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  1. Formation of Antihyperlipidemic Nano-Ezetimibe from Volatile Microemulsion Template for Enhanced Dissolution Profile
    Saleem MA, Yasir Siddique M, Nazar MF, Khan SU, Ahmad A, Khan R, et al.
    Langmuir, 2020 07 14;36(27):7908-7915.
    PMID: 32551692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01016
    Nanostructures play an important role in targeting sparingly water-soluble drugs to specific sites. Because of the structural flexibility and stability, the use of template microemulsions (μEs) can produce functional nanopharmaceuticals of different sizes, shapes, and chemical properties. In this article, we report a new volatile oil-in-water (o/w) μE formulation comprising ethyl acetate/ethanol/brij-35/water to obtain the highly water-dispersible nanoparticles of an antihyperlipidemic agent, ezetimibe (EZM-NPs), to enhance its dissolution profile. A pseudoternary phase diagram was delineated in a specified brij-35/ethanol ratio (1:1) to describe the transparent, optically isotropic domain of the as-formulated μE. The water-dilutable μE formulation, comprising an optimum composition of ethyl acetate (18.0%), ethanol (25.0%), brij-35 (25.0%), and water (32.0%), showed a good dissolvability of EZM around 4.8 wt % at pH 5.2. Electron micrographs showed a fine monomodal collection of EZM-loaded μE droplets (∼45 nm) that did not coalesce even after lyophilization, forming small spherical EZM-NPs (∼60 nm). However, the maturity of nanodrug droplets observed through dynamic light scattering suggests the affinity of EZM to the nonpolar microenvironment, which was further supported through peak-to-peak correlation of infrared analysis and fluorescence measurements. Moreover, the release profile of the as-obtained EZM-nanopowder increased significantly >98% in 30 min, which indicates that a reduced drug concentration will be needed for capsules or tablets in the future and can be simply incorporated into the multidosage formulation of EZM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents*
  2. Fulltext A randomised controlled trial on hypolipidemic effects of Nigella Sativa seeds powder in menopausal women
    Ibrahim RM, Hamdan NS, Mahmud R, Imam MU, Saini SM, Rashid SN, et al.
    J Transl Med, 2014;12:82.
    PMID: 24685020 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-82
    The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increased tremendously among menopausal women, and there is an increasing demand for alternative therapies for managing factors like dyslipidemia that contribute to CVD development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  3. Attainment of goal and normalized lipid levels with lipid-modifying therapy in Malaysia
    Hsu TY, Chirovsky D, Moy FM, Ambegaonkar BM
    Clin Ther, 2013 Apr;35(4):450-60.
    PMID: 23481458 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.02.004
    Although LDL-C is the primary lipid target for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk reduction, HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) have also emerged as CHD risk factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  4. Fast dissolving microneedle patch for pronounced systemic delivery of an antihyperlipidemic drug
    Ahmad Z, Zafar N, Mahmood A, Sarfraz RM, Latif R, Gad HA
    Pharm Dev Technol, 2023 Nov;28(9):896-906.
    PMID: 37873604 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2272863
    Fast dissolving microneedles (F-dMN) are quite a novel approach delivering specific drug molecules directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the first-pass effect. The present study reported an F-dMN patch to enhance systemic delivery of simvastatin in a patient-friendly manner. The F-dMN patch was developed using polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol and characterized using light microscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR, mechanical strength, drug content (%), an ex-vivo penetration study, an ex-vivo drug release study, a skin irritation test, and a pharmacokinetics study. The optimized F-dMN patch exhibited excellent elongation of 35.17%, good tensile strength of 9.68  MPa, an appropriate moisture content of 5.65%, and good penetrability up to 560 µm. Moreover, it showed 93.4% of the drug content within the needles and 81.75% in-vitro release. Histopathological findings and a skin irritation study proved that the F-dMN patch was biocompatible and did not cause any sort of irritation on animal skin. Pharmacokinetic parameters of F-dMN patches were improved (Cmax 6.974 µg/ml, tmax 1 hr and AUC 19. 518 µg.h/ml) as compared to tablet Simva 20 mg solution (Cmax 2.485 µg/ml, tmax 1.4 hr and AUC 11.199 µg.h/ml), thus confirming bioavailability enhancement. Moreover, stability studies confirmed the stability of the developed F-dMN patch, as investigated by axial needle fracture force and drug content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
  5. Hylocereus polyrhizus peel's high-methoxyl pectin: A potential source of hypolipidemic agent
    Zaid RM, Mishra P, Wahid ZA, Sakinah AMM
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Aug 01;134:361-367.
