Browse publications by year: 2018

  1. George, Mitchel Constance, Murthy, Krishna Dilip, Zainal Arifin Mustapha
    MyJurnal
    Prenatal exposure to chronic stress during critical periods of foetal development produces depression, attention and learning deficits, hormonal imbalances and affects the brain. The effect of prenatal restraint-stress on the postnatal developmental milestones, anthropometric measurements, and the body, brain and adrenal gland weights of the pups were examined and compared with the unrestrained control and the restrained group under the pyramid at postnatal day 10 and 21. Pregnant rats were restrained (9h/day) from gestation day 7 until parturition. Results showed significant delay in the milestones by one day in the restraint control (RC) compared to the unrestrained normal control (NC), while pups of the restrained pyramid (RP) group did not show the delay. Significant decreases in the anthropometric measurements, body and brain weights in RC group were observed at both postnatal days, while the RP group results matched with the NC group. Significant increase in the adrenal weights was found in the RC group compared to NC group and not the RP group. Results suggest prenatal restraint-stress definitely hampers the developmental milestones, anthropometric measurements, and body and brain weights of the young offspring. Results suggest, pyramid environment counteracts and protects the deleterious effects of chronic prenatal stress.
    MeSH terms: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Attention; Brain; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Parturition; Delivery, Obstetric; Fetal Development; Rats
  2. Rahman, Md. Shamsur, Matanjun, David, Parash, M. Tanveer Hossain, Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury, Tan, Tek Song, D’Souza, Urban John Arnold, et al.
    MyJurnal
    The main objective of this study was to obtain information regarding the effects of educational and socio-economic status of the patients on the prescribing pattern of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by the qualified medical personnel in the outpatient departments (OPDs) of two selected polyclinics in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 200 selected patients (100 from each polyclinic) attending the OPDs were interviewed using a questionnaire. Again data were collected, photocopied and later analyzed. Educated and higher income group of patients mostly attended in a Private Polyclinic (PPC) whereas less educated and lower income group of patients generally attended UMS Polyclinic (UPC). This was reported as a probable reason for the wide variations in the prescribing pattern with respect to pharmacological subclasses of NSAIDs in the OPDs of two polyclinics. The present results strongly support that probable reason. The number of patients taking NSAIDs before coming to hospital was more in PPC compared to UPC. They were influenced by pharmacists, friends and doctor’s advice given previously. In conclusion, it may be mentioned that overall prescribing pattern of NSAIDs among two polyclinics is rational.
    MeSH terms: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal*; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Malaysia; Private Facilities
  3. Sieman, Jony, Sieman, Mary, Ratnawati, Agustina Mely, Tan, Tek Song, Mohammad Ibrahim Yusof
    MyJurnal
    Many studies on postural photogrammetry had reported various intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) across postural variable measurements, however no conclusive solution was given. This reliability and cross-sectional study was done in June 2016 at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. A total of 24 male adult subjects with mean age 28.5 years (± 4.8 years), body mass 24.97 kg (± 3.85 kg) and height 166.6 cm (± 6 cm) were evaluated for standing postural photogrammetry. Four sets of manually digitized posture image files (by 4 raters) were measured and statistically analyzed for interrater agreement as well as the influence of image resolution and camera height from the floor on various postural variable measurements. The ICC between 4 raters for all postural variables was excellent (the lowest ICC was 0.940 for Q Angle of the Right Knee measurements). Two-Way ANOVA showed that postural variable measurements were not affected by either image resolution or camera height from the floor. Scrupulous attempts done on standing postural photogrammetry amplified the potential for standing postural evaluation in clinical settings.
