Browse publications by year: 2017

  1. Fulltext Analysis of the Biceps Brachii Muscle by Varying the Arm Movement Level and Load Resistance Band
    Burhan N, Kasno M', Ghazali R, Said MR, Abdullah SS, Jali MH
    J Healthc Eng, 2017;2017:1631384.
    PMID: 29138687 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1631384
    Biceps brachii muscle illness is one of the common physical disabilities that requires rehabilitation exercises in order to build up the strength of the muscle after surgery. It is also important to monitor the condition of the muscle during the rehabilitation exercise through electromyography (EMG) signals. The purpose of this study was to analyse and investigate the selection of the best mother wavelet (MWT) function and depth of the decomposition level in the wavelet denoising EMG signals through the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method at each decomposition level. In this experimental work, six healthy subjects comprised of males and females (26 ± 3.0 years and BMI of 22 ± 2.0) were selected as a reference for persons with the illness. The experiment was conducted for three sets of resistance band loads, namely, 5 kg, 9 kg, and 16 kg, as a force during the biceps brachii muscle contraction. Each subject was required to perform three levels of the arm angle positions (30°, 90°, and 150°) for each set of resistance band load. The experimental results showed that the Daubechies5 (db5) was the most appropriate DWT method together with a 6-level decomposition with a soft heursure threshold for the biceps brachii EMG signal analysis.
  2. Investigations on the Occurrence and Associated Risk Factors of Avian Coccidiosis in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria
    Ola-Fadunsin SD
    J Parasitol Res, 2017;2017:9264191.
    PMID: 29138693 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9264191
    Avian coccidiosis is one of the most important diseases of poultry and it is responsible for a large number of poultry mortalities worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence and associated risk factors of avian coccidiosis in Osun State, Nigeria. Fecal samples were collected and examined from 5,544 avian species that were brought for treatment at the state veterinary hospitals over a 10-year period. Parameters such as age, sex, season, and species of birds were determined. Also, the months of the year were taken into consideration. Overall prevalence of 41.3% was recorded. The year specific rate for avian coccidiosis was highest in 2007 (97.9%) and lowest in 2006 (0.4%), while the month-specific rate was highest in November (85.7%) and lowest in July 2006 (13.3%). There was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence in young birds compared to adults, in males compared to females, and during the wet season compared to the dry season. Broilers (99.8%) and cockerels (81.0%) were the bird types with the highest prevalence rate. The high prevalence of avian coccidiosis in the study area shows that the disease is endemic and there is need to embark on a radical preventive measure to curtail the disease.
  3. Fulltext It's the holes that matter
    Cogger VC, Mohamad M, Le Couteur DG
    Aging (Albany NY), 2017 11 15;9(11):2237-2238.
    PMID: 29140795 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101330
    MeSH terms: Humans; Insulin*; Insulin Resistance*; Liver; Microcirculation
  4. Hepatitis C Transmission among Intravenous Drug Users in Pakistan: Time to Intervene
    Rehman IU, Khan TM
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2017 Nov;27(11):735.
    PMID: 29132493 DOI: 2758
    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Hepatitis C/complications*; Hepatitis C/epidemiology; Hepatitis C/transmission*; Humans; Male; Pakistan/epidemiology; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications*; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology; Hepacivirus/isolation & purification*; Drug Users/psychology*
  5. Fulltext Association of copy number variations in complement factor H-Related genes among age-related macular degenerative subjects
    Bakri NM, Ramachandran V, Kee HF, Subrayan V, Isa H, Ngah NF, et al.
    Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci., 2017 Dec;33(12):602-608.
    PMID: 29132549 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.08.003
    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most widely recognised cause of irreversible vision loss and previous studies have suggested that the advancement of wet AMD is influenced by both modifiable and non-modifiable elements. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and copy number of variations (CNVs) have been associated with AMD in various populations, however the results are conflicting. Our aim is to determine the CNVs of Complement Factor H-Related genes among Malaysian subjects with wet AMD. 130 patients with wet AMD and 120 healthy controls were included in this research. DNA was extracted from all subjects and CNVs of CFH, CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes; determined using quantitative real-time PCR and were compared between the two groups. A consistent association was observed between CFH gene and wet AMD susceptibility (P 
    MeSH terms: Aged; Demography; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Macular Degeneration/genetics*; Male; Case-Control Studies; Complement Factor H/genetics*; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Association Studies*; DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics*
  6. Validity and reliability of the english version of the sick, control, one stone, fat, food (SCOFF) in Malaysia
    Wan Wahida WMZ, Lai PSM, Abdul Hadi H
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2017 Apr;18:55-58.
