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Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus. V. Relation of number of vector mites in hyperendemic areas to infection rates in exposed volunteers

Traub R, Frick LP

Am J Hyg, 1950;51:242-7.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119388
Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus. III. Suppression of overt disease by prophylactic regimens of four-week duration

Smadel JE, Traub R, Frick LP, Diercks FH, Bailey CA

Am J Hyg, 1950;51:216-228.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119386
Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Utilization of the Ability to Induce Activation of the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-like Factor 2 (Nrf2) to Assess Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Liquorice Samples

Basar N, Nahar L, Oridupa OA, Ritchie KJ, Talukdar AD, Stafford A, et al.

Phytochem Anal, 2016 Sep;27(5):233-8.
PMID: 27527356 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2616

INTRODUCTION: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of many detoxification enzymes. Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signalling pathway can be a target for cancer chemoprevention. Glycyrrhiza glabra, common name, 'liquorice', is used as a sweetening and flavouring agent, and traditionally, to treat various ailments, and implicated to chemoprevention. However, its chemopreventive property has not yet been scientifically substantiated.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of liquorice root samples to induce Nrf2 activation correlating to their potential chemopreventive property.
METHODS: The ability of nine methanolic extracts of liquorice root samples, collected from various geographical origins, to induce Nrf2 activation was determined by the luciferase reporter assay using the ARE-reporter cell line, AREc32. The antioxidant properties were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.
RESULTS: All extracts exhibited free-radical-scavenging property (RC50 = 136.39-635.66 µg/mL). The reducing capacity of ferrous ion was 214.46-465.59 μM Fe(II)/g. Nrf2 activation indicated that all extracts induced expression of ARE-driven luciferase activity with a maximum induction of 2.3 fold relative to control. These activities varied for samples from one geographical location to another.
CONCLUSIONS: The present findings add to the existing knowledge of cancer chemoprevention by plant-derived extracts or purified phytochemicals, particularly the potential use of liquorice for this purpose. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention*
Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus. IV. Relapses of scrub typhus in treated volunteers and their prevention

Smadel JE, Bailey CA, Diercks FH

Am J Hyg, 1950;51:229-41.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119387

Two field trials were conducted in Malaya in which 75 volunteers were exposed in hyperendemic areas of scrub typhus. Thirty-four of these individuals received chloromycetin prophylactically for a total period of 3 weeks during and following exposure. They did not show clinical evidence of scrub typhus throughout the period of prophylaxis or the ensuing 5 days. However, scrub typhus developed in 15 volunteers in the prophylactic groups of the two trials 5 to 14 days after drug was discontinued. Although the attack rate among the volunteers in the two field trials varied markedly, there was no essential difference in the ultimate infection rates among the controls and those given prophylaxis in each test. Scrub typhus when it developed among volunteers in the prophylactic group was not significantly different from the disease in the controls except for the absence of eschar formation. Relapses were prominent features of the disease in the volunteers of both prophylactic and control groups. These had not been observed previously in untreated cases of scrub typhus or in naturally occurring cases which were treated with chloromycetin. Fifty-four per cent of the 37 persons in the two trials who contracted scrub typhus suffered one or more relapses. Various factors probably contributed to this phenomenon but the opinion is that the short course of chloromycetin therapy given very early in the illness probably was an important factor. Ten volunteers had received experimental scrub typhus vaccine during earlier investigations because of possible exposure to infection. The vaccination did not influence the incidence of infection or the course of the disease in those persons developing scrub typhus. Prolonged administration of chloromycetin as a prophylactic measure and its use in the treatment of the initial attacks of scrub typhus, as well as the relapses, indicated that the drug is of low toxicity for man, and that drug fast strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi are not readily produced.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Fulltext Signal detection to identify serious adverse events (neuropsychiatric events) in travelers taking mefloquine for chemoprophylaxis of malaria

Naing C, Aung K, Ahmed SI, Mak JW

Drug Healthc Patient Saf, 2012;4:87-92.
PMID: 22936859 DOI: 10.2147/DHPS.S34493

For all medications, there is a trade-off between benefits and potential for harm. It is important for patient safety to detect drug-event combinations and analyze by appropriate statistical methods. Mefloquine is used as chemoprophylaxis for travelers going to regions with known chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. As such, there is a concern about serious adverse events associated with mefloquine chemoprophylaxis. The objective of the present study was to assess whether any signal would be detected for the serious adverse events of mefloquine, based on data in clinicoepidemiological studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Chemopreventive Effect of Phaleria macrocarpa on Colorectal Cancer Aberrant Crypt Foci In vivo