  4. Lasimbang HB, Tha NO, Teo JBH, Amir LE
    MyJurnal
    Evidence-based data confirm the relationship between an increased availability of effective contraception and reduction in induced abortion rate. In Malaysia, the contraception prevalence rate in 1966 was 8.8 per cent to 52 per cent in 1984, but has levelled off since then. In recent years there has been increasing report of babies ‘abandonment’ in Malaysia. The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to contraception among women and doctors in Kota Kinabalu the capital of Sabah, Malaysia. Descriptive and analytical community-based cross-sectional study was used. A total of 240 women and 60 doctors were selected from either private or public clinics. The instrument used was face-to-face interview for the women and self-administered questionnaires for doctors. Analysis was done using SPSS version 21. The doctors (80%) felt that contraception is extremely important, and routinely discuss (63%) with their patients. Oral contraceptive pill (97%) is the most common type of contraceptive available in their clinics. About 68% of doctors surprisingly cited that abstinence plays a major part in their contraceptive advice. The average correct answer by doctors on knowledge is 62%. The women surveyed (98.8%) have heard of contraception. The main reason for using is for spacing of pregnancy and many stopped or did not use because of fear of side effects. Women attending the public clinic appear to know more about female and male sterilization and intrauterine contraceptive device compared to those attending private clinic. Further research is needed to reinforce this study.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan (maternal and child health clinics), private general practitioner clinics. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
    MeSH terms: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Contraception; Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Personnel; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice*; Malaysia; Physicians, Primary Care; Private Facilities
  5. Chodankar, Nagesh N., May, Honey Ohn, D’Souza, Urban John Arnold
    MyJurnal
    Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a record of electrical activity of the heart. PQRST waves represent
    the electrical activities of atria and ventricles. A complete three-dimensional electrical activity is
    possible to be recorded using a 12-lead ECG. The normal and different routinely-met clinical ECG
    are elaborated and discussed. This routine, normal and abnormal ECG, like arrhythmias and heart
    block records as well as their clinical notes shall be educational information for the medical students.
    MeSH terms: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electrocardiography; Heart Atria; Students, Medical
  6. Diymitra, K. G., Mushawiahti, M., Aida Zairani, M. Z.
    MyJurnal
    Orbital cellulitis is a relatively common disease affecting predominantly the paediatric population. Most cases occur as a result of spread from the nearby sinuses. Other causes include penetrating trauma or extension from infected adjacent structures.If left untreated, this condition may result in devastating sequelae such as orbital apex syndrome, cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, intracranial abscess formation and even death. A 47 year old immunocompetent Burmese lady presented with left eyelid swelling of 2 days duration associated with eye redness, blurring of vision and diplopia. Previously, there was history of right maxillary sinusitis and parapharyngeal abscess 9 months prior to presentation. On examination, she was afebrile with vision of 1/60 for the left eye with positiverelative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). The eye was proptosed and swollen with restricted extraocular movements in all gazes. Conjunctiva was injected with chemosis and there was corneal epithelial bedewing. Otherwise anterior chamber was quiet and intraocular pressure was 51mmHg. Bilateral fundus examination was normal. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbit and paranasal sinus showed dense sinusitis and periosteal abscess at the lateral orbital wall.She was started on intravenous (IV) Cefuroxime and Metronidazole and underwent Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) and orbital decompression. Intra-operatively there was pus and debris at the left anterior ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid air sinuses and cultures revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae which was sensitive to Cefuroxime. Despite medical and surgical treatment, left orbital swelling only reduced minimally. However after starting intravenous Dexamethasone the swelling dramatically improved. She completed 10 days of intravenous Dexamethasone. Upon discharge, she was given oral Dexamethasone 2mg daily for 2 weeks and completed 2 weeks of oral Cefuroxime and Metronidazole. Intraocular pressure normalised and vision recovered to 6/9. A repeat CT orbit 3 weeks later showed resolving preseptal and periorbital collection.