    PMID: 31059740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.143
    In the present study, high-methoxyl pectin (HMP) was extracted from Hylocereus polyrhizus peel's using physico-chemical process. In addition, the hypolipidemic activity of HMP was investigated at different concentration and time corresponding to its adsorption ability. FTIR and contact angle analysis were used to determine the sorbent characterization. A high degree of esterification (63.8%) and the contact angle (95.5°) confirmed hydrophobic nature and resulting bad wetting of the HMP extract, respectively. The methoxyl content in the pectin acted as an affinity-precursor of the pectin towards cholesterol due to its increased hydrophobicity. The maximum equilibrium uptake capacity of cholesterol of 370.5mg/g (0.96mmol/g) was observed by HMP. The experimental data showed good fitting for Freundlich isotherm equation and followed pseudo-first-order kinetic model with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.89-0.97 due to physisorption mechanism. Intra-particle model confirmed that the cholesterol sorption rate by HMP was significantly influenced by external mass transfer (surface diffusion) and intra-particle diffusion (diffusion control). It was also revealed that the HMP extracted from Hylocereus polyrhizus peels possess a high affinity towards cholesterol, making it an ideal hypolipidemic agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypolipidemic Agents/chemistry*
  6. The influence of fenofibrate on lipid profile, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with typical and mixed dyslipidemia
    Ghani RA, Bin Yaakob I, Wahab NA, Zainudin S, Mustafa N, Sukor N, et al.
    J Clin Lipidol, 2013 Sep-Oct;7(5):446-53.
    PMID: 24079286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2013.04.004
    BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is associated with early development of endothelial dysfunction. Patients present with typical dyslipidemia (predominantly high levels of triglycerides [TG] and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) or mixed hypercholesterolemia (high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] and TG with low HDL-C). Normal levels include LDL-C < 100 mg/dL, TG < 135 mg/dL, and HDL-C > 40 mg/dL for men and >50 mg/dL for women.
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of 8 weeks' administration of fenofibrate on inflammatory markers, metabolic parameters, and endothelial dysfunction.
    METHODS: We administered micronized fenofibrate (Laboratories Fourneir S.A Dijon, France) daily for 8 weeks to 40 dyslipidemic, type 2 diabetes patients with equal numbers in each arm of the typical or mixed dyslipidemia groups. Noninvasive endothelial function assessments were performed and serum inflammatory markers obtained before and after treatment.
    RESULTS: The typical group demonstrated significantly greater TG reduction and HDL-C increment, ie, 56% vs, 21.3% (P < .005) and 21% vs. 7.6% (P = .001), respectively, compared with the mixed group. There was greater LDL-C reduction within the mixed group compared with the typical group 21.0% vs. 2.2% (P < .05). Endothelial dysfunction was present in both groups at baseline. After treatment, the typical group demonstrated significant improvement in resting brachial diameter (3.9 mm [interquartile range {IQR} 3.3-4.7] to 4.2 mm [IQR 3.4-4.8], P = .001) compared with no change within the mixed group (3.6 mm [IQR 3.1-5.4] to 3.7 mm [IQR 3.1-5.3], P = .26). Flow-mediated diameter improved significantly in both groups. The mixed group had significantly greater levels of hs-CRP at baseline but no changes throughout the study. The mixed group demonstrated an increase in vascular adhesion molecule-1 from 706 ng/mL (IQR 566-1195) to 845 ng/mL (637-1653; P = .01), a reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α from 7.0 pg/mL (IQR 1.0-43.5) to 2.5 pg/mL (IQR 1.5-13.5; P = .04) throughout the study.
