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Fulltext Catalytic response and molecular simulation studies in the development of synthetic routes in trimeric triaryl pyridinium type ionic liquids

Tamilarasan R, Subramani A, Sasikumar G, Ganapathi P, Karthikeyan S, Ponnusamy S, et al.

Sci Rep, 2023 Mar 17;13(1):4453.
PMID: 36932171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31476-0

Under conventional and silica-supported Muffle furnace methods, water-soluble substituted trimeric triaryl pyridinium cations with various inorganic counter anions are synthesized. The solvent-free synthesis method is superior to the conventional method in terms of non-toxicity, quicker reaction times, ease of workup, and higher yields. Trimeric substituted pyridinium salts acted as excellent catalytic responses for the preparation of Gem-bisamide derivatives compared with available literature. To evaluate the molecular docking, benzyl/4-nitrobenzyl substituted triaryl pyridinium salt compounds with VEGFR-2 kinase were used with H-bonds, π-π stacking, salt bridges, and hydrophobic contacts. The results showed that the VEGFR-2 kinase protein had the most potent inhibitory activity. Intriguingly, the compound [NBTAPy]PF6- had a strongly binds to VEGFR-2 kinase and controlled its activity in cancer treatment and prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Fulltext Association of angiogenic cells in the tumour microenvironment and the circulating matured endothelial cells in astrocytic glioma

Das, Priscilla, Naing, Nyi Nyi, Nadiah Wan-Arfah, Noorjan, KON, Yee, Cheng Kueh, Rasalingam, Kantha

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(2):3-10.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Astrocytic gliomas are the most common and lethal intracranial brain tumours and rely on angiogenesis for the tumour development. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to the angiogenesis of glioma tumour. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the matured circulating endothelial cells population in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and its associations with tissue resident angiogenic cells in astrocytic glioma patients. Methods: A total of 22 astrocytic glioma patients were recruited from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Tumour were sliced and stained with CD133+ and VEGFA+ for angiogenic cells (n=22). The circulating (CD133-/VEGFR2+) matured endothelial cells in PBMCs (n=22) were quantified using FACS. The paired t-test and Pearson correlation test were used for the data analysis. Results: The angiogenic cells in brain tumour tissue were significantly higher compared to adjacent normal brain tissue (median 1.07±0.96% vs. median 0.69±0.68%; Wilcoxon signed rank test Z=-3.100; p=0.002). Positive correlation was found between the angiogenic cells of brain tumour tissue and adjacent normal brain tissue (Spearman’s rho correlation test, r=0.56; p=0.007). Significant positive correlation was found between matured endothelial cells in peripheral circulating systems and angiogenic cells in tumour of astrocytic glioma patients (Pearson correlation test, r=0.60, p=0.003).Conclusion:The findings of the study give support to the possible roles of EPCs in astrocytic glioma patients. Thus targeting tissue resident angiogenic cells and matured circulating endothelial cells by antiangiogenic treatment might be useful to prevent the tumour growth.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
Development and investigation of thiazolidinedione and pyrazoline compounds as antiangiogenic weapons targeting VEGFR-2

Upadhyay N, Tilekar K, Safuan S, Kumar AP, Schweipert M, Meyer-Almes FJ, et al.

Future Med Chem, 2021 11;13(22):1963-1986.
PMID: 34581188 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0139

Background: Angiogenesis deregulation is often linked to cancer and is thus an essential target. Materials & methods: Twenty-nine compounds were developed as VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Compounds were evaluated to determine their antiangiogenic activity. Results: B1, PB11 and PB16 showed HUVEC's IC50 scores in the submicromolar range. B1, B2 and PB16 reduced cellular migration and capillary tube formation of HUVECs. VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity was found in the nanomolar range: 200 nM of B1, 500 nM of B2 and 600 nM of PB16. B1 and PB16 suppressed the formation of new capillaries on growing CAMs. B1 and PB16 occupied the ATP site and allosteric pocket of VEGFR-2 in docking studies. Conclusion: These compounds can target VEGFR-2 and are endowed with in vitro and in vivo antiangiogenic activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors in Thyroid Nodular Hyperplasia and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Tertiary Health Care Centre Based Study