    MeSH terms: Abscess; Anterior Chamber; Cefuroxime; Child; Conjunctiva; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Dexamethasone; Diplopia; Exophthalmos; Female; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Meningitis; Metronidazole; Orbit; Paranasal Sinuses; Pupil Disorders; Sinusitis; Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tonometry, Ocular; Maxillary Sinusitis; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis; Orbital Cellulitis
  7. Fatin Hanisah, F., Umi Kalthum, M. N., Rona Asnida, N., Jemaima, C. H.
    MyJurnal
    A 55-year-old healthy lady with history of regular contact lens (CL) use presented with 10 days history of
    progressive left eye blurring of vision, redness and pain. There was good CL hygiene practiced with no history of
    swimming, trauma or contact with domestic pets. Left eye vision was hand movement and right eye was 1/60,
    pinhole 6/18. On the left eye, there was a central, oval-shaped corneal infiltrate with an overlying large epithelial
    defect and stromal oedema, with significant anterior chamber cells and fibrin. B-mode ultrasound showed no vitritis.
    Intensive topical benzylpenicillin 10000iu/ml and topical gentamycin 1.4% hourly, homatropine 2% three times
    daily, oral doxycycline and oral ascorbic acid were started. The gram stain results showed gram positive cocci
    growth. Her ulcer improved with the treatment and preservative-free dexamethasone 0.1% once daily was
    commenced to reduce inflammation and scarring. Interestingly, culture was reported as Pasteurella maltocida, a
    gram negative bacilli sensitive to penicillin, and so treatment was continued until the ulcer completely healed. She
    had central corneal scarring with best corrected vision of 6/24 in the left eye but was not keen on further surgery to
    improve her vision. Although it has not been previously reported, Pasteurella multocida can cause CL related
    corneal ulcer with severe anterior chamber inflammation. This diagnosis should be considered even if there is trivial
    contact or no history of exposure to domestic animals.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anterior Chamber; Ascorbic Acid; Cicatrix; Corneal Ulcer; Dexamethasone; Doxycycline; Coloring Agents; Edema; Female; Fibrin; Gentamicins; Gentian Violet; Gram-Positive Cocci; Hygiene; Inflammation; Pain; Pasteurella; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Phenazines; Swimming; Tropanes; Ulcer; Pasteurella multocida
  8. Poh, K. W., Syed Osman, S. I. H.
    MyJurnal
    We report on a rare case of a child with persistent right upper lid eversion with conjunctival prolapse since birth that
    failed various attempts in repositioning the right superior fornix at other centre. He was found to have a right superotemporal
    orbital mass above the prolapsed area. Computerized tomography (CT) scan of orbit confirmed a right
    lacrimal gland tumour with thinning of the right lesser wing of sphenoid. An excision biopsy of the tumour via
    anterior orbitotomy and eyelid reconstruction were performed. Histopathology report reviewed plexiform
    neurofibroma of the lacrimal gland. Further physical examination confirmed presence of multiple café-au-lait spots.
    He was diagnosed as Neurofibromatosis Type 1.
  9. Azizan, N., Hayati, F., Madatang, A., Abu Seman, F.
    MyJurnal
    Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is a rare malignant tumour of the endometrium, accounts for less than 1% of all
    uterine malignancies. Routinely, it is diagnosed morphologically, supported by immunomarkers of CD10 and
    vimentin. CD56 is used widely in neuroendocrine tumour. In our current practice, CD56 is not used to support the
    diagnosis of ESS. We present a case of a postmenopausal lady with advanced ESS who had expression of CD56
    upon immunohistochemical study
    MeSH terms: Endometrium; Female; Humans; Uterine Neoplasms; Vimentin; Endometrial Neoplasms; Postmenopause; Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal; Neuroendocrine Tumors