    CONCLUSIONS: We effectively compared 8 weeks of fenofibrate therapy in type 2 diabetics with contrasting lipid abnormalities. The typical dyslipidemia group showed significantly greater lipid improvements compared with the mixed dyslipidemia group. Both groups had improvements in endothelial functions that were independent of the lipid levels. We concluded that fibrate therapy in type 2 diabetics is beneficial, especially those with typical dyslipidemia and extends beyond its lipid lowering properties.
    KEYWORDS: Endothelial dysfunction; Fenofibrate; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Low density lipoprotein; Noninvasive endothelial function assessments; Triglyceride; Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; hsCRP
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
  7. Impact of phytosterol supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    Fatahi S, Kord-Varkaneh H, Talaei S, Mardali F, Rahmani J, Ghaedi E, et al.
    Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2019 11;29(11):1168-1175.
    PMID: 31582198 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.011
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although some earlier studies have indicated the effect of phytosterol (PS) supplementation on serum lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, findings are still conflicting. We aimed to assess the impact of PS supplementation on serum Lp(a) and FFA concentration through a systematic review and meta-analysis of available RCTs.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a systematic search of all available RCTs conducted up to 21 February 2019 in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The choice of fixed- or random-effect model for analysis was determined according to the I2 statistic. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Pooling of 12 effect sizes from seven articles revealed a significant reduction of Lp(a) levels following PS supplementation (MD: -0.025 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.045, -0.004, p = 0.017) without significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.599). Also, PS supplementation significantly lowered FFA (MD: -0.138 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.195, -0.081, p = 0.000) without significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.911). The results for meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were not significant.

    CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis suggests that oral PS supplementation could cause a significant reduction in serum Lp(a) and FFA.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/adverse effects; Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  8. The hypolipidemic effects of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp extract in normal and diet-induced hypercholesterolemic hamsters are associated with altered levels of serum proteins
    Lim CY, Junit SM, Aziz AA, Jayapalan JJ, Hashim OH
    Electrophoresis, 2018 12;39(23):2965-2973.
    PMID: 30280388 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800258
    The hypolipidemic effects of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp extract (Ti-FPE) have been earlier reported but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still uncertain. In this study, hamsters fed with Ti-FPE, both in the absence and presence of high-cholesterol diet, were shown to have significantly reduced levels of serum triglyceride, LDL-C and total cholesterol. The Ti-FPE-fed non-hypercholesterolemic hamsters also showed significant enhanced levels of serum apolipoprotein A1, antithrombin III, transferrin and vitamin D binding protein. In diet-induced hypercholesterolemic hamsters, apolipoprotein A1, antithrombin III and transferrin, which were relatively low in levels, became significantly enhanced when the hamsters were fed with Ti-FPE. These Ti-FPE-fed hypercholesterolemic hamsters also showed significant higher levels of serum vitamin D binding protein. When the different treated groups of hamsters were analyzed for the levels of the four serum proteins by ELISA, similar altered abundance were detected. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the Ti-FPE modulated serum proteins singled out "Lipid metabolism, molecular transport, small molecule biochemistry" as the top network. Our results suggest that the hypolipidemic effects of Ti-FPE are associated with alterations of serum proteins that are known to be cardioprotective and involved in the metabolism of lipids. The MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD010232.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypolipidemic Agents/chemistry
  9. Fulltext Antioxidant properties of raw garlic (Allium sativum) extract
    Rahman, M.M., Fazlic, V, Saad, N.W.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):589-591.
    MyJurnal
    Garlic has been a favorite additive in food for many years in various cultures. It is known that garlic
    (Allium sativum) possesses antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, antiplatelet and antihyperlipidemic
    properties. Allicin, a thiosulfinate extract of garlic, has been presumed to be a very strong antioxidant. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of raw garlic extract was not conclusive to determine allicin’s presence. However, using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging methods to determine the antioxidant activity of raw garlic extract shows a color change from deep violet to yellow, indicating antioxidant activity. Thus, raw garlic can be a source of antioxidant based on the results of the DPPH scavenging analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents
  10. Fulltext Hypolipidemic activities of xanthorrhizol purified from centrifugal TLC
    Oon SF, Nallappan M, Kassim NK, Shohaimi S, Sa'ariwijaya MS, Tee TT, et al.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016 09 23;478(3):1403-8.