Shwter AN, Abdullah NA, Alshawsh MA, El-Seedi HR, Al-Henhena NA, Khalifa SA, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Aug 1.
PMID: 27492327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.002

Natural products are important ingredients for pharmaceutical applications specifically new entities for treating cancer and other diseases. Phaleria macrocarpa is native of Indonesia and considered as a prolific source of bioactive substances useful for chemoprevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Fulltext Preparing patients for travel to high altitude: advice on travel health and chemoprophylaxis

Flaherty GT, Kennedy KM

Br J Gen Pract, 2016 Jan;66(642):e62-4.
PMID: 26719484 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp16X683377
Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention/methods*
Chloramphenicol in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus; epidemiological observations on hyperendemic areas of scrub typhus in Malaya

PHILIP CB, TRAUB R, SMADEL JE

Am J Hyg, 1949 Jul;50(1):63-74.
PMID: 18135592
Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention*
Antifungal prophylaxis in lung transplantation

Neoh CF, Snell G, Levvey B, Morrissey CO, Stewart K, Kong DC

Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2014 Sep;44(3):194-202.
PMID: 25123811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.013

Lung transplant (LTx) patients have an increased risk of developing invasive fungal infections (IFIs), particularly invasive aspergillosis. Rapid identification of the causative fungal pathogen, to allow for early administration of appropriate initial antifungal therapy, in LTx patients has been challenging due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tools. Hence, there is increasing emphasis on antifungal prophylaxis in the LTx setting, given the high mortality rates and substantial cost of treating IFIs. Evidence for the optimal antifungal prophylactic approach in this setting, however, remains scant and inconsistent. This review will briefly discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, timing and clinical manifestations of fungal infections in LTx patients and will focus primarily on the available evidence related to the efficacy, safety and practicality of current prophylactic strategies in LTx recipients as well as challenges and gaps for future research.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention/adverse effects; Chemoprevention/methods*
A Case of Severe Falciparum Malaria in a Returned Traveler

Low QJ, Lau WK, Lim TH, Lee RA, Cheo SW

Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):86-89.
PMID: 33329868

Primary care providers should be alert to travel-related infections. Around 10-40% of returning travelers from all destinations and 15-70% of travelers from tropical settings experience ill health, either overseas or upon returning home.1 A systematic approach concentrating on possible infections should be undertaken based on the patient's travel location, immunization history, presence of malaria chemoprophylaxis at the destination, other potential exposures, incubation period, and clinical presentation.2-3 The World Health Organization (WHO) website is constantly being updated on specific travel-related infections and recent geographical outbreaks. In this paper, we report a case of severe falciparum malaria in a returned traveler.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Fulltext An updated overview of cyanidins for chemoprevention and cancer therapy

Posadino AM, Giordo R, Ramli I, Zayed H, Nasrallah GK, Wehbe Z, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2023 Jul;163:114783.
PMID: 37121149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114783

Anthocyanins are colored polyphenolic compounds that belong to the flavonoids family and are largely present in many vegetables and fruits. They have been used in traditional medicine in many cultures for a long time. The most common and abundant anthocyanins are those presenting an O-glycosylation at C-3 (C ring) of the flavonoid skeleton to form -O-β-glucoside derivatives. The present comprehensive review summarized recent data on the anticancer properties of cyanidings along with natural sources, phytochemical data, traditional medical applications, molecular mechanisms and recent nanostrategies to increase the bioavailability and anticancer effects of cyanidins. For this analysis, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies published up to the year 2022 were sourced from scientific databases and search engines such as PubMed/Medline, Google scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley and TRIP database. Cyanidins' antitumor properties are exerted during different stages of carcinogenesis and are based on a wide variety of biological activities. The data gathered and discussed in this review allows for affirming that cyanidins have relevant anticancer activity in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Future research should focus on studies that bring new data on improving the bioavailability of anthocyanins and on conducting detailed translational pharmacological studies to accurately establish the effective anticancer dose in humans as well as the correct route of administration.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Fulltext Biomedical properties of a natural dietary plant metabolite, zerumbone, in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials

Rahman HS, Rasedee A, Yeap SK, Othman HH, Chartrand MS, Namvar F, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:920742.
PMID: 25025076 DOI: 10.1155/2014/920742

Zerumbone (ZER) is a naturally occurring dietary compound, present in many natural foods consumed today. The compound derived from several plant species of the Zingiberaceae family that has been found to possess multiple biomedical properties, such as antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, evidence of efficacy is sparse, pointing to the need for a more systematic review for assessing scientific evidence to support therapeutic claims made for ZER and to identify future research needs. This review provides an updated overview of in vitro and in vivo investigations of ZER, its cancer chemopreventive properties, and mechanisms of action. Therapeutic effects of ZER were found to be scientifically plausible and could be explained partially by in vivo and in vitro pharmacological activities. Much of the research outlined in this paper will serve as a foundation to explain ZER anticancer bioactivity, which will open the door for the development of strategies in the treatment of malignancies using ZER.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention*
Anti-tumour promoter activity in Malaysian ginger rhizobia used in traditional medicine

Vimala S, Norhanom AW, Yadav M

Br. J. Cancer, 1999 Apr;80(1-2):110-6.
PMID: 10389986

Zingiberaceae rhizomes commonly used in the Malaysian traditional medicine were screened for anti-tumour promoter activity using the short-term assay of inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) in Raji cells. The inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-EA was detected using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot technique. The indirect IFA detected the expression/inhibition of EBV-EA-D (diffused EA antigen), whereas the Western blot technique detected the expression/inhibition of both EBV-EA-D and EA-R (restricted EA antigen). Seven rhizomes were found to possess inhibitory activity towards EBV activation, induced by TPA; they are: Curcuma domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, Kaempferia galanga, Zingiber cassumunar, Z. officinale, Z. officinale (red variety), and Z. zerumbet. A cytotoxicity assay was carried out to determine the toxicity of the Zingiberaceae rhizome extracts. The rhizome extracts that exhibited EBV activation inhibitory activity had no cytotoxicity effect in Raji cells. Therefore, the present study shows that several Zingiberaceae species used in Malaysian traditional medicine contain naturally occurring non-toxic compounds that inhibit the EBV activation, which, if further investigated, could contribute in the development of cancer prevention methods at the tumour-promoting stage.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention*
Moringa oleifera Lam: Targeting Chemoprevention

Karim NA, Ibrahim MD, Kntayya SB, Rukayadi Y, Hamid HA, Razis AF

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2016;17(8):3675-86.
PMID: 27644601

Moringa oleifera Lam, family Moringaceae, is a perennial plant which is called various names, but is locally known in Malaysia as "murungai" or "kelor". Glucomoringin, a glucosinolate with from M. oleifera is a major secondary metabolite compound. The seeds and leaves of the plant are reported to have the highest amount of glucosinolates. M. oleifera is well known for its many uses health and benefits. It is claimed to have nutritional, medicinal and chemopreventive potentials. Chemopreventive effects of M. oleifera are expected due to the existence of glucosinolate which it is reported to have the ability to induce apoptosis in anticancer studies. Furthermore, chemopreventive value of M. oleifera has been demonstrated in studies utilizing its leaf extract to inhibit the growth of human cancer cell lines. This review highlights the advantages of M. oleifera targeting chemoprevention where glucosinolates could help to slow the process of carcinogenesis through several molecular targets. It is also includes inhibition of carcinogen activation and induction of carcinogen detoxification, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Finally, for synergistic effects of M. oleifera with other drugs and safety, essential for chemoprevention, it is important that it safe to be consumed by human body and works well. Although there is promising evidence about M. oleifera in chemoprevention, extensive research needs to be done due to the expected rise of cancer in coming years and to gain more information about the mechanisms involved in M. oleifera influence, which could be a good source to inhibit several major mechanisms involved in cancer development.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention/methods
Fulltext Chemopreventive Properties and Toxicity of Kelulut Honey in Sprague Dawley Rats Induced with Azoxymethane