  10. Kenneth Teow, K. L., Nor Akmal, B., Jamalia, R., Safinaz, M. K.
    MyJurnal
    Strabismus is one of the most common ocular problems affecting the preschool population and the aim of strabismus surgery is to correct abnormal alignment of the eyes. A 5-year-old girl with strabismus underwent an uneventful surgery and was discharged on the same day with topical medications. Two days later, she returned with a painful right lower eyelid swelling, eye discharge and fever which started 1 day post-surgery. She was admitted for intravenous (IV) antibiotic. Symptoms initially improved after 24 hours of treatment, but later she had worsening eyelid swelling. An urgent CT scan of the orbit showed a right lower lid abscess with orbital cellulitis. Subsequently an examination under anaesthesia (EUA) and incision and drainage (I&D) of the lower lid abscess were performed. Culture from the pus grew Community Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), sensitive to Vancomycin. At day 2 post I&D she subsequently developed another episode of localised right lower lid swelling. Another EUA was done but showed the lower lid and wound was free of pus. She was later found to have a toxic reaction to topical Gentamicin and hence this medication was stopped. She responded well to treatment and was discharged after completing her IV antibiotics. At 14 months outpatient follow up, she was well and orthophoric in primary gaze. While treating a disease, we should be opened to all possibilities and not to treat with multiple antibiotics once susceptibility is known
    MeSH terms: Abscess; Anesthesia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Drainage; Edema; Eye; Female; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Gentamicins; Humans; Malaysia; Methicillin; Orbit; Outpatients; Strabismus; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vancomycin; Orbital Cellulitis; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  11. Norliyana, M., Nor Hamdan, M. Y., Rizal, A. R.
    MyJurnal
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection. The diagnosis is challenging
    especially in cases of latent tuberculosis. QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT®) is an interferon-gamma relative assay
    (IGRA) which is highly specific and sensitive for detection of MTB infection. We report a case of 76-year-old lady
    diagnosed with tuberculous prosthetic joint infection following total knee replacement. Histological examination of
    abnormal synovial tissue taken intraoperatively reveals chronic granulomatous lesion and raised suspicion of
    tuberculous infection in otherwise asymptomatic patient. The tuberculin skin test, MTB acid-fast stain and
    tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction were negative. The diagnosis dilemma was solved with positive result of
    QuantiFERON TB Gold Test. The patient was treated with anti-tuberculous drug without any surgical intervention.
    At five months follow-up, patient was clinically well with no symptoms and signs of infection.
  12. Norhuzaimah, J., Liu, C. Y., Muhammad, M., Joanna Ooi ,S. M.
    MyJurnal
    During induction of general anaesthesia, the act of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation stimulates the sympathetic
    nervous system resulting in an increase in blood pressure and heart rate which may be harmful especially in elderly
    patients with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease. Several drugs have therefore been used to obtund this increase
    including esmolol, nicardipine, magnesium sulphate and lignocaine. This prospective, double blind randomised
    clinical trial compared the efficacy of magnesium sulphate and esmolol in attenuating haemodynamic responses to
    laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. One hundred and twenty six ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective surgery
    requiring general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation were enrolled and randomised into two groups: Group 1 (n =
    67) received MgSO4 40 mg/kg diluted in 100 ml normal saline administered over ten minutes, whereas Group 2 (n =
    59) received a bolus of esmolol 1.0 mg/kg diluted to 10 ml. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were
    recorded every minute for subsequent 10 minutes following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Attenuation of the
    mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation was significantly larger
    in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Patients in Group 2 had significantly better suppression of heart rate response
    compared to Group 1 during the first four minutes after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (p
    MeSH terms: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Double-Blind Method; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngoscopy; Lidocaine; Magnesium Sulfate; Nervous System; Nicardipine; Propanolamines; Prospective Studies; Myocardial Ischemia
  13. Tan AH, Toh TH, Low SC, Fong SL, Chong KK, Lee KW, et al.
    J Mov Disord, 2018 Sep;11(3):149-151.
    PMID: 30086616 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18017
  14. Rahim MZA, Govender-Hondros G, Adeloju SB
    Talanta, 2018 Nov 01;189:418-428.