    PMID: 27576204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.136
    Hyperlipidemia is defined as the presence of either hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia, which could cause atherosclerosis. Although hyperlipidemia can be treated by hypolipidemic drugs, they are limited due to lack of effectiveness and safety. Previous studies demonstrated that xanthorrhizol (XNT) isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhizza Roxb. reduced the levels of free fatty acid and triglyceride in vivo. However, its ability to inhibit cholesterol uptake in HT29 colon cells and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells are yet to be reported. In this study, XNT purified from centrifugal TLC demonstrated 98.3% purity, indicating it could be an alternative purification method. The IC50 values of XNT were 30.81 ± 0.78 μg/mL in HT29 cells and 35.07 ± 0.24 μg/mL in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, respectively. Cholesterol uptake inhibition study using HT29 colon cells showed that XNT (15 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the fluorescent cholesterol analogue NBD uptake by up to 27 ± 3.1% relative to control. On the other hand, higher concentration of XNT (50 μg/mL) significantly suppressed the growth of 3T3-L1 adipocytes (5.9 ± 0.58%) compared to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (81.31 ± 0.55%). XNT was found to impede adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner from 3.125 to 12.5 μg/mL, where 12.5 μg/mL significantly suppressed 36.13 ± 2.1% of lipid accumulation. We postulate that inhibition of cholesterol uptake, adipogenesis, preadipocyte and adipocyte number may be utilized as treatment modalities to reduce the prevalence of lipidemia. To conclude, XNT could be a potential hypolipidemic agent to improve cardiovascular health in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/isolation & purification*; Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypolipidemic Agents/chemistry
  11. Caffeoylquinic Acids Rich versus Poor Fractions of Gynura procumbens: Their Comparative Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Potential
    Murugesu K, Murugaiyah V, Saghir SAM, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2017;18(14):1132-1140.
    PMID: 29564975 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180322111800
    BACKGROUND: Ethanolic extract of G. procumbens leaves has been previously shown to possess antihyperlipidemic effects.

    OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to prepare caffeoylquinic acids rich and poor fractions of the ethanolic extract using resin column technology and compare their antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant potentials.

    RESULTS: Among the treatment groups, caffeoylquinic acids rich fraction (F2) and chlorogenic acid (CA, one of the major caffeoylquinic acids) showed potent antihyperlipidemic effects, with significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), atherogenic index (AI) and coronary risk index (CRI) (p<0.01 or better) compared to the hyperlipidemic control at the 58 h. The effect was better than that of ethanolic extract. In addition, only F2 significantly increased the high-density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C) level (p<0.05). F2 showed better effect than CA alone (60 mg) despite the fact that it only contained 9.81 mg CA/1000 mg dose. The findings suggest that the di-caffeoylquinic acids (86.61 mg/g dose) may also in part be responsible for the potent antihyperlipidemic effect shown by the F2. Likewise, F2 showed the highest antioxidant activity. Thus, simple fractionation of ethanolic extract using the Amberlite XAD-2 resin technique had successfully enriched the caffeoylquinic acids into F2 with improved antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant capacities than that of the ethanolic extract.

    CONCLUSION: The resin separation technology may find application in caffeoylquinic acids enrichment of plant extracts for pre-clinical studies. The F2 has potential for development into phytopharmaceuticals as adjunct therapy for management of hyperlipidemia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/isolation & purification; Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
  12. Fulltext ALLHAT in perspective: implications to clinical practice and clinical trials
    Yusoff K
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):239-45.
