Browse publications by year: 2024

  1. Natural intestinal parasite infection in synanthropic migratory Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, in central Peninsular Malaysia
    Md Khir NF, Ya'cob Z, Mansor MS, Ismail NA, Daud UNS, Sahimin N
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):438-440.
    PMID: 39876500 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.003
    Migratory birds are potential vectors transmitting zoonotic parasites, bacteria, and viruses that can significantly affect human health. Over 60 diseases have been identified to be associated with these birds. Given their close proximity to human habitation, the potential transmission of zoonotic diseases is a major concern for the public. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the droppings of the Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, a bird species that annually migrates to Malaysia. Eighty droppings from H. rustica were collected; 13.75% of the samples were found to be positive for various parasites, including Ascaridia galli (8.75%), Eimeria sp. (2.5%), Hymenolepis spp. (1.25%), and Toxocara spp. (1.25%). These findings offer valuable insights into the current prevalence of bird parasitic infections. They can serve as a crucial resource for implementing effective control measures, devising prevention strategies, and predicting future outbreaks of parasite infections transmitted by birds.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Feces/parasitology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Prevalence; Animal Migration
  2. Larvicidal activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Lavandula dentata and Nerium oleander flowers against the vector of avian malaria Culiseta longiareolata
    Dris D, Bouabida H, Seghier H, Gheraibia S
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):441-449.
    PMID: 39876501 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.004
    In light of the adverse effects of chemical insecticides on the environment and human health, as well as the development of mosquito resistance to them, this study explores the potential of methanol and aqueous flower extracts from Lavandula dentata and Nerium oleander as bioinsecticides against Culiseta longiareolata mosquitoes. Additionally, it aims to assess the impact of these extracts on enzymatic biomarkers and biochemical composition of fourth instar larvae of Culiseta longiareolata.Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, gallic and catechic tannins in both plant extracts. Sterols and quinones were exclusively found in L. dentata, while saponins were identified in N. oleander. methanolic extracts demonstrated higher yields compared to aqueous extracts. The results showed significant larvicidal activity for all the tested extracts, the LC50 values after 24 hours are: 463.8; 338.1; 760.9 and 99.64 ppm for the aqueous and methanolic extract of L. dentata and N. oleander respectively. This proves that the methanolic extracts of N. oleander and L. dentata have higher efficacy against C. longiareolata compared to the aqueous extracts. Enzymatic activity assays conducted on larvae treated with various extracts, particularly at LC25 and LC50 concentrations, indicated an induction of the detoxification system, evidenced by increased glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and catalase activity. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant reduction in the growth of fourth-stage larvae treated with these extracts. As well as a notable decrease of a percentage ranging from 44.23 to 83.30% in protein content; a reduction between 38.15-78.57% in carbohydrates and a percentage decrease of 23.85 to 63.58% in lipids. These findings suggest that the observed effects may be attributed to the stressful conditions imposed by the treatment, necessitating additional energy supply from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the larvae.
    MeSH terms: Methanol/chemistry; Animals; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects
  3. House dust mites eradication treatments: Current updates emphasizing on tropical countries
    Seow I, Siew ZY, Wong ST, Wong SF, Fang CM, Kan MS, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):450-460.
