Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 28 in total

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  1. Fulltext Disyllabic Malay word lists for speech audiometry
    Yiap KH
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Sep;39(3):197-204.
    PMID: 6544920
    A clinical study was undertaken to standardize a set of Malay word lists for speech audiometry evaluations. A set of ten word lists is drawn out to test a general Malay-speaking population. A normal discrimination curve is obtained using these materials and some examples of clinical applications are illustrated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  2. Fulltext Age of acquisition of 299 words in seven languages: American English, Czech, Gaelic, Lebanese Arabic, Malay, Persian and Western Armenian
    Łuniewska M, Wodniecka Z, Miller CA, Smolík F, Butcher M, Chondrogianni V, et al.
    PLoS One, 2019;14(8):e0220611.
    PMID: 31393919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220611
    We present a new set of subjective Age of Acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in seven languages from various language families and cultural settings: American English, Czech, Scottish Gaelic, Lebanese Arabic, Malaysian Malay, Persian, and Western Armenian. The ratings were collected from a total of 173 participants and were highly reliable in each language. We applied the same method of data collection as used in a previous study on 25 languages which allowed us to create a database of fully comparable AoA ratings of 299 words in 32 languages. We found that in the seven languages not included in the previous study, the words are estimated to be acquired at roughly the same age as in the previously reported languages, i.e. mostly between the ages of 1 and 7 years. We also found that the order of word acquisition is moderately to highly correlated across all 32 languages, which extends our previous conclusion that early words are acquired in similar order across a wide range of languages and cultures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  3. A Bayesian-Inspired Item Response Theory-Based Framework to Produce Very Short Versions of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories
    Chai JH, Lo CH, Mayor J
    J Speech Lang Hear Res, 2020 10 16;63(10):3488-3500.
    PMID: 32897770 DOI: 10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00361
    Purpose This study introduces a framework to produce very short versions of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) by combining the Bayesian-inspired approach introduced by Mayor and Mani (2019) with an item response theory-based computerized adaptive testing that adapts to the ability of each child, in line with Makransky et al. (2016). Method We evaluated the performance of our approach-dynamically selecting maximally informative words from the CDI and combining parental response with prior vocabulary data-by conducting real-data simulations using four CDI versions having varying sample sizes on Wordbank-the online repository of digitalized CDIs: American English (a very large data set), Danish (a large data set), Beijing Mandarin (a medium-sized data set), and Italian (a small data set). Results Real-data simulations revealed that correlations exceeding .95 with full CDI administrations were reached with as few as 15 test items, with high levels of reliability, even when languages (e.g., Italian) possessed few digitalized administrations on Wordbank. Conclusions The current approach establishes a generic framework that produces very short (less than 20 items) adaptive early vocabulary assessments-hence considerably reducing their administration time. This approach appears to be robust even when CDIs have smaller samples in online repositories, for example, with around 50 samples per month-age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  4. Tablet assessment of word comprehension reveals coarse word representations in 18-⁠20-month-old toddlers
    Lo CH, Rosslund A, Chai JH, Mayor J, Kartushina N
    Infancy, 2021 07;26(4):596-616.
    PMID: 33813801 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12401
    The present study explores the viability of using tablets in assessing early word comprehension by means of a two-alternative forced-choice task. Forty-nine 18-20-month-old Norwegian toddlers performed a touch-based word recognition task, in which they were prompted to identify the labeled target out of two displayed items on a touchscreen tablet. In each trial, the distractor item was either semantically related (e.g., dog-cat) or unrelated (e.g., dog-airplane) to the target. Our results show that toddlers as young as 18 months can engage meaningfully with a tablet-based assessment, with minimal verbal instruction and child-administrator interaction. Toddlers performed better in the semantically unrelated condition than in the related condition, suggesting that their word representations are still semantically coarse at this age. Furthermore, parental reports of comprehension, using the Norwegian version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, predicted toddlers' performance, with parent-child agreement stronger in the semantically unrelated condition, indicating that parents declare a word to be known by their child if it is understood at a coarse representational level. This study provides among the earliest evidence that remote data collection in 18-20 month-old toddlers is viable, as comparable results were observed from both in-laboratory and online administration of the touchscreen recognition task.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  5. Fulltext Considering phrasal verbs and collocations for ESL vocabulary teaching
    Weng, Brandon Chai An
    Borneo Akademika, 2020;4(4):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    Words have a habit of appearing in recurrent patterns. These recurring patterns may take the
    form of phrasal verbs, collocations, and other multi-word expressions (MWEs). Since these
    patterns constantly re-occur in both speech and writing, it would seem prudent to teach
    vocabulary to ESL learners in the manner in which words actually present themselves: in
    typical chunks. A common example of such a chunk would be “to deal with the problem”, in
    which “deal with” and “problem” are collocates. This paper contains three sections. The first
    examines what phrasal verbs and collocates are in the first place, and why they are particularly
    important for learners. The second part is a review of recent studies that support the teaching
    of MWEs and chunking pedagogy. This paper concludes by discussing the potential of
    incorporating chunking pedagogy in one’s own ESL vocabulary teaching.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  6. Fulltext Root-oriented words generation: an easier way towards dictionary making for the Dusunic family of languages
    Cosmas Julius Abah, Wong, Jane Kong Ling, Anantha Raman Govindasamy
    Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2018;3(2):95-112.