    PMID: 16114170
    ALLHAT study is the biggest randomized clinical trial in hypertension ever conducted. Its objective was to ompare the efficacy of newer (calcium channel blocker amlodipine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor inopril) to the older (diuretic chlorthalidone) antihypertensive agents in the treatment of patients with hypertension. After enrolling 42,000 patients who were followed for an average of 4.9 years, ALLHAT did not find significant differences in the primary end-points between these antihypertenive agents. ALLHAT however found significant differences in the secondary end-points such as heart failure and strokes between chlorthalidone and amlodipine or lisinopril. Based on these and on economic reasons, the investigators unequivocally recommended diuretics as the first line therapy for hypertension. Since its publication, ALLHAT has been much discussed, debated A and opined. The choice of drugs for study, the study design, the conduct of the study and the conclusions drawn by the investigators had all been criticised or controversial. Yet ALLHAT has been widely quoted, commented upon or referred to and it has been instrumental in initiating the JNC VII Guidelines. Thus a thorough understanding of ALLHAT is necessary for clinical practice and in designing and evaluating clinical trials in the future. Moving Points: in Medicine will capture the essence of ALLHAT, discusses its implications to clinical trials and explores its possible impact on the practice of medicine in this country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  13. Updates in the management of Dyslipidaemia in the high and very high risk individual for CV risk reduction
    Jeyamalar R, Wan Azman WA, Nawawi H, Choo GH, Ng WK, Rosli MA, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2018 06;73(3):154-162.
    PMID: 29962499 MyJurnal
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the main cause of mortality and an important cause of morbidity in Malaysia for several years. To reduce global cardiovascular (CV) risk in the population, primary preventive strategies need to be implemented. Hypercholesterolaemia is one of the major risk factors for CVD. This paper is an expert review on the management of hypercholesterolemia focusing on high and very high risk individuals. In low and Intermediate risk individuals, therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and a healthy lifestyle alone may suffice. In high and very high risk individuals, drug therapy in conjunction with TLC are necessary to achieve the target LDL-C levels which have been shown to slow down progression and sometimes even result in regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Statins are first-line drugs because they have been shown in numerous randomized controlled trials to be effective in reducing CV events and to be safe. In some high risk individuals, despite maximally tolerated statin therapy, target Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are not achieved. These include those with familial hypercholesterolaemia and statin intolerance. This paper discusses non-statin therapies, such as ezetimibe and the newer Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Inhibitors (PCSK9-i).
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
  14. Antihyperlipidemic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Different Parts of Star Fruit
    Saghir SA, Sadikun A, Al-Suede FS, Majid AM, Murugaiyah V
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2016 6 6;17(10):915-25.
    PMID: 27262321 DOI: 10.2174/1389201017666160603013434
    BACKGROUND: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) is a well-known plant in Malaysia which bears a great significance in traditional medicine.

    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic effect, antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of ripe and unripe fruits, leaves and stem of A. carambola.

    METHODS: Antihyperlipidemic activity was assessed in poloxamer-407 (P-407) induced acute hyperlipidemic rat's model. The antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro using 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, cytotoxicity of A. carambola extracts was assessed using MTS assay on four leukemic cell lines (human colon cancer, human promyeloid leukemia, erythroid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia) and one normal cell (human umbilical vein endothelial cells).

    RESULTS: Methanolic extract of leaves had the most potent antihyperlipidemic activity in P-407 model, whereby it significantly reduced serum levels of total cholesterol (P<0.01), triglycerides (P<0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P<0.05), verylow- density lipoprotein (P<0.01) and atherogenic index (P<0.01). On the other hand, methanolic extracts of A. carambola stem and leaves showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts exhibited significant correlations with antioxidant but not with antihyperlipidemic activities. All plant parts showed no cytotoxic effect on the selected cancer or normal cell lines.

    CONCLUSION: Antihyperlipidemic activity of different parts of A. carambola is greatly affected by extraction solvents used. Methanolic extract of A. carambola leaves exhibited higher antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant potentials compared to other parts of the plant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*
  15. Therapeutic potential of Artemisia vulgaris: An insight into underlying immunological mechanisms
    Soon L, Ng PQ, Chellian J, Madheswaran T, Panneerselvam J, Gupta G, et al.
    J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2019;38(3):205-216.