    PMID: 39876502 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.005
    House Dust Mites (HDMs) like Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Blomia tropicalis (B. tropicalis) were found all over the world. Their relationship with allergy diseases was one of the focal points of epidemiological investigations spanning various geographical regions globally but specifically in regions with warm temperatures. Their omnipresence underscores their pivotal role in the etiology and exacerbation of some respiratory disorders, emphasizing their significance as environmental allergens. Despite the availability of numerous eradication treatments ranging from sun exposure to ozone-based approaches, the quest for efficacious HDM eradication encounters obstacles due to the diversity in study methodologies employed to evaluate these different intervention strategies. This methodological heterogeneity complicates the quantification of treatment efficacy, impeding the establishment of definitive criteria distinguishing "effective" from "ineffective" approaches. Despite the urgency of developing solutions, current efforts are hindered by this lack of consensus. This review aims to bridge this gap by synthesizing existing knowledge on HDM eradication strategies and discussing their efficacy, safety, and practicality. By addressing these discrepancies, this article endeavors to provide insights and clues for the future development of evidence-based interventions aimed at mitigating HDM infestations and ultimately reducing its sensitization rate worldwide.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Mite Infestations/prevention & control; Tropical Climate; Pyroglyphidae*
  4. Monitoring of ventilation in prone position in a patient diagnosed with scrub typhus and acute respiratory distress syndrome by using an electrical impedance tomography: a case report
    Huang L, Chen LN, Jia SW, Li M
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):461-463.
    PMID: 39876503 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.006
    Scrub typhus is an infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is transmitted through bite of chigger mite larvae and presents with symptoms such as fever, myalgia, headache, rash, and a characteristic eschar at the site of mite bites. This report details the case of a woman exhibiting acute febrile illness, bilateral pneumonia, and severe hypoxemia, prompting suspicion of scrub typhus due to the presence of a typical eschar on the pubic mound. The patient underwent combined therapy with azithromycin and doxycycline, alongside supplemental oxygen and prone positioning, with continuous monitoring facilitated by Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). Eventually the patient's symptoms improved. This case highlights the importance of timely identification of ARDS in scrub typhus patients and the utility of EIT in monitoring disease progression.
    MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use; Doxycycline/therapeutic use; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Tomography*; Prone Position; Electric Impedance*; Azithromycin/therapeutic use
  5. Dynamic trends of dengue fever serotypes in northern India: Exploring clinical manifestations, serotype dissemination, and the influence of mixed infections
    Pandey P, Ranjan R, Agarwal P, Gupta RM, Pandey AK, Das A, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):464-470.
    PMID: 39876504 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.007
    Examining the co-circulation of various serotypes and finding serotypes linked to illness severity were the main objectives of this study, which sought to investigate the epidemiology and serotype distribution of dengue in Haryana, North India. The cross-sectional study, which was carried out in a tertiary care hospital between September 2021 and April 2023, enrolled participants who met WHO criteria for probable dengue fever. Blood samples underwent molecular and serological diagnostics, such as immunochromatographic testing, VIDAS® Dengue NS1 assays, and TRUPCR® Dengue Detection and serotyping kits, in addition to the collection of clinical and demographic data. Dengue was found to be present in 212 of the 536 probable cases, with serotype DENV-2 being the most common. There have also been reports of mixed DENV-1 and DENV-2 infections. Different serotypes caused different lengths of sickness; DENV-2 showed a sustained high RT-PCR positivity. The severity of the disease was linked to distinct serotypes based on significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels between individuals with dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). The study emphasizes how complicated dengue virus infections can be because of the co-circulation of several serotypes and the possibility of mixed infections. Serotypes and illness severity are correlated, which emphasizes the necessity of continuous surveillance and monitoring to improve outbreak prediction and management. These results are critical for guiding clinical judgments and public health policy, especially with relation to the possible introduction of a dengue vaccine.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; India/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Serotyping; Young Adult; Coinfection/epidemiology; Coinfection/virology; Serogroup*
  6. Breeding sites, migration paths and phylogenetic relationships of mosquitoes in seven cities in northern and southern China
    Su J, Zhao JY, Li YF, Lu YJ
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):471-480.