    MyJurnal
    Dictionary production is one of the most effective methods of preserving languages and cultures. The
    Dusunic Family of Languages (DFL) in Sabah, Malaysia would have welcomed the efforts to
    document their languages through dictionary production as there are still lacking of dictionary,
    vocabulary and phrase books. Furthermore, more than half of the languages in DFL are unwritten.
    However, making dictionary conventionally is tedious and time consuming. The Dusunic Family of
    Languages which are facing extinction threats do not have the luxury of time to wait for dictionary
    production via the conventional method. Hence, this study explores the use of a method called Root-
    Oriented Words Generation (ROWG) which is formulated based on spelling orthography of DFL to
    generate one and two-syllable words list. From the words list, root words registers were compiled
    which can then be used as database for dictionary production. Findings of this study showed that
    ROWG was able to generate an exhaustive word lists of DFL and compile a large volume of root
    words register in DFL. Hence, this study was able to highlight the feasibility and viability of using
    ROWG to produce root words register of DFL which could possibly reduce the time for dictionary
    production significantly. In future studies, it is recommended that the ROWG is extended to include
    more than two syllable words. This study showed the potentiality of ROWG to address the looming
    demise of DFL by providing a more efficient way of compiling root words for the purpose of making a
    dictionary.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  7. Translation norms for Malay and English words: The effects of word class, semantic variability, lexical characteristics, and language proficiency on translation
    Lee ST, van Heuven WJB, Price JM, Leong CXR
    Behav Res Methods, 2023 Oct;55(7):3585-3601.
    PMID: 36219309 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01977-3
    Translation equivalents are widely used in bilingual research concerning word processing (e.g., Eddington & Tokowicz, 2013; Jouravlev & Jared, 2020) and second-language vocabulary learning (e.g., Bracken et al., 2017; Degani et al., 2014). Although translation norms exist in several languages, to date there are no Malay-English translation norms. This study presents the first Malay-English translation norms collected with highly proficient Malay-English bilinguals. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of lexical characteristics on translation ambiguity. The forward translation (FT) task (N = 30) collected English translations for 1004 Malay words selected from the Malay Lexicon Project (Yap et al., 2010), and subsequently the backward translation (BT) task (N = 30) gathered Malay translations for 845 English words obtained from the FT phase. The data revealed a high prevalence of translation ambiguity in both translation directions. Specifically, verbs, adjectives, and class-ambiguous words were more translation-ambiguous than nouns. Furthermore, within-language semantic variability and word length were positively correlated with translation ambiguity, whereas word frequency only correlated with translation ambiguity in FT. Word length and word frequency of the source words and their translations were positively correlated. Intriguingly, only in FT were bilinguals with higher Malay proficiency more likely to provide accurate and dominant translations for the Malay words. These findings contrast with those reported in translation norming studies involving other language pairs. The translation norms provide a useful resource for bilingual language studies involving Malay-English bilinguals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  8. Fulltext A normalization model for repeated letters in social media hate speech text based on rules and spelling correction
    Mansur Z, Omar N, Tiun S, Alshari EM
    PLoS One, 2024;19(3):e0299652.