Mohamad Pakarul Razy NH, Wan Abdul Rahman WF, Win TT

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 Jan 25;20(1):277-282.
PMID: 30678450

Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor that plays an important role in
thyroid cancer. VEGF is known to have high affinity to VEGF receptors such as VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR).
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid cancer and studies showed the increasing incidence of
PTC arising in nodular hyperplasia. Targeted therapy on these growth factors and receptors are used in management
of both differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. This study aims to determine the expression of VEGF
and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) in thyroid nodular hyperplasia and PTC. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on
paraffinized archival tissue blocks of 113 nodular hyperplasias and 67 PTC from the thyroidectomy specimens in
the year of 2003 to 2014. The tissue sections were then stained by immunohistochemistry for VEGF, VEGFR-1 and
VEGFR-2. The lymph node involvement and extrathyroid extension also were determined. Results: The mean age of
PTC patients was 44.7±15.8 years and nodular hyperplasia were 42.2±13.6 years. There was a statistical difference
of VEGFR-1 (p=0.028) and VEGFR-2 (p=0.003) expression between nodular hyperplasia and PTC. However, no
significant difference of VEGF expression (p=0.576) between both diseases. Co-expression of VEGF and VEGFR-1
was significant in both nodular hyperplasia (p=0.016) and PTC (p=0.03), meanwhile no relevant relationship for VEGF
and VEGFR-2 expression (p>0.05). No significant association (p>0.05) between lymph node status and extrathyroid
extension with age groups, gender, VEGF and VEGFR expression. Conclusions: VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2
showed overexpression in both nodular hyperplasia and PTC. The expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 are more
significant in PTC with relevant co-expression of VEGF and VEGFR-1. Therefore, the inhibition of VEGFR offers a
promising prospect for tumour management in thyroid carcinoma.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Ethyl cinnamate suppresses tumor growth through anti-angiogenesis by attenuating VEGFR2 signal pathway in colorectal cancer

Wang S, Yang J, Kuang X, Li H, Du H, Wu Y, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2024 May 23;326:117913.
PMID: 38360380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117913

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kaempferia galanga Linn. is an aromatic medicinal herb with extensively applied in India, China, Malaysia and other South Asia countries for thousands of years. It has been mentioned to treat abdominal tumors. Ethyl cinnamate (EC), one of the main chemical constituents of the rhizome of K. galanga, exhibited nematocidal, sedative and vasorelaxant activities. However, its anti-angiogenic activity, and anti-tumor effect have not been investigated.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-angiogenic mechanism of EC and its anti-tumor effect by suppressing angiogenesis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro anti-angiogenic effect was evaluated using HUVECs model induced by VEGF and zebrafish model in vivo. The influence of the EC on phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and its downstream signaling pathways were evaluated by western blotting assay. Molecule docking technology was conducted to explore the interaction between EC and VEGFR2. SPR assay was used for detecting the binding affinity between EC and VEGFR2. To further investigate the molecular mechanism of EC on anti-angiogenesis, VEGFR2 knockdown in HUVECs and examined the influence of the EC. Anti-tumor activity of EC was evaluated using colony formation assay and apoptosis assay. The inhibitory effect of EC on tumor growth was explored using HT29 colon cancer xenograft model.
RESULTS: EC obviously inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of VEGF-induced HUVECs. EC also induced apoptosis of HUVECs. Moreover, it inhibited the development of vessel formation in zebrafish. Further investigations demonstrated that EC could suppress the phosphorylation of VEGFR2, and its downstream signaling pathways were altered in VEGF-induced HUVECs. EC formed a hydrogen bond to bind with the ATP binding site of the VEGFR2, and EC-VEGFR2 interaction was shown in SPR assay. The suppressive effect of EC on angiogenesis was abrogated after VEGFR2 knockdown in HUVECs. EC inhibited the colon cancer cells colony formation and induced apoptosis. In addition, EC suppressed tumor growth in colon cancer xenograft model, and no detectable hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. In addition, it inhibited the phosphorylation of VEGFR2, and its downstream signal pathways in tumor.
CONCLUSIONS: EC could inhibit tumor growth in colon cancer by suppressing angiogenesis via VEGFR2 signaling pathway, and suggested EC as a promising candidate for colon cancer treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Fulltext Mutant p53 cooperates with the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to regulate VEGFR2 in breast cancer cells

Pfister NT, Fomin V, Regunath K, Zhou JY, Zhou W, Silwal-Pandit L, et al.