Saiful Yazan L, Muhamad Zali MF, Mohd Ali R, Zainal NA, Esa N, Sapuan S, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2016;2016:4036926.
PMID: 27525267 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4036926

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Colon cancer has been a major problem worldwide. Kelulut honey (KH) is produced by the stingless bees from Trigona species and has strong antioxidant activities that could be one of the potential chemopreventive agents from natural resources. Aim of This Study. This study investigated the chemopreventive properties and toxicity of KH in Sprague Dawley rats induced with azoxymethane (AOM). Material and Method. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats aged 5 weeks were divided into 4 groups: (G1) untreated group not induced with AOM, (G2) untreated group induced with AOM, (G3) treated group induced with AOM, and (G4) treated group not induced with AOM. Injection of AOM (15 mg/kg) was via intraperitoneal route once a week for two subsequent weeks. The treatment groups were given oral administration of KH (1183 mg/kg body weight) twice daily for 8 weeks. Results. Treatment with KH significantly reduced the total number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (AC) and crypt multiplicity. KH was not toxic to the animals since the level of blood profile parameters, liver enzymes, and kidney functions was in normal range. Conclusions. The current finding shows that KH has chemopreventive properties in rats induced with colorectal cancer and also was found not toxic towards the animals.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention/methods*
Fulltext Inflammatory Bowel Disease-related Colorectal Cancer in the Asia-Pacific Region: Past, Present, and Future

Zhiqin W, Palaniappan S, Raja Ali RA

Intest Res, 2014 Jul;12(3):194-204.
PMID: 25349593 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2014.12.3.194

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and key contributing factors include chronic colonic inflammation and the extent and duration of disease. This increase in risk is more likely to result from chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa than from any clearly defined genetic predisposition. However, globally, the true magnitude of this risk is debatable, since results from different studies are heterogeneous in terms of geographical and methodological variables. The prevalence of IBD-related CRC in the Asia-Pacific region ranges from 0.3% to 1.8% and a recent study found that the cumulative incidence of IBD-related CRC is comparable to that in Western countries. However, the CRC mortality rate in the Asia-Pacific region is on the rise compared with that in Western countries, and a few Asian countries show particularly rapid upward trends in CRC incidence. Although our understanding of the molecular and clinical basis for IBD-related CRC has improved substantially, our means of prevention, endoscopic surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery remain modest at best. Furthermore, published data on IBD-related CRC in the Asia-Pacific region is lacking, and this review addresses many aspects including epidemiology, natural history, etiopathogenesis, morphology, and biological behaviors of IBD-related CRC and sporadic CRC in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we will also discuss the risk factors for CRC in IBD patients, endoscopic technology screening, and surveillance programs and management strategies for IBD-related CRC.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Biomedical properties of edible seaweed in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials: a review

Namvar F, Tahir PM, Mohamad R, Mahdavi M, Abedi P, Najafi TF, et al.

Nat Prod Commun, 2013 Dec;8(12):1811-20.
PMID: 24555303

This review article summarizes in vitro and in vivo experiments on seaweed anticancer activity and seaweed chemical components. Seaweed use in cancer therapy, chemopreventive randomized control trials (RCTs) and quasi-experiments are discussed. The literature reviewed in this article was obtained from various scientific sources and encompasses publications from 2000-2012. Seaweed therapeutic effects were deemed scientifically plausible and may be partially explained by the in vivo and in vitro pharmacological studies described. Although the mechanisms of action remain unclear, seaweed's anticancer properties may be attributable to its major biologically active metabolites. Much of the seaweed research outlined in this paper can serve as a foundation for explaining seaweed anticancer bioactivity. This review will open doors for developing strategies to treat malignancies using seaweed natural products.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of non-edible parts of selected tropical fruits

Chunglok W, Utaipan T, Somchit N, Lertcanawanichakul M, Sudjaroen Y

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:689-696.