    PMID: 38512966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299652
    As social media booms, abusive online practices such as hate speech have unfortunately increased as well. As letters are often repeated in words used to construct social media messages, these types of words should be eliminated or reduced in number to enhance the efficacy of hate speech detection. Although multiple models have attempted to normalize out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words with repeated letters, they often fail to determine whether the in-vocabulary (IV) replacement words are correct or incorrect. Therefore, this study developed an improved model for normalizing OOV words with repeated letters by replacing them with correct in-vocabulary (IV) replacement words. The improved normalization model is an unsupervised method that does not require the use of a special dictionary or annotated data. It combines rule-based patterns of words with repeated letters and the SymSpell spelling correction algorithm to remove repeated letters within the words by multiple rules regarding the position of repeated letters in a word, be it at the beginning, middle, or end of the word and the repetition pattern. Two hate speech datasets were then used to assess performance. The proposed normalization model was able to decrease the percentage of OOV words to 8%. Its F1 score was also 9% and 13% higher than the models proposed by two extant studies. Therefore, the proposed normalization model performed better than the benchmark studies in replacing OOV words with the correct IV replacement and improved the performance of the detection model. As such, suitable rule-based patterns can be combined with spelling correction to develop a text normalization model to correctly replace words with repeated letters, which would, in turn, improve hate speech detection in texts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  9. Healthcare knowledge acquisition: an ontology-based approach using the extensible markup language (XML)
    Cheah YN, Abidi SS
    Stud Health Technol Inform, 2000;77:827-31.
    PMID: 11187669
    The healthcare enterprise requires a great deal of knowledge to maintain premium efficiency in the delivery of quality healthcare. We employ Knowledge Management based knowledge acquisition strategies to procure 'tacit' healthcare knowledge from experienced healthcare practitioners. Situational, problem-specific Scenarios are proposed as viable knowledge acquisition and representation constructs. We present a healthcare Tacit Knowledge Acquisition Info-structure (TKAI) that allows remote healthcare practitioners to record their tacit knowledge. TKAI employs (a) ontologies for standardisation of tacit knowledge and (b) XML to represent scenario instances for their transfer over the Internet to the server-side Scenario-Base and for the global sharing of acquired tacit healthcare knowledge.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary, Controlled*
  10. Fulltext Listening while reading promotes word learning from stories
    Valentini A, Ricketts J, Pye RE, Houston-Price C
    J Exp Child Psychol, 2018 03;167:10-31.
    PMID: 29154028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.022
    Reading and listening to stories fosters vocabulary development. Studies of single word learning suggest that new words are more likely to be learned when both their oral and written forms are provided, compared with when only one form is given. This study explored children's learning of phonological, orthographic, and semantic information about words encountered in a story context. A total of 71 children (8- and 9-year-olds) were exposed to a story containing novel words in one of three conditions: (a) listening, (b) reading, or (c) simultaneous listening and reading ("combined" condition). Half of the novel words were presented with a definition, and half were presented without a definition. Both phonological and orthographic learning were assessed through recognition tasks. Semantic learning was measured using three tasks assessing recognition of each word's category, subcategory, and definition. Phonological learning was observed in all conditions, showing that phonological recoding supported the acquisition of phonological forms when children were not exposed to phonology (the reading condition). In contrast, children showed orthographic learning of the novel words only when they were exposed to orthographic forms, indicating that exposure to phonological forms alone did not prompt the establishment of orthographic representations. Semantic learning was greater in the combined condition than in the listening and reading conditions. The presence of the definition was associated with better performance on the semantic subcategory and definition posttests but not on the phonological, orthographic, or category posttests. Findings are discussed in relation to the lexical quality hypothesis and the availability of attentional resources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  11. Fulltext An Innovative Multi-Model Neural Network Approach for Feature Selection in Emotion Recognition Using Deep Feature Clustering
    Asghar MA, Khan MJ, Rizwan M, Mehmood RM, Kim SH
    Sensors (Basel), 2020 Jul 05;20(13).
    PMID: 32635609 DOI: 10.3390/s20133765
    Emotional awareness perception is a largely growing field that allows for more natural interactions between people and machines. Electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a convenient way to measure and track a user's emotional state. The non-linear characteristic of the EEG signal produces a high-dimensional feature vector resulting in high computational cost. In this paper, characteristics of multiple neural networks are combined using Deep Feature Clustering (DFC) to select high-quality attributes as opposed to traditional feature selection methods. The DFC method shortens the training time on the network by omitting unusable attributes. First, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is applied as a series of frequencies to decompose the raw EEG signal. The spatiotemporal component of the decomposed EEG signal is expressed as a two-dimensional spectrogram before the feature extraction process using Analytic Wavelet Transform (AWT). Four pre-trained Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are used to extract deep features. Dimensional reduction and feature selection are achieved utilising the differential entropy-based EEG channel selection and the DFC technique, which calculates a range of vocabularies using k-means clustering. The histogram characteristic is then determined from a series of visual vocabulary items. The classification performance of the SEED, DEAP and MAHNOB datasets combined with the capabilities of DFC show that the proposed method improves the performance of emotion recognition in short processing time and is more competitive than the latest emotion recognition methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  12. Fulltext Exploring the VAW method of writing: the module development
    Dg Nursazwani Daud, Wardatul Akmam Din, Asmaa AlSaqqaf
    Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2018;3(2):40-47.