Genes Dev., 2015 Jun 15;29(12):1298-315.
PMID: 26080815 DOI: 10.1101/gad.263202.115

Mutant p53 impacts the expression of numerous genes at the level of transcription to mediate oncogenesis. We identified vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), the primary functional VEGF receptor that mediates endothelial cell vascularization, as a mutant p53 transcriptional target in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Up-regulation of VEGFR2 mediates the role of mutant p53 in increasing cellular growth in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. Mutant p53 binds near the VEGFR2 promoter transcriptional start site and plays a role in maintaining an open conformation at that location. Relatedly, mutant p53 interacts with the SWI/SNF complex, which is required for remodeling the VEGFR2 promoter. By both querying individual genes regulated by mutant p53 and performing RNA sequencing, the results indicate that >40% of all mutant p53-regulated gene expression is mediated by SWI/SNF. We surmise that mutant p53 impacts transcription of VEGFR2 as well as myriad other genes by promoter remodeling through interaction with and likely regulation of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Therefore, not only might mutant p53-expressing tumors be susceptible to anti VEGF therapies, impacting SWI/SNF tumor suppressor function in mutant p53 tumors may also have therapeutic potential.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics*; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism*
Fulltext Capilliposide B blocks VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro in primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells

Han H, Yang Y, Wu Z, Liu B, Dong L, Deng H, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2021 Jan;133:110999.
PMID: 33227710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110999

Abnormal angiogenesis is associated with intraocular diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and current therapies for these eye diseases are not satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to determine whether capilliposide B (CPS-B), a novel oleanane triterpenoid saponin derived from Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl, can inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis signaling events and cellular responses in primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs). Our study revealed that the capilliposide B IC50 for HRECs was 8.5 μM at 72 h and that 1 μM capilliposide B specifically inhibited VEGF-induced activation of VEGFR2 and its downstream signaling enzymes Akt and Erk. In addition, we discovered that this chemical effectively blocked VEGF-stimulated proliferation, migration and tube formation of the HRECs, suggesting that capilliposide B is a promising prophylactic for angiogenesis-associated diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Interaction between VEGF receptor-2 gene polymorphisms and dietary patterns on blood glucose and lipid levels in Chinese Malaysian adults

Yap RW, Shidoji Y, Hon WM, Masaki M

J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics, 2011;4(6):309-21.
PMID: 22301682 DOI: 10.1159/000334358

The prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases is increasing and gene-diet interaction studies are limited among the Malaysian population. This study was conducted to evaluate the association and interaction effects of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2(VEGFR2) gene polymorphisms and dietary patterns on anthropometric and biochemical risk factors of chronic diseases in 179 Chinese Malaysian adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics*
Morphological and genetical changes of endothelial progenitor cells after in-vitro conversion into photoreceptors

Qiang S, Alsaeedi HA, Yuhong C, Yang H, Tong L, Kumar S, et al.

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 2018 Jun;183:127-132.
PMID: 29704860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.003

BACKGROUND: Retinal degeneration is a condition ensued by various ocular disorders such as artery occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, retrolental fibroplasia and retinitis pigmentosa which cause abnormal loss of photoreceptor cells and lead to eventual vision impairment. No efficient treatment has yet been found, however, the use of stem cell therapy such as bone marrow and embryonic stem cells has opened a new treatment modality for retinal degenerative diseases. The major goal of this study is to analyze the potential of endothelial progenitor cells derived from bone marrow to differentiate into retinal neural cells for regenerative medicine purposes.
METHODS: In this study, endothelial progenitor cells were induced in-vitro with photoreceptor growth factor (taurine) for 21 days. Subsequently, the morphology and gene expression of CRX and RHO of the photoreceptors-induced EPCs were examined through immunostaining assay.
FINDINGS: The results indicated that the induced endothelial progenitor cells demonstrated positive gene expression of CRX and RHO. Our findings suggested that EPC cells may have a high advantage in cell replacement therapy for treating eye disease, in addition to other neural diseases, and may be a suitable cell source in regenerative medicine for eye disorders.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Fulltext Association of Stress, Mental Health, and VEGFR-2 Gene Polymorphisms with Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese Malaysian Adults