    PMID: 39876505 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.008
    Mosquito-borne diseases have wreaked havoc on human health, with consequences dramatically increasing in recent years. The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases is closely linked to the locations that are chosen for urban development. The aim of this study was to provide characteristics of mosquito breeding sites in northern and southern China and to document the most important arbovirus vectors found in the study area, the evidence generated here is critical for early prevention and control inter ventions. This research involved a random selection of various sites across four provinces, spanning both the northern and southern regions of China. The dwellings and accessible water storage containers in these sites were investigated to detect the presence of immature mosquitoes. Samples were then collected, mosquitoes were nurtured to adulthood, and the species that were present were identified. A total of 1 249 samples were collected during this survey of the mosquito breeding sites. A total of 80 samples were processed using the Chelex method to extract mosquito DNA from all the samples. The ITS2 gene fragment was then amplified by PCR and sequenced. A subsequent BLAST comparison allowed the identification of the mosquito species, and MEGA11 software was used for phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that there were four species of mosquitoes, including Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Lutzia fuscanus and Armigeres subalbatus. The primary mosquito breeding grounds in the four provinces of China consisted of storm drains, discarded containers, garbage bins, and areas with standing water. Still-water environments, such as rice fields were the primary breeding locations in the southern cities. In contrast, in the northern regions, most breeding occurred at construction sites, and in similar water-prone areas. The most prevalent mosquitoes in the four provinces of China were of the genus Aedes, with a significant number originating from Fujian Province, China. This information sheds light on the migration patterns of mosquitoes and significantly enhances community-based protection measures and mobilization efforts.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Breeding; China; Cities*; Phylogeny*; Animal Migration
  7. Association of total and dengue-specific IgE levels in the sera with dengue virus inhibition and antibody-dependent enhancement
    Annsley DS, Chin KL, Tan KK, AbuBakar S, Zainal N
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):481-490.
    PMID: 39876506 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.009
    Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), poses a significant global health challenge. Effective vaccines and treatments for dengue are lacking due to gaps in understanding its pathogenesis and mechanisms in severe cases. This study investigates the role of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in dengue, focusing on its potential association with virus neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in DENV replication. Serum samples were obtained from dengue-positive (dengue-IgG positive), SLE (dengue-IgG negative), and control (dengue-IgG and SLE-negative) individuals. SLE sera were included as a control for their high total IgE levels. Total IgE and dengue-specific IgE levels were measured using ELISA. Neutralization assays in Vero and KU812 cells were conducted to assess virus neutralization and ADE, respectively. Dengue-positive and SLE sera showed higher total IgE levels than control sera, although there was no significance seen. Dengue-positive sera showed the presence of dengue-specific IgE, whereas SLE and control sera exhibited negligible levels. Neutralization assay in dengue-positive sera revealed no correlation between IgE levels and virus inhibition. SLE sera, however, demonstrated an inverse correlation between total IgE levels and DENV neutralization, suggesting a potential involvement of total IgE in DENV replication in the context of SLE. Seventy-eight percent of SLE sera, 65% of denguepositive and 54% of control sera exhibited enhanced virus replication in KU812 cells with serum compared to virus alone, indicating the highest occurrence of ADE in SLE, followed by dengue-positive and control sera. DENV expression in KU812 cells was notably higher in SLE sera, indicating increased ADE risk. However, no association was found between IgE levels and virus expression in KU812 cells across all groups. The inverse correlation between total IgE levels and DENV neutralization in SLE sera suggests that IgE may facilitate virus replication. Further comprehensive exploration is needed to fully understand the role of IgE in dengue pathogenesis.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Animals; Cercopithecus aethiops; Female; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology; Male; Middle Aged; Vero Cells; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement*; Young Adult; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
  8. Antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of Helix aspersa mucus towards multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    Merah N, Bouacha M, Benhassine Y, Bourzama G
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):491-497.