    PMID: 29132739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.02.001
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Several questionnaires to screen for eating disorders have been validated in Malaysia. However, these tools are lengthy, and require specialist interpretation. The sick, control, one stone, fat, food (SCOFF) is easy to administer by non-specialists, but has not been validated in Malaysia. Therefore, the aim of our study was to validate the SCOFF on a non-clinical sample of tertiary students to determine if it could identify individuals with an eating disorder.
    METHODS: We recruited second year tertiary students from five faculties in a university in Malaysia, from June-November 2014, who could understand English. The SCOFF and the EAT-26 were administered at baseline. Two weeks later, the SCOFF was re-administered to assess for reliability.
    RESULTS: A total of 292 students were approached, and all agreed to participate (response rate = 100%). There was moderate correlation between the total SCOFF score with the EAT-26's dieting domain (spearman's rho = 0.504, p < 0.001), bulimia and food preoccupation domain (spearman's rho = 0.438, p < 0.001), and total score (spearman's rho = 0.483, p < 0.001). The internal consistency of the SCOFF was low (Cronbach alpha = 0.470). At retest, kappa scores ranged from 0.211 to 0.591. The sensitivity of the SCOFF was 77.4%, and its specificity was 60.5%. The positive predictive value was 18.9%, and its negative predictive value was 95.8%.
    CONCLUSIONS: The SCOFF was found to have adequate convergent validity and stable reliability. However, its internal consistency was low. The SCOFF can still be used in clinical practice. However, its positive results should be interpreted with caution due to its low positive predictive value.
    KEYWORDS: Eating disorder; Malaysia; SCOFF; Sensitivity; Specificity; Validation
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa/diagnosis; Anorexia Nervosa/prevention & control; Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis*; Feeding and Eating Disorders/prevention & control; Bulimia/diagnosis; Bulimia/prevention & control; Female; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires*; Sensitivity and Specificity; Students*; Universities; Reproducibility of Results; Young Adult
  7. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic methods in the evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activity of Myrmecodia platytyrea as a promising opportunity in diabetes treatment
    Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Morton DW, Adam A, Mizaton HH, Zakaria H
    J Chromatogr A, 2017 Dec 29;1530:192-196.
    PMID: 29132827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.012
    The steady increase of diabetes is becoming a major burden on health care systems. As diabetic complications arise from oxidative stress, an antioxidant therapy along with anti-diabetic drugs is recommended. Myrmecodia or ant plant is highly valued as a traditional medicine in West Papua. It is used as an alternative treatment for diabetes, as the substances produced by ants can reduce blood sugar levels. The aim of this study was to develop and establish high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC)-bioautographic methods to measure the antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects in different extracts from Myrmecodia platytyrea and to compare them with sterol content. Antioxidant activity in methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts were measured with a direct HPTLC-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay, while hypoglycemic effects were assessed using a newly developed α-amylase inhibitory activity assay. Stigmasterol is observed, after derivatization with anisaldehyde, as purple colored zones under visible light at hRF values of 0.66. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the ethanol extract which is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, while the DCM extract did not show antioxidant activity, but had significant α-amylase inhibitory activity. The highest α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in the EA and DCM extracts and was related to their stigmasterol content.
    MeSH terms: alpha-Amylases/antagonists & inhibitors; alpha-Amylases/metabolism; Antioxidants/analysis*; Antioxidants/pharmacology*; Antioxidants/chemistry; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Thin Layer/methods*; Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy*; Flavonoids/pharmacology; Flavonoids/therapeutic use; Hypoglycemic Agents/analysis*; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology*; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects; Picrates; Plant Extracts/chemistry; Sterols/analysis; Oxidative Stress/drug effects; Angiosperms/chemistry*; Polyphenols/pharmacology; Polyphenols/therapeutic use
  8. Fulltext Interfaces between hexagonal and cubic oxides and their structure alternatives
    Zhou H, Wu L, Wang HQ, Zheng JC, Zhang L, Kisslinger K, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2017 11 14;8(1):1474.
