all the isolates revealed that 58.8% was resistant to at least one antibiotic. Majority of these isolates were equally resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline (29.4% each), followed by resistance to SXT (26.5%). From nine isolates that were found to be SXT-resistant, five contained plasmid/s. Conjugal transfer experiment showed that these five isolates with plasmid transferred SXT-resistance determinants at a higher frequency than those without. From these observations, it is postulated that plasmid is not involved in the transfer of SXT-resistance genes but presence of plasmid facilitates their transfer. The information obtained from this study provides some basic knowledge on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the H. influenzae isolates and their mode of transfer of SXT-resistance genes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/drug therapy; Haemophilus Infections/microbiology*; Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects*; Haemophilus influenzae/genetics*; Haemophilus influenzae/immunology; Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification
  14. Nik Khairulddin NY, Choo KE, Johari MR
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):96-100.
    PMID: 10414167
    Data is lacking with regard to the epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae (HI) disease in Malaysia. This study was carried out to document the epidemiology of invasive HI disease in hospitalised Kelantanese children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology*
  15. Richardson A, Morris DE, Clarke SC
    Vaccine, 2014 Jul 16;32(33):4119-23.
    PMID: 24907487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.062
    Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis are leading causes of vaccine-preventable diseases such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia. Although there has been much progress in the introduction of vaccines against these pathogens, access to vaccines remains elusive in some countries. This review highlights the current S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, and N. meningitidis immunization schedules in the 10 countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Epidemiologic studies may be useful for informing vaccine policy in these countries, particularly when determining the cost-effectiveness of introducing new vaccines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Meningitis, Haemophilus/prevention & control; Haemophilus Vaccines*
  16. Karim QN, Finn GY, Easmon CS, Dangor Y, Dance DA, Ngeow YF, et al.
    Genitourin Med, 1989 Dec;65(6):361-5.
    PMID: 2693334
    A monoclonal antibody raised against Haemophilus ducreyi was tested for its sensitivity and specificity as an immunofluorescence (IF) reagent using simulated vaginal smears containing H. ducreyi, smears taken from skin lesions of mice infected with H. ducreyi and patients from South Africa, Thailand and Malaysia with clinically diagnosed chancroid. The IF test was more sensitive than culture or Gram staining in the simulated smears, theoretically detecting less than 4 organisms/sample. It detected H. ducreyi in 95% of the animal lesions compared with 14% detected by culture. Immunofluorescence testing identified over 90% of culture-positive cases of chancroid but also detected organisms in some culture-negative cases where clinical evidence for the diagnosis was strong. These results suggest that this antibody may provide a simple, rapid and sensitive means of detecting H. ducreyi in cases of chancroid.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus ducreyi/immunology; Haemophilus ducreyi/isolation & purification*
  17. McNeil HC, Jefferies JM, Clarke SC
    Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2015 06;13(6):705-14.
    PMID: 25962101 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1033401
    Worldwide bacterial meningitis accounts for more than one million cases and 135,000 deaths annually. Profound, lasting neurological complications occur in 9-25% of cases. This review confirms the greatest risk from bacterial meningitis is in early life in Malaysia. Much of the disease burden can be avoided by immunization, particularly against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Despite inclusion of the Hib vaccine in the National Immunisation Programme and the licensure of pneumococcal vaccines, these two species are the main contributors to bacterial meningitis in Malaysia, with Neisseria meningitidis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing a smaller proportion of disease. The high Hib prevalence may partly be due to dated, small-scale studies limiting the understanding of the current epidemiological situation. This highlights the need for larger, better quality surveillance from Malaysia to evaluate the success of Hib immunization and to help guide immunization policy for vaccines against S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus Vaccines/therapeutic use*; Haemophilus influenzae type b
  18. Sakharnov NA, Filatova EN, Popkova MI, Slavin SL, Utkin OV
    Sovrem Tekhnologii Med, 2024;16(2):16-26.
    PMID: 39539749 DOI: 10.17691/stm2024.16.2.02
    The aim of the study was to develop an experimental version of a DNA microarray for parallel detection of community-acquired pneumonia bacterial pathogens.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the samples of the pharyngeal mucosa smears taken from children aged 1-15 years with X-ray confirmed pneumonia. The selection of DNA probes for specific detection of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumonia, and L. pneumophila) and development of the microarray design were carried out using the disprose program. The nucleotide sequences of pathogens were obtained from NCBI Nucleotide database. In the research we used CustomArray microarrays (USA). For a pooled sample containing S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae DNA, we performed a sequential selection of the best combinations of hybridization parameters: DNA fragment size, DNA amount, hybridization temperature. The selection criteria were: the percentage of effective probes with a standardized hybridization signal (SHS) ≥3 Z, and the excess of SHS levels of effective specific probes compared to SHS of effective nonspecific probes. We selected the probes to detect of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae characterized by an effective hybridization signal under optimal conditions. The developed microarray was tested under the selected conditions on clinical samples containing S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae DNA. Using ROC analysis there were established threshold values for the signals of specific probes at optimal sensitivity points and the test specificity, the excess of which was interpreted as the evidence of pathogen presence in a sample.

