METHODS: This was a prospective observational study performed at the Glaucoma Research Centre, Montchoisi Clinic, Lausanne. In total 40 eyes with open-angle glaucoma were included. OCT-A scans were performed before glaucoma surgery, and at 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month post-operatively. AngioVue AngioAnalytic (Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA) software was used to analyse the RNFL, FAZ, peripapillary and macular VD. Changes were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) models.
RESULTS: Mean IOP dropped from 19.4 (±7.0) mmHg pre-surgery and stabilized at 13.0 (±3.1) mmHg at 12 months (p
METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional observational study was performed on patients diagnosed with MetS and compared to normal controls. All patients underwent ophthalmic and anthropometric examination, serological and biochemical blood investigations; and ocular imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Patients with ocular pathology were excluded. Unpaired t-test was used to compare mean thickness between the two groups. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used to compare mean thickness between different tertiles of MetS parameters, and a generalized estimating equation was used to correct for inter-eye correlation and to assess association between mean thickness and covariates.
RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-eight eyes from 124 participants (1:1 ratio of MetS patients to controls) were included. Age ranged between 30 to 50 years old, and mean age was 40 ± 6.6 years. RNFL thickness was lower globally (93.6 ± 9.9 μm vs 99.0 ± 9.3, p<0.001) and in the inferior (124.5 ± 17.5 μm vs 131.0 ± 16.4 μm, p = 0.002), superior (117.2 ± 16.0 μm vs 126.3 ± 14.4 μm, p<0.001) and temporal (65.5 ± 10.2 μm vs 69.5 ± 9.8, p = 0.002) sectors in MetS patients compared to controls. Only the central (237.0 ± 14.0 μm vs 243.6 ± 18.0 μm, p = 0.002) and inferior parafoveal (307.8 ± 20.9 vs 314.6 ± 14.6, p = 0.004) area of the macula was significantly thinner. The inferior RNFL sector had the most difference (mean difference = 9.1 μm). The Generalized Estimating Equation found that, after adjusting for age, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, HDL and obesity; the number of MetS components and elevated triglyceride levels were independent risk factors for reduced thickness in global RNFL (β = -4.4, 95% CI = -7.29 to -1.5, p = 0.003) and inferior parafovea (β = -6.85, 95% CI = -11.58 to -2.13, p = 0.004) thickness respectively.
CONCLUSION: RNFL thinning was seen more than macula thinning in MetS patients, suggesting RNFL susceptibility to neurodegeneration than the macula. A higher number of metabolic components and elevated triglyceride levels were independent risk factors for retinal thinning in this group of patients.
METHODS: Analyses were conducted post hoc of this 24-month, phase III, double-blind study, in which RRMS patients were randomized (1:1:1) to once daily oral fingolimod 0.5 mg, 1.25 mg or placebo. The key outcomes were the association between baseline RNFLT and baseline clinical characteristics and clinical/imaging outcomes up to 24 months. Change of RNFLT with fingolimod versus placebo within 24 months and time to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning were evaluated.
RESULTS: Altogether 885 patients were included. At baseline, lower RNFLT was correlated with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score (r = -1.085, p = 0.018), lower brain volume (r = 0.025, p = 0.006) and deep gray matter volume (r = 0.731, p
METHODS: In this work, we present a bit-plane slicing (BPS) and local binary pattern (LBP) based novel approach for glaucoma diagnosis. Firstly, our approach separates the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels from the input color fundus image and splits the channels into bit planes. Secondly, we extract LBP based statistical features from each of the bit planes of the individual channels. Thirdly, these features from the individual channels are fed separately to three different support vector machines (SVMs) for classification. Finally, the decisions from the individual SVMs are fused at the decision level to classify the input fundus image into normal or glaucoma class.
RESULTS: Our experimental results suggest that the proposed approach is effective in discriminating normal and glaucoma cases with an accuracy of 99.30% using 10-fold cross validation.
CONCLUSIONS: The developed system is ready to be tested on large and diverse databases and can assist the ophthalmologists in their daily screening to confirm their diagnosis, thereby increasing accuracy of diagnosis.
DESIGN: Dental pulp from extracted human permanent teeth was processed for fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Ten asymptomatic (normal) and 10 symptomatic (symptoms associated with pulpitis) teeth were used in this study. Nerve fibers were identified by immunostaining for a marker, protein gene product 9.5, and the cells were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. An anti-TRPV4 antibody was used to trace TRPV4 expression.