    PMID: 30086941 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.041
    The development of free and total cholesterol nanobiosensors based on a single step electrochemical integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), cholesterol oxidase (COx), cholesterol esterase (CE) and a mediator with polypyrrole (PPy) films is described. The incorporation of the various components in the PPy films was confirmed by chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The free cholesterol, PPy-NO3--Fe(CN)64--AuNPs-COx, nanobiosensor achieved a minimum detectable concentration of 5 μM, a linear concentration range of 5-25 μM and a sensitivity of 1.6 µA cm-2 µM-1 in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.00). For the total cholesterol, PPy-NO3--Fe(CN)64--AuNPs-COx-CE, nanobiosensor which also involved the co-incorporation of cholesterol esterase (CE) with the other components, the achieved performances include a minimum detectable total cholesterol concentration of 25 μM, a broader linear concentration range of 25-170 μM and a lower sensitivity of 0.1 µA µM-1 cm-2. Owing to its high selectivity, the presence of common interferants did not affect the total cholesterol measurement with the PPy-NO3--Fe(CN)64--AuNPs-COx-CE nanobiosensor. Both nanobiosensors were successfully used for direct and indirect determination of total cholesterol in human blood serum samples.
    MeSH terms: Buffers; Cholesterol/analysis*; Cholesterol/blood; Sterol Esterase/metabolism*; Cholesterol Oxidase/metabolism*; Electrochemistry; Gold/chemistry*; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Polymers/chemistry*; Pyrroles/chemistry*; Biosensing Techniques/methods*; Nanotechnology; Cellulomonas/enzymology; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*; Limit of Detection
  15. Wan Muhammad Hatta SF, Kandaswamy L, Gherman-Ciolac C, Mann J, Buch HN
    PMID: 30087779 DOI: 10.1530/EDM-18-0074
    Myopathy is a well-known complication of hypercortisolism and commonly involves proximal lower-limb girdle. We report a rare case of Cushing's syndrome in a 60-year-old female presenting with significant respiratory muscle weakness and respiratory failure. She had history of rheumatoid arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary hypothyroidism and presented with weight gain and increasing shortness of breath. Investigations confirmed a restrictive defect with impaired gas transfer but with no significant parenchymatous pulmonary disease. Respiratory muscle test confirmed weakness of respiratory muscles and diaphragm. Biochemical and radiological investigations confirmed hypercortisolaemia secondary to a left adrenal tumour. Following adrenalectomy her respiratory symptoms improved along with an objective improvement in the respiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic movement and pulmonary function test.

    Learning points: Cushing's syndrome can present in many ways, a high index of suspicion is required for its diagnosis, as often patients present with only few of the pathognomonic symptoms and signs of the syndrome.Proximal lower-limb girdle myopathy is common in Cushing's syndrome. Less often long-term exposure of excess glucocorticoid production can also affect other muscles including respiratory muscle and the diaphragm leading to progressive shortness of breath and even acute respiratory failure.Treatment of Cushing's myopathy involves treating the underlying cause that is hypercortisolism. Various medications have been suggested to hinder the development of GC-induced myopathy, but their effects are poorly analysed.

    MeSH terms: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenalectomy; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cushing Syndrome; Diaphragm; Dyspnea; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Intercostal Muscles; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Lung Diseases; Middle Aged; Muscular Diseases; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Muscles; Weight Gain
  16. George D, Hss AS, Hassali A
    Cureus, 2018 Jun 05;10(6):e2746.
    PMID: 30087822 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2746
    Background and objectives In Malaysia, the national voluntary non-punitive Medication Error Reporting System (MER-S) has been available since 2009, with compiled reports indicating the underreporting of various medication errors (ME). This survey intends to determine the ME reporting practice among healthcare professionals and the acceptance of ME reporting by utilising smartphone application if it is available. Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted for two months in 2017 among doctors and pharmacists in publicly funded healthcare facilities in Perak, Malaysia. The survey was distributed through various professional WhatsApp chat groups, and reminders were sent twice to the respondents. Results A total of 334 doctors and pharmacists responded to the survey; the majority were pharmacists (61.7%) with a median age (in years) of 32 (interquartile range (IQR) 29-36) and work experience (in years) of 7.5 years (IQR 5-11). The rate of respondents being aware of the MER-S and having encountered ME at the workplace was high, at 73.4% and 96.1%, respectively. However, only 44.8% reported using the system. The reason hindering them from reporting ME was primarily being in a busy and hectic work environment. Pharmacists were more likely to report ME compared to doctors (adjusted odds ratio (adj OR) 10.51; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 5.34, 20.6), especially pharmacists who had frequent encounters with ME at work (adj OR 2.84; 95% CI: 1.70, 4.81) and who perceived that ME can be handled well (adj OR 3.52; 95% CI: 1.93, 6.44). They were more likely to report ME. A majority (90.7%) had downloaded one or more digital medical applications to aid their work. The speed of Internet connectivity at the workplace was rated as "fast" or "good" among 136 (40.7%) respondents but among 130 (38.9%), it was "average." The percentage of doctors and pharmacists that would report ME by utilising a smartphone application was 86.5% if one is available, and they preferred an application with a user-friendly interface, anonymity, and limited data-entry requirements. Conclusion Doctors and pharmacists were aware of MER-S and willing to report when they encountered ME. However, less than half of the respondents had used the system. With the primary concern of ME underreporting in a busy and hectic work environment, an alternative smartphone ME reporting application can be developed to complement the current MER-S considering that the respondents had positive responses to this method.