    PMID: 29133800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01655-5
    Multi-layer structure of functional materials often involves the integration of different crystalline phases. The film growth orientation thus frequently exhibits a transformation, owing to multiple possibilities caused by incompatible in-plane structural symmetry. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanism of the transformation has not yet been fully explored. Here we thoroughly probe the heteroepitaxially grown hexagonal zinc oxide (ZnO) films on cubic (001)-magnesium oxide (MgO) substrates using advanced scanning transition electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and first principles calculations, revealing two distinct interface models of (001) ZnO/(001) MgO and (100) ZnO/(001) MgO. We have found that the structure alternatives are controlled thermodynamically by the nucleation, while kinetically by the enhanced Zn adsorption and O diffusion upon the phase transformation. This work not only provides a guideline for the interface fabrication with distinct crystalline phases but also shows how polar and non-polar hexagonal ZnO films might be manipulated on the same cubic substrate.
    MeSH terms: Adsorption; Diffusion; Magnesium Oxide; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Thermodynamics; X-Ray Diffraction; Zinc; Zinc Oxide; Orientation, Spatial
  9. Fulltext JMJD8 is a novel endoplasmic reticulum protein with a JmjC domain
    Yeo KS, Tan MC, Lim YY, Ea CK
    Sci Rep, 2017 11 13;7(1):15407.
    PMID: 29133832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15676-z
    Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing proteins have been shown to regulate cellular processes by hydroxylating or demethylating histone and non-histone targets. JMJD8 belongs to the JmjC domain-only family that was recently shown to be involved in angiogenesis and TNF-induced NF-κB signaling. Here, we employed bioinformatic analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the physiological properties of JMJD8. We demonstrated that JMJD8 localizes to the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum and that JMJD8 forms dimers or oligomers in vivo. Furthermore, we identified potential JMJD8-interacting proteins that are known to regulate protein complex assembly and protein folding. Taken together, this work demonstrates that JMJD8 is the first JmjC domain-containing protein found in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum that may function in protein complex assembly and protein folding.
    MeSH terms: Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism*; HeLa Cells; Humans; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism*; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/chemistry; Protein Folding; Computational Biology; Protein Interaction Mapping; Protein Multimerization; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/metabolism*; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/chemistry; HEK293 Cells; Protein Domains
  10. A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
    Foon JK, Liew TS
    Zookeys, 2017.
    PMID: 29133987 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
    A total of 11 species and 1 subspecies of Alycaeus were recognised in Peninsular Malaysia prior to this study. However, these taxonomic descriptions of Alycaeus taxa were based on limited numbers of examined materials, where a whole spectrum of morphological variations were not accounted for and diagnoses were often provided without sufficient comparison between congeners from across the peninsula. We reviewed Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus through the examination of 5137 specimens in 522 collection lots from all major museum collections and literature sources. Based on these examined materials, we utilised a more comprehensive revised set of 39 shell and operculum characters, as well as living animal colour to describe all Alycaeus species in this paper. We also noted their habitat and ecology, as well as updated the distribution of each species. Of the 12 previously described taxa, 10 are reconfirmed as present on Peninsular Malaysia (Alycaeus balingensis, Alycaeus carinata, Alycaeus conformis, Alycaeus gibbosulus, Alycaeus kapayanensis, Alycaeus kelantanensis, Alycaeus liratulus, Alycaeus perakensis perakensis, Alycaeus perakensis altispirus and Alycaeus thieroti) and 2 are confirmed as absent from the peninsula (Alycaeus jagori and Alycaeus pyramidalis). A new record of Alycaeus robeleni is reported for Peninsular Malaysia. One species, Chamalycaeus jousseaumei is confirmed as present on the peninsula and is reassigned to Alycaeus. The subspecies Alycaeus perakensis altispirus Möllendorff, 1902, is elevated to species. Examined Peninsular Malaysian materials that do not fit previously recognised species are described as new species. A total of 11 new species are proposed (Alycaeus selangoriensissp. n., Alycaeus costacrassasp. n., Alycaeus ikanensissp. n., Alycaeus alticolasp. n., Alycaeus charasensissp. n., Alycaeus kurauensissp. n., Alycaeus regalissp. n., Alycaeus virgogravidasp. n., Alycaeus senyumensissp. n., Alycaeus expansussp. n., Alycaeus clementsisp. n.). Overall, 23 species of Alycaeus are now recognised in Peninsular Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Color; Ecology; Malaysia; Museums; Ecosystem; Gastropoda
  11. Fulltext A new species of wasp-mimicking clearwing moth from Peninsular Malaysia with DNA barcode and behavioural notes (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)
    Skowron Volponi MA, Volponi P
    Zookeys, 2017.