Yap RWK, Lin MH, Shidoji Y, Yap WS

Nutrients, 2019 May 22;11(5).
PMID: 31121870 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051140

Gene-environment (G × E) interactions involving job stress and mental health on risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are minimally explored. This study examined the association and G × E interaction effects of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) gene polymorphisms (rs1870377, rs2071559) on cardiometabolic risk in Chinese Malaysian adults. Questionnaires: Job Stress Scale (JSS); Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and Rhode Island Stress and Coping Inventory (RISCI) were used to measure job stress, mental health, and coping with perceived stress. Cardiometabolic risk parameters were evaluated in plasma and genotyping analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The subjects were 127 Chinese Malaysian adults. The allele frequencies for rs1870377 (A allele and T allele) and rs2071557 (A allele and T allele) polymorphisms were 0.48 and 0.52, and 0.37 and 0.63, respectively. Significant correlations include scores from JSS dimensions with blood glucose (BG) (p = 0.025-0.045), DASS-21 dimensions with blood pressure, BMI, and uric acid (p = 0.029-0.047), and RISCI with blood pressure and BG (p = 0.016-0.049). Significant G × E interactions were obtained for: rs1870377 with stress on total cholesterol (p = 0.035), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.019), and apolipoprotein B100 (p = 0.004); and rs2071559 with anxiety on blood pressure (p = 0.006-0.045). The significant G × E interactions prompt actions for managing stress and anxiety for the prevention of CVD.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics*
Fulltext Association and interaction between dietary pattern and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) gene polymorphisms on blood lipids in Chinese Malaysian and Japanese adults

Yap RW, Shidoji Y, Hon WM, Masaki M

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2012;21(2):302-11.
PMID: 22507619

Dietary pattern and genetic predisposition of each population have different impacts on lifestyle-related chronic diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the association and interaction between dietary patterns and VEGFR2 or KDR gene polymorphisms on physical and biochemical risk factors of cardiovascular disease in two Asian populations (179 Chinese Malaysian and 136 Japanese adults).

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics*
Fulltext Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) as Potential Biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Sri Lankan Study

Edirisinghe ST, Weerasekera M, De Silva DK, Devmini MT, Pathmaperuma S, Wijesinghe GK, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2023 Jan 01;24(1):267-274.
PMID: 36708576 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.1.267

BACKGROUND: The incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is very high in South Asia and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the key factors essential for cancer growth. The importance of VEGF-A and VEGF Receptor 2(VEGFR-2) in oral cancer pathophysiology is yet to be decided. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) is the main factor concerned in angiogenesis in tumors, but its role in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is still debatable. Our study aimed to determine the role of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 in OSCC.
METHODS: Blood from 30 patients with primary OSCC and 1:1 age-sex-matched controls was subjected to qPCR and ELISA to detect VEGF-A gene expression and serum level. Tumors of the 30 patients were investigated for VEGF Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression and were analyzed using Image J software version 1.52 for DAB percentage (DAB-P) area and optical density (OD).
RESULTS: VEGF-A relative gene expression among patients was 2.43-fold higher compared to the healthy control group. Well-differentiated had a 1.98-fold increment, while poorly differentiated had a 3.58-fold increment. Serum VEGF-A was significantly elevated among the patients compared to controls (458.7 vs 253.2, p=0.0225). Poorly differentiated had a higher serum VEGF concentration (1262.0±354.7pg/ml) compared with other two. Mean VEGFR-2 DAB-P level in OSCC was 42.41±5.61(p=0.15). Well-differentiated had a DAB-P of 41.20±5.32 while poorly differentiated had DAB-P 46.21±3.78. The mean OD in OSCC was 0.54±0.16. VEGFR-2 OD in well and poorly differentiated OSCC were 0.48±0.12 and 0.68±0.17, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: VEGF-A gene expression, serum levels, and tissue VEGFR-2 levels correlated linearly with the stage and grade of the tumor. This study justifies the value of VEGF-A as a potential biomarker in OSCC in early detection of OSCC. More studies are needed to accept the use of VEGF-A.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
Fulltext The Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Tumor-Associated Lymphangiogenesis