RESULTS: TRPV4 expression was co-localized with the nerve fiber marker. Immunoreactivity for TRPV4 was more intense (p
METHODS: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study. Fifty-four OSA subjects and 54 controls were recruited. Candidate that fulfil the criteria with normal ocular examinations then proceed with spectrum domain Cirrus optical coherence tomography examinations. ONH parameters and RNFL thickness were evaluated. Apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) of the OSA group were obtained from the medical record.
RESULTS: In OSA, mean of average RNFL thickness was 93.87 µm, standard deviation (SD) = 9.17, p = 0.008 (p < 0.05) while superior RNFL thickness was 113.59 µm, SD = 16.29, p ≤ 0.001 (p < 0.05). RNFL thickness fairly correlate with severity of the disease (AHI), superior RNFL with R = 0.293, R2 = 0.087, p = 0.030 (p < 0.05), and nasal RNFL R = 0.292, R2 = 0.085, p = 0.032. No significant difference and correlation observed on ONH parameters. In control group, mean of average RNFL thickness was 98.96 µm, SD = 10.50, p = 0.008 (p < 0.05) while superior RNFL thickness was 125.76 µm, SD = 14.93, p ≤ 0.001 (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The mean of the average and superior RNFL thickness were significantly lower in the OSA group compare to control. Regression analysis showed RNFL thickness having significantly linear relationship with the AHI, specifically involving the superior and nasal quadrant.
METHODS: 160 eyes of 160 healthy children (74 boys, 86 girls) aged 6-18 years (mean: 11.60 ± 3.28 years) were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and macular thickness were determined for the 1st, 5th, 95th, and 99th percentile points. Cohen's κ value and specific agreement between pediatric data and adult reference database were estimated. The correlation between retinal thickness with age and SE was also determined.
RESULTS: The mean thickness for the total RNFL, average macular, and central macula were 112.05±8.65 μm, 280.24±12.46 μm, and 220.55±17.53 μm, respectively. The overall agreement between the classification of the adult database and pediatric data for pRNFL was ≥90%, with discrepancies in 46 out of 150 eyes (30.67%); for macula, it was above 72%, with discrepancies in 93 out of 153 eyes (60.78%); and for ganglion cell complex and ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) the agreement was above 84% and 85%, respectively. A significant level of agreement between pediatric data and adult reference data was achieved for temporal RNFL (κ = 0.65), macular perifoveal superior (κ = 0.67), and inferior (κ = 0.63) and inferior GCIPL (κ = 0.67). The correlations between age and retinal thickness were not significant (all p>0.05). Most retinal thickness parameters were positively associated with SE (Pearson's coefficient, r = 0.26 to 0.49, all p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The overall agreement for pRNFL and macular thickness measurements in children with the adult reference database was between 72% and 90%. Children's retinal thickness was not significantly correlated with age but was positively associated with spherical equivalent.
METHODS: This retrospective analysis was of handheld SD OCT images obtained under a prospective research protocol in children who had established XLRS diagnosis based on genetic testing or clinical history. Three OCT graders performed standardized qualitative and quantitative assessment of retinal volume scans, which were divided into foveal, parafoveal, and extrafoveal regions. Visual acuity data were obtained when possible.
RESULTS: Spectral domain OCT images were available of both eyes in 8 pediatric patients with ages 7 months to 10 years. The schisis cavities involved inner nuclear layer in over 90% (15/16) of eyes in all 3 regions. Retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layer involvement was present only in the extrafoveal region in 63% (10/16) eyes and outer nuclear and plexiform layer in few others. In 7 children followed over 2 months to 15 months, the location of schisis remained consistent. Central foveal thickness decreased from the baseline to final available visit in 4/6 eyes. Ellipsoid zone disruption seemed to accompany lower visual acuity in 1/4 eyes.
CONCLUSION: Early in life, the SD OCT findings in XLRS demonstrate differences in schisis location in fovea-parafoveal versus extrafoveal region, possible association between poor visual acuity and degree of ellipsoid zone disruption and decrease in central foveal thickness over time in this group. Furthermore, they illustrates that the pattern of XLRS in adults is already present in very young children, and unlike in older children and adults, those presenting with earlier disease may have a more aggressive course. Further studies in this early age group may provide more insights into treatment and prevention of progressive visual impairment in children with XLRS.