    PMID: 29133989 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.692.13587
    A new species of clearwing moth,Pyrophleps ellawiSkowron Volponi,sp. n., is described from Peninsular Malaysia. Information on the habitat, time and conditions of occurrence, flight and mud-puddling behaviour, functional morphology, and DNA barcode are also provided. Photographs and a supplementary video from the wild demonstrate the postures and behaviour of this species ofPyrophleps, whose remaining members were described only on the basis of pinned specimens. This is the first record of this genus in Peninsular Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Bone Nails; DNA; Malaysia; Moths; Posture; Ecosystem; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic
  12. Occurrence and the ecological implication of a tropical anguillid eel Anguilla marmorata from peninsular Malaysia
    Kadir SRA, Rasid MHFA, Kwong KO, Wong LL, Arai T
    Zookeys, 2017.
    PMID: 29134009 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.695.13298
    Recent studies suggested that accurate species identification in the tropical anguillid eels based on morphological examination requires confirmation by molecular genetic analysis. Previous studies found that two tropical anguillid eels, Anguilla bicolor bicolor and A. bengalensis bengalensis, were found in peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) based on morphological and molecular genetic analyses. This study is the first record of A. marmorata in peninsular Malaysia confirmed by both morphological and molecular genetic analyses. The present study also suggests that accurate tropical eel species identification is difficult by morphological identification alone; therefore, molecular genetic analysis is needed for precise species confirmation.
    MeSH terms: Anguilla; Animals; Data Collection; Malaysia; Animal Migration
  13. Salangathelphusa peractio, a new species of lowland freshwater crab from Pulau Langkawi, Peninsular Malaysia (Crustacea, Brachyura, Gecarcinucidae)
    Ng PKL
    Zookeys, 2017.
    PMID: 29134027 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.711.20621
    A new species of lowland freshwater crab of the family Gecarcinucidae, Salangathelphusa peractio, is described from Langkawi, an island off the northwestern coast of peninsular Malaysia. Salangathelphusa peractiosp. n. can be separated from S. brevicarinata (Hilgendorf, 1882) in having a proportionately broader external orbital tooth, a distinctly concave posterolateral margin, and the terminal segment of the male first gonopod is not distinctly bent laterally outwards; and from S. anophrys (Kemp, 1923) by its more quadrate carapace and the terminal segment of the male first gonopod possessing a relatively longer and less curved distal part. This is sixth wholly freshwater brachyuran species known from the island.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Brachyura; Fresh Water; Malaysia; Male; Social Problems; Marital Status; Animal Shells; Islands
  14. Important Research Elements in Aiding Training
    Ariffin AC, Ngadiron H
    World J Surg, 2017 Nov 13.
    PMID: 29134311 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4348-1
  15. Fulltext Effects of RTV coating on the electrical performance of polymer insulator under lightning impulse voltage condition
    Jamaludin FA, Ab-Kadir MZA, Izadi M, Azis N, Jasni J, Abd-Rahman MS
    PLoS One, 2017;12(11):e0187892.
    PMID: 29136025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187892
    Located near the equator, Malaysia is a country with one of the highest lightning densities in the world. Lightning contributes to 70% of the power outages in Malaysia and affects power equipment, automated network systems, causes data losses and monetary losses in the nation. Therefore, consideration of insulator evaluation under lightning impulses can be crucial to evaluate and attempt to overcome this issue. This paper presents a new approach to increase the electrical performance of polymer insulators using a Room Temperature Vulcanisation (RTV) coating. The evaluation involves three different settings of polymer insulator, namely uncoated, RTV type 1, and RTV type 2 upper surface coatings. All the insulators were tested under three different conditions as dry, clean wet and salty under different impulse polarities using the even-rising test method. The voltage breakdown for each test was recorded. From the experiment, it was found that the effectiveness of the RTV coating application became apparent when tested under salty or polluted conditions. It increased the voltage withstand capabilities of the polymer insulator up to 50% from the basic uncoated insulator. Under dry and clean conditions, the RTV coating provided just a slight increase of the breakdown voltage. The increase in voltage breakdown capability decreased the probability of surface discharge and dry band arcing that could cause degradation of the polymeric material housing. The RTV type 1 coating was found to be more effective when performing under a lightning impulse. The findings might help the utility companies improve the performance of their insulators in order to increase power system reliability.