    MyJurnal
    This study intended to identify the best learning strategies of writing by focusing in vocabulary
    acquisition among the primary school pupils in Malaysia. Axiomatically, local education used the
    Process Writing Approach in producing writing composition. Unfortunately, the researchers thought
    that it is not sufficient to fulfill the component of good writing. By using the theory of scaffolding
    pioneered by Vygotsky, the researchers agreed to include vocabulary learning to scaffold the existing
    Process Writing Approach followed by application or practices. During application, the researcher as
    the teacher will provide a module where the experimental group will do writing exercises by using the
    new learned vocabularies. The researchers will use mixed method research where questionnaires of
    vocabulary and writing strategies are distributed where the results are the determinants of VAW
    module development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  13. Fulltext Quantitative assessment of concept maps for conceptualizing domain ontologies: a case of Quran
    Iqbal, Rizwan, Masrah Azrifah Azmi Murad, Ashraf, Adnan
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2020;28(1):179-192.
    MyJurnal
    The use of graphical knowledge representation formalisms with a representational vocabulary agreement of terms of conceptualization of the universe of discourse is a new high potential approach in the ontology engineering and knowledge management context. Initially, concept maps were used in the fields of education and learning. After that, it became popular in other areas due to its flexible and intuitive nature. It was also proven as a useful tool to improve communication in corporate environment. In the field of ontologies, concept maps were explored to be used to facilitate different aspects of ontology development. An essential reason behind this motivation is the structural resemblance of concept maps with the hierarchical structure of ontologies. This research aims to demonstrate quantitative evaluation of 4 different hypotheses related to the effectiveness of using concept maps for ontology conceptualization. The domain of Quran was selected for the purpose of this study and it was conducted in collaboration with the experts from the Centre of Quranic Research, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The results of the hypotheses demonstrated that concept mapping was easy to learn and implement for the majority of the participants. Most of them experienced improvement in domain knowledge regarding the vocabularies used to refer to the structure of organization of the Quran, namely Juz, Surah, Ayats, tafsir, Malay translation, English translation, and relationships among these entities. Therefore, concept maps instilled the element of learning through the conceptualization process and provided a platform for participants to resolve conflicting opinions and ambiguities of terms used immediately.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  14. From a Categorical Structure to a Concept Model: The International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)
    Rodrigues JM, Kim S, Aljunid S, Lee JJ, Ten Napel H, Trombert B
    Stud Health Technol Inform, 2017;245:1334.
    PMID: 29295415
    The International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) alpha2 2016 Section 1 Interventions on Body Systems and Functions is based on ISO 1828 international standard named categorial Structure (CAST). This is not sufficient to represent the meaning of ICD9-CM Volume 3 labels. We propose to modify it by using the SNOMED CT concept model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary, Controlled
  15. Fulltext LexMAL: A quick and reliable lexical test for Malay speakers
    Lee ST, van Heuven WJB, Price JM, Leong CXR
    Behav Res Methods, 2024 Aug;56(5):4563-4581.
    PMID: 37658257 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02202-5
    Objective language proficiency measures have been found to provide better and more consistent estimates of bilinguals' language processing than self-rated proficiency (e.g., Tomoschuk et al., 2019; Wen & van Heuven, 2017a). However, objectively measuring language proficiency is often not possible because of a lack of quick and freely available language proficiency tests (Park et al., 2022). Therefore, quick valid vocabulary tests, such as LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma, 2012) and its extensions (e.g., LexITA: Amenta et al., 2020; LEXTALE-FR: Brysbaert, 2013; LexPT: Zhou & Li, 2022) have been developed to reliably assess language proficiency of speakers of various languages. The present study introduces a Lexical Test for Malay Speakers (LexMAL), which estimates language proficiency for Malay first language (L1) and second language (L2) speakers. An initial 180-item LexMAL prototype was evaluated using 60 Malay L1 and 60 L2 speakers in Experiment 1. Sixty words and 30 nonwords with the highest discriminative power that span across the full difficulty range were selected for the final LexMAL based on point-biserial correlations and an item response theory analysis. The validity of LexMAL was demonstrated through a reliable discrimination between L1 and L2 speakers, significant correlations between LexMAL scores and performance on other Malay language tasks (i.e., translation accuracy and cloze test scores), and LexMAL outperforming self-rated proficiency. A validation study (Experiment 2) with the 90-item final LexMAL tested with a different group of Malay L1 (N = 61) and L2 speakers (N = 61) replicated the findings of Experiment 1. LexMAL is freely available for researchers at www.lexmal.org .