    PMID: 39876507 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.010
    The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of mucus from Helix aspersa, a species of terrestrial snail, against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The antibacterial effect was assessed using well diffusion, microdilution, and time kill assays. The antibiofilm effect was assessed using crystal violet staining. Protein profiling was conducted through SDS-PAGE Electrophosis to determine the molecular weights of the mucus proteins. The results show that Helix aspersa mucus has potent anibacterial properties with inhibitory diameters ranging from 18.67±1.53 to 25.16±1.04 mm, and MIC and MBC values ranging from 3.12 to 6.25 (v/v). The MBC/MIC values from 1 to 2 and the time kill curve demonstrated that Helix aspersa mucus has a bactericidal effect. It has also a significant antibiofilm effect as it could inhibit the formation of biofilms at percentages ranging from 88.46±0.96% to 94.93±1.48% and eliminate biofilm at percentages ranging from 79.69±1.36% to 91.38±1.80%. Protein profiling of the mucus revealed the presence of three distinct proteins with molecular weights of 29.0, 81.1, and 106.4 kDa, which are likely responsible for these bioactive properties. Helix aspersa mucus could serve as a promising natural antimicrobial agent, offering potential applications in treating infected wounds caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Helix (Snails)/chemistry; Microbial Sensitivity Tests*; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
  9. Potential induction of apoptosis and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in Aedes mosquitoes by Streptomyces-derived ethyl acetate extract
    Amelia-Yap ZH, Azman AS, Hassandarvish P, Loong SK, Vinnie-Siow WY, Tan TK, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):498-511.
    PMID: 39876508 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.011
    The use of Streptomyces secondary metabolites for mosquito control has recently received positive attention. Accordingly, this study was performed to elucidate the cellular, genomic and biochemical responses of Aedes mosquitoes to Streptomyces sp. KSF103 ethyl acetate (EA) extract, a mixture previously characterized for its potential bioactivity. Through flow-cytometry based apoptosis assay, EA extract elicited apoptosis-mediated cell death in C6/36 cells of Aedes albopictus. Microarray analysis on Ae. aegypti larvae and adults revealed the potential involvement of tropomodulin and sestrin, which was validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, suggesting apoptosis induction in response to the EA extract. Functional analysis suggested that MAPK and Notch signaling pathways are linked to apoptosis. On the other hand, biochemical assays demonstrated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in both larvae and adults, suggesting the toxicity disrupted their nervous system. In conclusion, this study has revealed the promising bioactivities of a Streptomyces-derived insecticide, providing insights into the mechanisms involved and emphasizing its potential significance in mosquito control.
    MeSH terms: Acetates/pharmacology; Animals; Insecticides/pharmacology; Mosquito Control
  10. Cryptic genetic diversity and molecular detection of Trypanosoma theileri complex in the deer fly Chrysops dispar Fabricius from Thailand
    Gomontean B, Wannasingha W, Jumpato W, Wongpakam K, Mintara R, Jaroenchaiwattanachote C, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):512-517.
    PMID: 39876509 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.012
    The deer fly (Diptera, Tabanidae), Chrysops dispar Fabricius is a common and widespread pest and vector species transmitting pathogens to animals including economically significant livestock. However, there is only limited information on genetic diversity, which crucial for understanding disease epidemiology. In this study, we examined genetic diversity of C. dispar collected from northeastern Thailand and compared with Indian material, from where this species was originally described. A molecular approach was used to screen for trypanosome. High genetic diversity was found within Thai C. dispar specimens with maximum 3.10% intraspecific genetic divergence due to the existence of two cryptic genetic lineages. Because these lineages coexist geographically, this indicates some degree of isolation, or the early stage of speciation. Phylogenetic analyses between Thai and Indian C. dispar populations revealed that they are genetically clearly distinct with minimum genetic divergence of 2.59%. A molecular species delimitation analysis supported that they belong to different species. Molecular screening of trypanosomes revealed that 20 of 90 specimens were positive and 16 of these were successfully sequenced. Based on sequence similarity, all were belonging to Trypanosoma theileri complex detected in cattle, the first report of this parasite in C. dispar. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that they belonged to two lineages (TthI and TthII) of this protozoa, corresponding to the occurrence of this parasite found in cattle in Thailand.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Cattle; Phylogeny*; Thailand/epidemiology; Genetic Variation*; DNA, Protozoan/genetics; Sequence Analysis, DNA
  11. Blood meal analysis: unveiling the feeding preferences of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a dengue-endemic area
    Jeyaprakasam NK, Naidu VTV, Vythilingam I, Saeung A
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):518-525.