Md Yusof K, Rosli R, Abdullah M, A Avery-Kiejda K

Cancers (Basel), 2020 Nov 06;12(11).
PMID: 33172072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113290

Lymphatic vessels are regarded as the "forgotten" circulation. Despite this, growing evidence has shown significant roles for the lymphatic circulation in normal and pathological conditions in humans, including cancers. The dissemination of tumor cells to other organs is often mediated by lymphatic vessels that serve as a conduit and is often referred to as tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. Some of the most well-studied lymphangiogenic factors that govern tumor lymphangiogenesis are the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C/D and VEGFR-2/3), neuroplilin-2 (NRP2), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), to name a few. However, recent findings have illustrated that non-coding RNAs are significantly involved in regulating gene expression in most biological processes, including lymphangiogenesis. In this review, we focus on the regulation of growth factors and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the lymphatic development in normal and cancer physiology. Then, we discuss the lymphangiogenic factors that necessitate tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, with regards to ncRNAs in various types of cancer. Understanding the different roles of ncRNAs in regulating lymphatic vasculature in normal and cancer conditions may pave the way towards the development of ncRNA-based anti-lymphangiogenic therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
Cat's whiskers tea (Orthosiphon stamineus) extract inhibits growth of colon tumor in nude mice and angiogenesis in endothelial cells via suppressing VEGFR phosphorylation

Ahamed MB, Aisha AF, Nassar ZD, Siddiqui JM, Ismail Z, Omari SM, et al.

Nutr Cancer, 2012;64(1):89-99.
PMID: 22136553 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.630160

Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) is commonly used as Java tea to treat kidney stones including a variety of angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as tumorous edema, rheumatism, diabetic blindness, and obesity. In the present study, antitumor potential of standardized 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus leaves (EOS) was evaluated against colorectal tumor in athymic mice and antiangiogenic efficacy of EOS was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). EOS at 100 mg/kg caused 47.62 ± 6.4% suppression in tumor growth, while at 200 mg/kg it caused 83.39 ± 4.1% tumor regression. Tumor histology revealed significant reduction in extent of vascularization. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed EOS (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in vitro (211 ± 0.26 pg/ml cell lysate) as well as in vivo (90.9 ± 2 pg/g tissue homogenate) when compared to the control (378 ± 5 and 135.5 ± 4 pg, respectively). However, EOS was found to be noncytotoxic to colon cancer and endothelial cells. In vitro, EOS significantly inhibited the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). EOS suppressed VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 in HUVECs. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of EOS showed high rosmarinic acid contents, whereas phytochemical analysis revealed high protein and phenolic contents. These results demonstrated that the antitumor activity of EOS may be due to its VEGF-targeted antiangiogenicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Fulltext Microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in breast carcinoma under the influence of rapamycin and platelet factor 4

Muhammad Sakri MS, Abdul Rahman WFW, Tengku Din TADA, Idris FM, Jaafar H

Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 2020 4 23;63(2):205-209.
PMID: 32317516 DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_496_19