    MeSH terms: Electricity*; Malaysia; Polymers/chemistry*; Electric Power Supplies*
  16. The other-race effect in children from a multiracial population: A cross-cultural comparison
    Tham DS, Bremner JG, Hay D
    J Exp Child Psychol, 2017 03;155:128-137.
    PMID: 27965175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.006
    The role of experience with other-race faces in the development of the other-race effect was investigated through a cross-cultural comparison between 5- and 6-year-olds and 13- and 14-year-olds raised in a monoracial (British White, n=83) population and a multiracial (Malaysian Chinese, n=68) population. British White children showed an other-race effect to three other-race faces (Chinese, Malay, and African Black) that was stable across age. Malaysian Chinese children showed a recognition deficit for less experienced faces (African Black) but showed a recognition advantage for faces of which they have direct or indirect experience. Interestingly, younger (Malaysian Chinese) children showed no other-race effect for female faces such that they can recognize all female faces regardless of race. These findings point to the importance of early race and gender experiences in reorganizing the face representation to accommodate changes in experience across development.
    MeSH terms: Facial Recognition*; Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; China/ethnology; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Discrimination (Psychology); England/ethnology; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Malaysia/ethnology; Male; European Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology*; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology*
  17. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum
    Khoo CS, Ab Rahman SS
    Med J Aust, 2017 11 20;207(10):421.
    PMID: 29129168
    MeSH terms: Asthma/complications; Humans; Male; Mediastinal Emphysema/etiology; Mediastinal Emphysema/therapy; Subcutaneous Emphysema/etiology; Subcutaneous Emphysema/therapy; Young Adult
  18. Fulltext The effects of opioid-agonist treatments on HIV risk and social stability: A mixed methods study of women with opioid use disorder in Ukraine
    Hoff E, Marcus R, Bojko MJ, Makarenko I, Mazhnaya A, Altice FL, et al.
    J Subst Abuse Treat, 2017 Dec;83:36-44.
    PMID: 29129194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.10.003
    MeSH terms: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use*; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy; Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology*; Risk; Risk-Taking*; Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data*; Social Class*; Ukraine/epidemiology; HIV Infections/epidemiology*; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology*; Opiate Substitution Treatment/statistics & numerical data*
  19. Fulltext Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine
    Nor MBM, Richards GA, McGloughlin S, Amin PR, Council of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine
    J Crit Care, 2017 Dec;42:360-365.
    PMID: 29129538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004
    The aetiology of community acquired pneumonia varies according to the region in which it is acquired. This review discusses those causes of CAP that occur in the tropics and might not be readily recognizable when transplanted to other sites. Various forms of pneumonia including the viral causes such as influenza (seasonal and avian varieties), the coronaviruses and the Hantavirus as well as bacterial causes, specifically the pneumonic form of Yersinia pestis and melioidosis are discussed.
    MeSH terms: Critical Care/economics; Critical Care/standards*; Developing Countries; Humans; Intensive Care Units/economics; Intensive Care Units/standards*; Medically Underserved Area; Societies, Medical; Tropical Medicine; Yersinia pestis*; Outcome Assessment (Health Care)*; Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis*; Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology; Community-Acquired Infections/therapy; Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis*; Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology; Pneumonia, Bacterial/therapy; Advisory Committees
  20. Fulltext Forensic Age Estimation of Chinese Malaysian Adults by Evaluating Occlusal Tooth Wear Using Modified Kim's Index
    Lu CK, Yee MCS, Ravi SB, Pandurangappa R
    Int J Dent, 2017;2017:4265753.
    PMID: 29129975 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4265753
    Background and Objective: Evaluation of dental attrition is an easy and relatively accurate approach to estimating the age of an adult either ante- or postmortem for some specific population. Dental attrition represents a progressive physiological age change that can be measured using variety of indices to aid as an adjunct in forensic age estimation. Some of the previously proposed indices have their own practical limitations. This paper focuses on using modified Kim's criteria to score dental attrition to estimate the age of Chinese Malaysian adults and validate it.

    Methodology: Tooth wear was evaluated on 190 dental models of Chinese Malaysian adults (age range: 20-60 years) using modified Kim's index to custom-derive a population specific linear equation. The same equation was validated further on new 60 dental casts.

    Results and Conclusion: Regression analysis revealed good correlation between age and teeth wear and lower standard error of estimate. Test of regression on a test sample (n = 30 pairs, age range: 20-60 years) showed insignificant difference between predicted versus the actual age with statistically acceptable mean absolute difference. These data suggest that modified Kim's index can be used effectively in forensic age estimation.

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