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
  16. Acquisition of Malay word recognition skills: lessons from low-progress early readers
    Lee LW, Wheldall K
    Dyslexia, 2011 Feb;17(1):19-37.
    PMID: 21241030 DOI: 10.1002/dys.421
    Malay is a consistent alphabetic orthography with complex syllable structures. The focus of this research was to investigate word recognition performance in order to inform reading interventions for low-progress early readers. Forty-six Grade 1 students were sampled and 11 were identified as low-progress readers. The results indicated that both syllable awareness and phoneme blending were significant predictors of word recognition, suggesting that both syllable and phonemic grain-sizes are important in Malay word recognition. Item analysis revealed a hierarchical pattern of difficulty based on the syllable and the phonic structure of the words. Error analysis identified the sources of errors to be errors due to inefficient syllable segmentation, oversimplification of syllables, insufficient grapheme-phoneme knowledge and inefficient phonemic code assembly. Evidence also suggests that direct instruction in syllable segmentation, phonemic awareness and grapheme-phoneme correspondence is necessary for low-progress readers to acquire word recognition skills. Finally, a logical sequence to teach grapheme-phoneme decoding in Malay is suggested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  17. Our sense of smell at the crossroads
    Gross M
    Curr Biol, 2015 Mar 02;25(5):R173-6.
    PMID: 25897437
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary*
  18. Fulltext Semantic representation of monogenean haptoral Bar image annotation
    Abu A, Susan LL, Sidhu AS, Dhillon SK
    BMC Bioinformatics, 2013;14:48.
    PMID: 23398696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-48
    Digitised monogenean images are usually stored in file system directories in an unstructured manner. In this paper we propose a semantic representation of these images in the form of a Monogenean Haptoral Bar Image (MHBI) ontology, which are annotated with taxonomic classification, diagnostic hard part and image properties. The data we used are basically of the monogenean species found in fish, thus we built a simple Fish ontology to demonstrate how the host (fish) ontology can be linked to the MHBI ontology. This will enable linking of information from the monogenean ontology to the host species found in the fish ontology without changing the underlying schema for either of the ontologies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary, Controlled
  19. miRNA for the assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and metanalysis
    Jadhav KB, Nagraj SK, Arora S
    J Oral Pathol Med, 2020 Nov 21.
    PMID: 33220092 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13134
    BACKGROUND: miRNA is one of the advanced epigenetic molecular markers correlating with lymph node metastasis in patients with Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Numerous published papers are showing correlation of miRNA with metastasis. There is a need to analyze and validate such correlation.

    METHOD: English language literature in major databases from the last 20 years was searched using controlled vocabulary and keywords. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed for selection of studies. The quality assessment was done as per the QUADAS tool 2 by three independent reviewers. The metanalysis was performed by using random effect model. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was considered as the effect measure. Statistical software used was STATA version 13.1.

    RESULTS: With all inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight studies could qualify for metanalysis. The pooled estimate is found to be 0.13 (-0.35, 0.62), P = .585, which is statistically not significant. This indicates that there is a no significant difference in the fold change between metastasis and no metastasis groups. P-value of chi-square statistic for heterogeneity is

    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary, Controlled
  20. Fulltext Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures
    Majid A, Burenhult N, Stensmyr M, de Valk J, Hansson BS
    Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2018 08 05;373(1752).
    PMID: 29915007 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0139
    Olfaction presents a particularly interesting arena to explore abstraction in language. Like other abstract domains, such as time, odours can be difficult to conceptualize. An odour cannot be seen or held, it can be difficult to locate in space, and for most people odours are difficult to verbalize. On the other hand, odours give rise to primary sensory experiences. Every time we inhale we are using olfaction to make sense of our environment. We present new experimental data from 30 Jahai hunter-gatherers from the Malay Peninsula and 30 matched Dutch participants from the Netherlands in an odour naming experiment. Participants smelled monomolecular odorants and named odours while reaction times, odour descriptors and facial expressions were measured. We show that while Dutch speakers relied on concrete descriptors, i.e. they referred to odour sources (e.g. smells like lemon), the Jahai used abstract vocabulary to name the same odours (e.g. musty). Despite this differential linguistic categorization, analysis of facial expressions showed that the two groups, nevertheless, had the same initial emotional reactions to odours. Critically, these cross-cultural data present a challenge for how to think about abstraction in language.This article is part of the theme issue 'Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain'.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vocabulary
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