  17. Adam IK, Heikal M, Aziz ARA, Yusup S
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Oct;25(28):28500-28516.
    PMID: 30088249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2863-8
    The present work analyzes the effect of antioxidants on engine combustion performance of a multi-cylinder diesel engine fueled with PB30 and PB50 (30 and 50 vol.% palm biodiesel (PB)). Four antioxidants namely N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD), N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (NPPD), 2(3)-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), and 2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol (TBHQ) were added at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 ppm to PB30 and PB50. TBHQ showed the highest activity in increasing oxidation stability in both PB30 and PB50 followed by BHA, DPPD, and NPPD respectively, without any negative effect on physical properties. Compared to diesel fuel, PB blends showed 4.61-6.45% lower brake power (BP), 5.90-8.69% higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), 9.64-11.43% higher maximum in cylinder pressure, and 7.76-12.51% higher NO emissions. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke opacity were reduced by 36.78-43.56%, 44.12-58.21%, and 42.59-63.94%, respectively, than diesel fuel. The start of combustion angles (SOC) of PB blends was - 13.2 to - 15.6 °CA BTDC, but the combustion delays were 5.4-7.8 °CA short compared to diesel fuel which were - 10 °CA BTDC and 11°CA respectively. Antioxidant fuels of PB showed higher BP (1.81-5.32%), CO (8.41-24.60%), and HC (13.51-37.35%) with lower BSFC (1.67-7.68%), NO (4.32-11.53%), maximum in cylinder pressure (2.33-4.91%) and peak heat release rates (HRR) (3.25-11.41%) than baseline fuel of PB. Similar SOC of - 13 to - 14 °CA BTDC was observed for PB blended fuels and antioxidants. It can be concluded that antioxidants' addition is effective in increasing the oxidation stability and in controlling the NOx emissions of palm biodiesel fuelled diesel engine.
    MeSH terms: Antioxidants/chemistry*; Vehicle Emissions/analysis*; Carbon Monoxide/analysis; Gasoline/analysis*; Hydrocarbons/analysis; Nitrogen Oxides/analysis*; Oxidation-Reduction; Smoke/analysis; Motor Vehicles/standards*; Biofuels/analysis*
  18. Agi A, Junin R, Rasol M, Gbadamosi A, Gunaji R
    PLoS One, 2018;13(8):e0200595.
    PMID: 30089104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200595
    Treated Rhizopora mucronata tannin (RMT) as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel and copper in oil and gas facilities was investigated. Corrosion rate of carbon-steel and copper in 3wt% NaCl solution by RMT was studied using chemical (weight loss method) and spectroscopic (FTIR) techniques at various temperatures in the ranges of 26-90°C. The weight loss data was compared to the electrochemical by the application of Faraday's law for the conversion of corrosion rate data from one system to another. The inhibitive efficiency of RMT was compared with commercial inhibitor sodium benzotriazole (BTA-S). The best concentration of RMT was 20% (w/v), increase in concentration of RMT decreased the corrosion rate and increased the inhibitive efficiency. Increase in temperature increased the corrosion rate and decreased the inhibitive efficiency but, the rate of corrosion was mild with RMT. The FTIR result shows the presence of hydroxyl group, aromatic group, esters and the substituted benzene group indicating the purity of the tannin. The trend of RMT was similar to that of BTA-S, but its inhibitive efficiency for carbon-steel was poor (6%) compared to RMT (59%). BTA-S was efficient for copper (76%) compared to RMT (74%) at 40% (w/v) and 20% (w/v) concentration respectively. RMT was efficient even at low concentration therefore, the use of RMT as a cost effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibiting agent for carbon steel and copper is herein proposed.