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) are major endothelial growth factor receptors that influence the growth of a tumor. Microvessel density.
(: MVD) is the quantification method of various aspects of tumor vasculature that indicates angiogenic activity. This study aims to analyze the correlation between MVD to the expression of VEGFRs on breast cancer tissue.
Materials and Method: A total of 60 N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced breast carcinomas in rats were suppressed by using antiangiogenic drugs. The rats were then sacrificed, and the tumor was fixed in 10% formalin, paraffin embedded, and immunohistochemistry stained using VEGFRs and CD34.
Result: One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in all markers that have been used (P < 0.05) on MNU-breast tumor treated with rapamycin (M= 90.1664, SD= 7.4487), PF4 (M= 93.7946, SD= 7.1303) and rapamycin + PF4 (M= 93.6990, SD= 1.8432). We obtained a significant reduction of MVD count on breast carcinoma for rapamycin group (M= 25.6786, SD= 9.7075) and rapamycin + PF4 group (M= 30.5250, SD= 13.6928) while PF4 group (M=47.7985, SD=4.8892) showed slightly increase compared to control (M= 45.1875, SD= 4.4786). There was a moderately strong, positive correlation between angiogenic markers; Flt-1 (r= 0.544, n=60, P < 0.005) and Flt-4 (r= 0.555, n= 60, P < 0.005) while Flk-1 (r= 0.797, n= 60, P < 0.005) showed a strong, positive correlation with MVD.
Conclusion: MVD was strongly correlated to the VEGFRs expression on breast carcinoma.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
Fulltext Association and interaction effect between VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) gene polymorphisms and dietary pattern on blood uric acid in Malays and Indians

Roseline YW, Shidoji Y, Hon WM, Masaki M

Malays J Nutr, 2012 Dec;18(3):307-17.
PMID: 24568071 MyJurnal

INTRODUCTION: Gout and hyperuricaemia attributed to genetic and lifestyle factors have been associated with several chronic diseases. This study aimed to determine the association and interaction effects between vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) gene polymorphisms (rs1870377 and rs2071559) and dietary patterns on blood uric acid in Malay and Indian adults.
METHODS: Dietary intakes of 153 Malays and 177 Indians were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire for the construction of dietary patterns using factor analysis. Genotyping of rs1870377 and rs2071559 was performed by real-time PCR using TaqMan probes. Anthropometric measurements, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure and biomarkers, uric acid, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and blood lipids were determined.
RESULTS: There were significant differences in the mean values for HbA1c (41±-12 vs 45±-8 mmol/mol, p<0.001) and blood lipids levels (p<0.05) between Malays and Indians. Significant correlations were obtained between uric acid with selected blood lipids (p<0.05) and BMI in Malays (r=0.362, p<0.001) and Indians (r=0.212, p<0.01). Four dietary patterns were extracted from dietary intakes of all subjects: ‘Vegetables diet’; ‘Fruits diet’ (FD); ‘Animal protein and rice diet’; and ‘Fast foods and preserved foods diet’. There were no significant associations between dietary patterns (p=0.054-0.609) and VEGFR-2 gene polymorphisms (p=0.348-0.778) with uric acid. In Malay subjects, the interaction of rs2071559 and FD had a borderline effect (p=0.05) on blood uric acid after adjusting for potential confounders.
CONCLUSION: The associations and gene-diet interactions involving VEGFR-2 gene polymorphisms and FD on uric acid provide new information on gout and hyperuricaemia risks in Malays.
Keywords: Gene-diet interaction, VEGFR-2 gene polymorphisms, dietary pattern, uric acid, Malaysians

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics*
Double-edged Swords: Diaryl pyrazoline thiazolidinediones synchronously targeting cancer epigenetics and angiogenesis

Upadhyay N, Tilekar K, Safuan S, Kumar AP, Schweipert M, Meyer-Almes FJ, et al.

Bioorg Chem, 2021 11;116:105350.
PMID: 34547645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105350

In the present study, two novel series of compounds incorporating naphthyl and pyridyl linker were synthesized and biological assays revealed 5-((6-(2-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxoethoxy) naphthalene-2-yl)methylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (14b) as the most potent dual inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Compounds 13b, 14b, 17f, and 21f were found to stabilize HDAC4; where, pyridyl linker swords were endowed with higher stabilization effects than naphthyl linker. Also, 13b and 14b showed best inhibitory activity on VEGFR-2 as compared to others. Compound 14b was most potent as evident by in-vitro and in-vivo biological assessments. It displayed anti-angiogenic potential by inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and also suppressed new capillary formation in the growing chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs). It showed selectivity and potency towards HDAC4 as compared to other HDAC isoforms. Compound 14b (25 mg/kg, i.p.) also indicated exceptional antitumor efficacy on in-vivo animal xenograft model of human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29). The mechanism of action of 14b was also confirmed by western blot.

Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism

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