METHODS: Anatomical MRI and structural DTI were performed cross-sectionally on 26 normal children (newborn to 48 months old), using 1.5-T MRI. The automated processing pipeline was implemented to convert diffusion-weighted images into the NIfTI format. DTI-TK software was used to register the processed images to the ICBM DTI-81 atlas, while AFNI software was used for automated atlas-based volumes of interest (VOIs) and statistical value extraction.
RESULTS: DTI exhibited consistent grey-white matter contrast. Triphasic temporal variation of the FA and MD values was noted, with FA increasing and MD decreasing rapidly early in the first 12 months. The second phase lasted 12-24 months during which the rate of FA and MD changes was reduced. After 24 months, the FA and MD values plateaued.
CONCLUSION: DTI is a superior technique to conventional MR imaging in depicting WM maturation. The use of the automated processing pipeline provides a reliable environment for quantitative analysis of high-throughput DTI data.
KEY POINTS: Diffusion tensor imaging outperforms conventional MRI in depicting white matter maturation. • DTI will become an important clinical tool for diagnosing paediatric neurological diseases. • DTI appears especially helpful for developmental abnormalities, tumours and white matter disease. • An automated processing pipeline assists quantitative analysis of high throughput DTI data.
METHODS: 1H-MRS utilising the Single-Voxel Spectroscopy (SVS) technique was performed using a 3.0Tesla MRI on 45 optic radiations (15 from healthy subjects, 15 from mild glaucoma patients, and 15 from severe glaucoma patients). A standardised Volume of Interest (VOI) of 20 × 20 × 20 mm was placed in the region of optic radiation. Mild and severe glaucoma patients were categorised based on the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson (HPA) classification. Mean and multiple group comparisons for metabolite concentration and metabolite concentration ratio between glaucoma grades and healthy subjects were obtained using one-way ANOVA.
RESULTS: The metabolite concentration and metabolite concentration ratio between the optic radiations of glaucoma patients and healthy subjects did not demonstrate any significant difference (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our findings show no significant alteration of metabolite concentration associated with neurodegeneration that could be measured by single-voxel 1H-MRS in optic radiation among glaucoma patients.
KEY POINTS: • Glaucoma disease has a neurodegenerative component. • Metabolite changes have been observed in the neurodegenerative process in the brain. • Using SVS, no metabolite changes in optic radiation were attributed to glaucoma.
METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among children with T1DM and healthy children aged 7 to 17 years old in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from 2017 to 2019. Children with retinal disease or glaucoma were excluded. Macular and RNFL thicknesses were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Demographic information, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, body mass index, visual acuity, and retinal examination findings were documented. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels, renal function, and blood lipid levels were also collected.
RESULTS: Forty-one children with T1DM and 80 age- and sex-matched children were enrolled. Both sexes were affected. Mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 3.66 years. The mean glycated hemoglobin levels in the T1DM group was 9.99%. The mean macular and RNFL thicknesses in children with T1DM were 277.56 (15.82) µm and 98.85 (12.05) µm, respectively. Children with T1DM had a significantly thinner average macula, superior outer macula, nasal outer macula, mean RNFL, and inferior RNFL thickness compared to controls (p < 0.05). There was a significant association between nephropathy and the mean RNFL thickness.
CONCLUSIONS: Children with T1DM had significantly decreased mean macular and RNFL thicknesses. Nephropathy is associated with an increased RNFL thickness.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement can be used to detect glaucoma in uveitic eyes with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Comparative case series of RNFL measurement using optical coherence tomography performed from May 1, 2010, through October 31, 2012, at a tertiary referral center. We assigned 536 eyes with uveitis (309 patients) in the following groups: normal contralateral eyes with unilateral uveitis (n = 72), normotensive uveitis (Uv-N) (n = 143), raised IOP and normal optic disc and/or visual field (Uv-H) (n = 233), and raised IOP and glaucomatous disc and/or visual field (Uv-G) (n = 88).
EXPOSURES: Eyes with uveitis and elevated IOP (>21 mm Hg) on at least 2 occasions.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Comparison of RNFL values between groups of eyes and correlation with clinical data; risk factors for raised IOP, glaucoma, and RNFL thinning.
RESULTS: Mean (SD) global RNFL was thicker in Uv-N (106.4 [21.4] µm) compared with control (96.0 [9.0] µm; P