    MeSH terms: Copper/chemistry; Corrosion; Sodium Chloride/chemistry*; Steel/chemistry; Tannins/chemistry*; Temperature; Triazoles/chemistry; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Rhizophoraceae/metabolism*
  19. Md Razali NAA, Ibrahim MF, Kamal Bahrin E, Abd-Aziz S
    Molecules, 2018 Aug 03;23(8).
    PMID: 30081514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081944
    This study was conducted in order to optimise simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for biobutanol production from a pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Temperature, initial pH, cellulase loading and substrate concentration were screened using one factor at a time (OFAT) and further statistically optimised by central composite design (CCD) using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Approximately 2.47 g/L of biobutanol concentration and 0.10 g/g of biobutanol yield were obtained after being screened through OFAT with 29.55% increment (1.42 fold). The optimised conditions for SSF after CCD were: temperature of 35 °C, initial pH of 5.5, cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g-substrate and substrate concentration of 5% (w/v). This optimisation study resulted in 55.95% increment (2.14 fold) of biobutanol concentration equivalent to 3.97 g/L and biobutanol yield of 0.16 g/g. The model and optimisation design obtained from this study are important for further improvement of biobutanol production, especially in consolidated bioprocessing technology.
    MeSH terms: Butanols; Cellulase; Fermentation; Fruit; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Temperature; Vitamin B 12; Clostridium acetobutylicum
  20. Almassri AMM, Wan Hasan WZ, Ahmad SA, Shafie S, Wada C, Horio K
    Sensors (Basel), 2018 Aug 05;18(8).
    PMID: 30081581 DOI: 10.3390/s18082561
    This paper presents a novel approach to predicting self-calibration in a pressure sensor using a proposed Levenberg Marquardt Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (LMBP-ANN) model. The self-calibration algorithm should be able to fix major problems in the pressure sensor such as hysteresis, variation in gain and lack of linearity with high accuracy. The traditional calibration process for this kind of sensor is a time-consuming task because it is usually done through manual and repetitive identification. Furthermore, a traditional computational method is inadequate for solving the problem since it is extremely difficult to resolve the mathematical formula among multiple confounding pressure variables. Accordingly, this paper describes a new self-calibration methodology for nonlinear pressure sensors based on an LMBP-ANN model. The proposed method was achieved using a collected dataset from pressure sensors in real time. The load cell will be used as a reference for measuring the applied force. The proposed method was validated by comparing the output pressure of the trained network with the experimental target pressure (reference). This paper also shows that the proposed model exhibited a remarkable performance than traditional methods with a max mean square error of 0.17325 and an R-value over 0.99 for the total response of training, testing and validation. To verify the proposed model's capability to build a self-calibration algorithm, the model was tested using an untrained input data set. As a result, the proposed LMBP-ANN model for self-calibration purposes is able to successfully predict the desired pressure over time, even the uncertain behaviour of the pressure sensors due to its material creep. This means that the proposed model overcomes the problems of hysteresis, variation in gain and lack of linearity over time. In return, this can be used to enhance the durability of the grasping mechanism, leading to a more robust and secure grasp for paralyzed hands. Furthermore, the exposed analysis approach in this paper can be a useful methodology for the user to evaluate the performance of any measurement system in a real-time environment.
    MeSH terms: Algorithms; Calibration; Hand; Pressure; Hand Strength
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