    PMID: 31679308 DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2019029397
    Artemisia vulgaris is a traditional Chinese herb believed to have a wide range of healing properties; it is traditionally used to treat numerous health ailments. The plant is commonly called mugwort or riverside wormwood. The plant is edible, and in addition to its medicinal properties, it is also used as a culinary herb in Asian cooking in the form of a vegetable or in soup. The plant has garnered the attention of researchers in the past few decades, and several research studies have investigated its biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hypolipidemic, and antimicrobial properties. In this review, various studies on these biological effects are discussed along with the tests conducted, compounds involved, and proposed mechanisms of action. This review will be of interest to the researchers working in the field of herbal medicine, pharmacology, medical sciences, and immunology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
  16. Fulltext Biological activities and phytochemicals of Swietenia macrophylla King
    Moghadamtousi SZ, Goh BH, Chan CK, Shabab T, Kadir HA
    Molecules, 2013 Aug 30;18(9):10465-83.
    PMID: 23999722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910465
    Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) is an endangered and medicinally important plant indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the World. S. macrophylla has been widely used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The review reveals that limonoids and its derivatives are the major constituents of S. macrophylla. There are several data in the literature indicating a great variety of pharmacological activities of S. macrophylla, which exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, antimutagenic, anticancer, antitumor and antidiabetic activities. Various other activities like anti-nociceptive, hypolipidemic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-infective, antiviral, antimalarial, acaricidal, antifeedant and heavy metal phytoremediation activity have also been reported. In view of the immense medicinal importance of S. macrophylla, this review aimed at compiling all currently available information on its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of S. macrophylla, showing its importance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology; Hypolipidemic Agents/chemistry
  17. Alpha lipoic acid possess dual antioxidant and lipid lowering properties in atherosclerotic-induced New Zealand White rabbit
    Zulkhairi A, Zaiton Z, Jamaluddin M, Sharida F, Mohd TH, Hasnah B, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2008 Dec;62(10):716-22.
    PMID: 18538528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.12.003
    There is accumulating data demonstrated hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, a protective activity of alpha-lipoic acid; a metabolic antioxidant in hypercholesterolemic-induced animals was investigated. Eighteen adult male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit were segregated into three groups labelled as group K, AT and ALA (n=6). While group K was fed with normal chow and acted as a control, the rest fed with 100 g/head/day with 1% high cholesterol diet to induce hypercholesterolemia. 4.2 mg/body weight of alpha lipoic acid was supplemented daily to the ALA group. Drinking water was given ad-libitum. The study was designed for 10 weeks. Blood sampling was taken from the ear lobe vein at the beginning of the study, week 5 and week 10 and plasma was prepared for lipid profile estimation and microsomal lipid peroxidation index indicated with malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the study and the aortas were excised for intimal lesion analysis. The results showed a significant reduction of lipid peroxidation index indicated with low MDA level (p<0.05) in ALA group compared to that of the AT group. The blood total cholesterol (TCHOL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were found to be significantly low in ALA group compared to that of the AT group (p<0.05). Histomorphometric intimal lesion analysis of the aorta showing less of atheromatous plaque formation in alpha lipoic acid supplemented group (p<0.05) compared to that of AT group. These findings suggested that apart from its antioxidant activity, alpha lipoic acid may also posses a lipid lowering effect indicated with low plasma TCHOL and LDL levels and reduced the athero-lesion formation in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
  18. Fulltext The statin studies: from targeting hypercholesterolaemia to targeting the high-risk patient
    Ong HT
    QJM, 2005 Aug;98(8):599-614.