    PMID: 39876510 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.013
    Studies have suggested animals as possible reservoir hosts for flaviviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes; however, there is limited evidence for the dengue virus in Malaysia. One of the possible ways to determine the zoonotic potential for any pathogen transmission is through blood meal analysis which can provide valuable insights into the feeding preferences of the mosquitoes. Unfortunately, limited information is available on the feeding preferences of Aedes mosquitoes in Malaysia. Thus, this study aimed to identify the blood-feeding preferences of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from different ecotypes in Selangor, Malaysia. The field mosquitoes were collected using a modified backpack aspirator and CDC light trap. The collected mosquitoes were initially classified based on degrees of blood digestion according to the Sella scale before extracting the DNA. The presence of vertebrate DNA was detected using nested PCR, and samples positive for vertebrate DNA were further subjected to species-specific PCR targeting the common animals found at the study locations. In general, 51 of 187 field caught Aedes mosquitoes were positive for the presence of vertebrate DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (38.2%), followed by monkey (12.7%), bovine (10.9%), chicken (7.3%) and dog (3.6%). The human blood index (HBI) of Ae. albopictus collected across the four different ecotypes revealed that, Ae. albopictus collected near human dwellings showed 100% anthropophilic tendency. Interestingly, there were two Aedes mosquitoes, Ae. aegypti (n=1) and Ae. albopictus (n=1) positive for both human and monkey blood. Since sylvatic dengue continues to flourish in Southeast Asia, this finding from blood meal analysis shows the potential for zoonotic transmission by Aedes mosquitoes in these locations. However, further research must be carried out to understand the role of animals as potential reservoir hosts for the dengue virus, especially through the detection of the virus in the blood meal.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Haplorhini; Blood/virology; Cattle; Chickens; Dengue Virus; Dogs; Feeding Behavior*; Female; Humans; Malaysia
  12. Annona muricata leaf water extract in combination with artemisinin-based combination therapy for increasing CCL19 levels in the treatment of severe Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection using swiss mice
    Hayya AW, Djamiatun K
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):526-532.
    PMID: 39876511 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.014
    Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, with resistance to antimalarial drugs, including artemisinin-based combination therapies(ACTs), posing a significant threat. CD4+ naive cells expressing CCR7 are known to play a protective role, as they readily migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues activated by CCL19 chemokines. In an effort to address this challenge, we investigated the impact of Annona muricata, an herbaceous and immunomodulatory plant, on CCL19 concentration. We conducted experiments on 24 mice, dividing them into four groups: one control group and three treatment groups. Groups 1 and 3 received a daily dose of 4.68 mg of Annona muricata leaf water extract (AM) for seven days before CM infection. After seven days of treatment, all groups were infected with CM. Groups 1 and 3 continued with a 9.36 mg AM dosage for an additional seven days, while groups 2 and 3 received a 0.819 mg ACTs dosage on the fourth day post-infection. We analyzed the CCL19 content in the mice's spleens and evaluated the data using Bonferroni post hoc, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Our results demonstrated that the CCL19 levels in the AM-ACTs group significantly surpassed those in both the control group (p = 0.009) and the ACTs group (p = 0.002). This suggests that the combination of AM and ACTs led to a notable increase in CCL19 levels in Swiss mice afflicted with CM. While further research is necessary to validate and expand upon these findings, our study highlights the potential of AM to enhance CCL19 production, potentially facilitating the migration of naive T cells and reinforcing the immune response.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Drug Therapy, Combination; Malaria/drug therapy; Male; Spleen; Mice; Chemokine CCL19*
  13. Metarhizium anisopliae: current status and future in hard ticks control in Asia
    Azmi NFAM, Choong SS, Peng TL, Syazwan SA
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):533-542.