    RESULTS: A microarray design included 142 DNA probes to detect S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and L. pneumophila, the probes being synthesized onto slides. Using the example of clinical samples containing S. pneumoniae and/or H. influenza DNA, we selected optimal parameters for DNA hybridization on microarrays, which enabled to identify bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia with sufficient efficiency, specificity and reproducibility: the amount of hybridized DNA was 2 μg, the DNA fragment size: 300 nt, hybridization temperature: 47°C. There was selected a list of probes for specific detection of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae characterized by an effective hybridization signal under the identified conditions. We determined the threshold values of standardized probe signals for specific detection of S. pneumoniae (4.5 Z) and H. influenzae (4.9 Z) in clinical samples.

    CONCLUSION: A DNA microarray was developed and synthesized for parallel indication of bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia. There were selected the optimal parameters for DNA hybridization on a microarray to identify bacterial pathogens - S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, and determined the threshold values of significant probe signals for their specific detection. The interpretation of the microarray hybridization results corresponds to those obtained by PCR. The microarray can be used to improve laboratory diagnostics of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens.

    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus influenzae/genetics; Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification
  19. Lee, E.L.
    MyJurnal
    Vaccines, used appropriately and efficiently, have changed the landscape of infectious diseases. Poliomyelitis is almost completely eliminated globally. In many industrialised countries, there has been over 99 percent reduction in incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Haemophilus in-fluenzae b meningitis and over 97 percent reduction in whooping cough.',2Unlike anti-biotics, most vaccines have remained equally effective despite years of continuous usage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus
  20. Choo KE, Ariffin WA, Ahmad T, Lim WL, Gururaj AK
    Ann Trop Paediatr, 1990 Mar;10(1):89-98.
    PMID: 1694651
    A 2.5-year retrospective study of pyogenic meningitis in hospitalized children in Kelantan was carried out with regard to aetiology, clinical features, investigation, treatment and outcome. There were 58 children with 43 cases (74.1%) occurring below the age of 1 year. Frequent presenting symptoms included fever (98.3%), fits (77.6%), anorexia (39.7%), vomiting (34.5%) and drowsiness (12.1%). On admission, 37 (63.7%) had neck stiffness, 10 (17.2%) had Kernig's sign and 32 (55.2%) had coma. CSF cultures were positive for Haemophilus influenzae in 29 (50%), Streptococcus pneumonia in 13 (22.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis in 3 (5.2%). The antibiotic sensitivity profiles showed that the three main organisms were 100% sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Streptococcus pneumoniae was 100% sensitive to penicillin, Neisseria meningitidis was 100% sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin, and Haemophilus influenzae was 90% sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. The total hospital mortality was 18.9%. All but two of the eleven deaths occurred in children younger than 1 year. Nineteen of the 35 (54.3%) survivors attended for at least one follow-up after discharge from hospital. Of these 19 children, 47.4% had neurological sequelae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects
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