It is of interest that seeds and pericarps of tropical fruits contain phytochemicals being the components of various biological activities for beneficial health effects. This study was aimed to evaluate antioxidant and anticancer activities of the methanolic extracts from seeds and pericarps of three selected tropical fruits including Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). Total phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated based on the ability of the fruit extracts to scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals. MTT reduction assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were carried out for cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction, respectively. Total phenolic contents of the seeds and pericarps of the tropical fruits ranged from 104.60 to 501.95 mg/g DW. All extracts were found to have significant antioxidant activities. Among them, tamarind seed extract contained the highest total phenolic contents and possessed the highest antioxidant capacities. Tamarind seed extract showed the highest cytotoxicity to human mouth carcinoma (CLS-354) cells and had no toxicity to PBMCs. Staining with annexin V-FITC/PI showed that this apoptosis occurred early in this cell type with 10.0% of the cells undergoing apoptosis. Tamarind seed extract might have potential anticancer activity which could be attributed, in part, to selectively inhibit the growth of CLS-354 cells and induce apoptosis. This research finding would be valuable information to identify major constituents of the extracts and mechanisms underlying anticancer activity which could be attributed to dietary health supplements or cancer chemoprevention from fruits.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Fulltext Nobiletin and Derivatives: Functional Compounds from Citrus Fruit Peel for Colon Cancer Chemoprevention

Goh JXH, Tan LT, Goh JK, Chan KG, Pusparajah P, Lee LH, et al.

Cancers (Basel), 2019 Jun 21;11(6).
PMID: 31234411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060867

The search for effective methods of cancer treatment and prevention has been a continuous effort since the disease was discovered. Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploring plants and fruits for molecules that may have potential as either adjuvants or as chemopreventive agents against cancer. One of the promising compounds under extensive research is nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxyflavone (PMF) extracted exclusively from citrus peel. Not only does nobiletin itself exhibit anti-cancer properties, but its derivatives are also promising chemopreventive agents; examples of derivatives with anti-cancer activity include 3'-demethylnobiletin (3'-DMN), 4'-demethylnobiletin (4'-DMN), 3',4'-didemethylnobiletin (3',4'-DMN) and 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DMN). In vitro studies have demonstrated differential efficacies and mechanisms of NOB and its derivatives in inhibiting and killing of colon cancer cells. The chemopreventive potential of NOB has also been well demonstrated in several in vivo colon carcinogenesis animal models. NOB and its derivatives target multiple pathways in cancer progression and inhibit several of the hallmark features of colorectal cancer (CRC) pathophysiology, including arresting the cell cycle, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, preventing tumour formation, reducing inflammatory effects and limiting angiogenesis. However, these substances have low oral bioavailability that limits their clinical utility, hence there have been numerous efforts exploring better drug delivery strategies for NOB and these are part of this review. We also reviewed data related to patents involving NOB to illustrate the extensiveness of each research area and its direction of commercialisation. Furthermore, this review also provides suggested directions for future research to advance NOB as the next promising candidate in CRC chemoprevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention
Chemoprevention by Microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum LAB12 Against Orthotopic Colorectal Cancer Mice is Associated with Apoptosis and Anti-angiogenesis

Fareez IM, Lim SM, Ramasamy K

Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 2024 Feb;16(1):99-112.
PMID: 36508139 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10020-y

The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with gut dysbiosis that is attributed to unhealthy lifestyles and dietary habits. Consumption of microencapsulated probiotics may potentially restore the gut microbiota in favour of prevention against CRC. This study determined the fate of microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly known as Lactobacillus plantarum) LAB12 in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and assessed the chemopreventive effect of microencapsulated L. plantarum LAB12 in vivo. The targeted release of L. plantarum LAB12 from Alg-based microcapsules at the stomach, ileum, caecum and colon of Sprague-Dawley rats was examined by confocal microscopy and qPCR. Microcapsules loaded with L. plantarum LAB12 remained intact in the stomach. Free L. plantarum LAB12 were present in abundance (> 7 log CFU) only in the intestines. Subsequently, the chemopreventive properties of microencapsulated L. plantarum LAB12 were validated against NU/NU nude mice bearing orthotopic transplanted CT-26 CRC (12 female mice; 4-6 weeks old; 20-22 g; n = 6/group). Orthotopic mice pre-supplemented with microencapsulated L. plantarum LAB12 (10 log CFU kg-1 BW for 11 weeks) were presented with significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Chemoprevention

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