    PMID: 16006501
    The landmark HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) studies have practical lessons for clinicans. The 4S trial established the importance of treating the hypercholesterolaemic patient with cardiovascular heart disease. Next, WOSCOPS showed the benefit of treating healthy, high-risk hypercholesterolaemic men. CARE, a secondary prevention trial, showed the benefit of treating patients with cholesterol levels within normal limits. This was confirmed by the LIPID trial, another secondary prevention study, which enrolled patients with cholesterol levels 155-271 mg/dl (4-7 mmol/l). The importance of treating patients with established ischaemic heart disease, and those at high risk of developing heart disease, regardless of cholesterol level, was being realized. In the MIRACL trial, hypocholesterolaemic therapy was useful in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome, while the AVERT study showed that aggressive statin therapy is as good as angioplasty in reducing ischaemic events in patients with stable angina. By showing the value of fluvastatin after percutaneous intervention, LIPS confirmed that benefit is a class action of the statins. The HPS randomized over 20 000 patients, and showed beyond doubt the value of statins in reducing cardiovascular events in the high-risk patient. Although PROSPER showed benefit in treating the elderly patients above 70 years, statin therapy in this trial was associated with an increase in cancer incidence. The comparative statin trials, PROVE-IT, REVERSAL, Phase Z of the A to Z, ALLIANCE and TNT, all showed that high-dose statins will better reduce cardiovascular events in the high-risk patient, although the adverse effects of therapy will also be increased. ALLHAT-LLT, ASCOT-LLA and CARDS showed that for statin therapy to demonstrate a significant benefit, hypertensive or diabetic patients must be at sufficiently high risk of cardiovascular events. The emphasis is now on the risk level for developing cardiovascular events, and treatment should target the high-risk group and not the lipid level of the patient. No therapy is free of adverse effect. Treatment of those most at risk will bring the most benefit; treatment of those not at high risk of cardiovascular disease may expose patients who would not benefit much from therapy to its adverse effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents/administration & dosage; Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  19. Fulltext Anti Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Activity of Bark of Ethanolic Extract of Ougeinia Oojeinensis (ROXB.)
    Velmurugan C, Sundaram T, Sampath Kumar R, Vivek B, Sheshadrishekar D, Ashok Kumar BS
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):22-6.
    PMID: 23765138
    The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Ethanolic extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis (200mg/kg) bark was evaluated with measurements including, Body weight, blood glucose level, urine glucose and biochemical parameters. The ethanolic extracts of the powdered bark was tested for its efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Animals were induced for diabetes with Alloxan (150 mg/kg of body weight- i.p.) and treated orally with Ethanolic extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis. The extracts were also evaluated for acute oral toxicity studies and its effect on different biochemical parameters. The extracts showed significant (p<0.01) antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity as compared to diabetic control. The extract shows beneficial effects on blood glucose and urine glucose level. It also reduces the elevated biochemical parameters such as triglycerides (TGL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), Total Cholesterol (TC) and increased the reduced level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and body weight, which might be due to presence of steroids, tannins, alkaloids and triterpenoids present in that extract. Thus ethanolic extract could serve as good oral hypoglycemic agents and seems to be promising for the development of phytomedicines for diabetes mellitus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents
  20. Fulltext Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology
    Alhassan AM, Ahmed QU
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2016 Oct-Dec;8(4):265-271.
    PMID: 28216948 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.199342
    Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. is principally cultivated for medicinal purposes in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Literature survey about this plant shows that A. bilimbi is mainly used as a folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and as an antimicrobial agent. The prime objective of this review is to accumulate and organize literature based on traditional claims and correlate those with current findings on the use of A. bilimbi in the management of different ailments. Through interpreting already published scientific manuscripts (1995 through 2015) retrieved from the different scientific search engines, namely Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct databases, published articles and reports covering traditional and scientific literature related to A. bilimbi's potential role against various ailments have been thoroughly evaluated, interpreted, and discussed. Several pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to act as antidiabetic, antihypertensive, thrombolytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic agent. A. bilimbi holds great value in the complementary and alternative medicine as evidenced by the substantial amount of research on it. Therefore, we aimed to compile an up-to-date and comprehensive review of A. bilimbi that covers its traditional and folk medicine uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Hence, this paper presents an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the ethnomedicinal uses, different chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of A. bilimbi. So far, the biologically active agents have not been isolated from this plant and this can be a good scientific study for the future antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial implications. Hence, this review targets at emphasizing the diverse traditional claims and pharmacological activities of A. bilimbi with respect to carrying out more scientific studies to isolate active principles through advanced technology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypolipidemic Agents
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