    PMID: 39876512 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.015
    Ticks exert a significant economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in Asian regions. Presently, chemical acaricides constitute the primary method employed to combat tick infestations in livestock, but their use carries adverse environmental consequences. Overreliance on acaricides has contaminated milk and meat products with chemical residues while fostering tick resistance to these agents due to improper and intensive application. Various alternative methods have been explored, including using vaccines to manage tick populations. However, the efficacy of these treatments varies and is often limited when applied separately. Among these alternatives, entomopathogenic fungi like Metarhizium anisopliae appear to be a promising candidate for tick population control. This fungus can be used independently and in conjunction with other products. This review article explores the current and future prospects of M. anisopliae, where the existing gaps and future directives for using this fungus to control hard ticks in Asian countries are highlighted.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Asia; Tick Infestations/prevention & control; Tick Infestations/veterinary; Ixodidae/microbiology; Metarhizium*; Livestock
  14. Effect of Allium sativum, Thunbergia laurifolia, and Eurycoma longifolia crude extracts on the minute intestinal fluke, Haplorchis taichui
    Pechdee P, Boonsuya A, Arunsan P, Thanchonnang C, La N, Rattanapitoon NK, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):543-552.
    PMID: 39876513 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.016
    Haplorchis taichui is the minute intestinal fluke (MIF), presents a significant public health concern in Thailand. Despite praziquantel (PZQ) being the main treatment, concerns over recurrent use and drug resistance have surfaced. Thus, local herbal alternatives effective against gastrointestinal parasites could be crucial for reducing issues, necessitating exploration of herbal sources for alternative treatments. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of crude extracts from Allium sativum, Thunbergia laurifolia, and Eurycoma longifolia against H. taichui newly excysted juveniles (NEJ). H. taichui NEJs were exposed to varying concentrations of A. sativum (5, 10, and 20 mg/ml), T. laurifolia, and E. longifolia (100, 200, and 400 mg/ml), alongside PZQ (20 mg/ml) and RPMI culture medium as controls. Motility assessment at different exposure times and morphological surface changes were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Treatment with A. sativum, T. laurifolia, and E. longifolia inhibited motility in H. taichui NEJs, resulting in reduced relative motility (RM) values and survival index (SI). Significant differences were noted in A. sativum and E. longifolia treated groups, with T. laurifolia showing no significant differences compared to the negative control. Morphological damage, especially tegumental swelling, was evident across all treatment groups, notably severe in the A. sativum group. These findings suggest the potential effectiveness of crude extracts of A. sativum, T. laurifolia, and E. longifolia against H. taichui NEJs. However, further investigations are necessary to understand their mechanisms and key bioactive compounds for developing effective anti-parasitic agents against helminthic infections.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anthelmintics/pharmacology; Heterophyidae/drug effects; Thailand; Trematode Infections/drug therapy; Trematode Infections/parasitology; Trematode Infections/veterinary
  15. In-vitro susceptibility of pathogenic and intermediate Leptospira species towards antibiotics and herb extracts
    Ulok V, Bilung LM, Guan TM, Tahar AS, Ngui R, Apun K
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):553-558.
    PMID: 39876514 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.017
    Leptospirosis is a severe and potentially fatal re-emerging zoonotic and waterborne disease caused by pathogenic and intermediate species of Leptospira. Given the high global rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, there is an urgent need to explore alternative therapeutic agents to enhance treatment options. This study investigates the anti-leptospiral efficacy of several common antibiotics-penicillin G, doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin, as well as extracts from local herbs, Hydnophytum formicarum Jack and Boesenbergia stenophylla, against pathogenic and intermediate Leptospira strains. A broth microdilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antibiotics and herb extracts. Both herbs were extracted using four different solvents: ethyl acetate, methanol, hexane, and chloroform. The extracts were then analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify their phytochemical compounds. The results demonstrated that cefotaxime and erythromycin exhibited the highest anti-leptospiral activity, with MIC values of 0.2 µg/mL. This was followed by amoxicillin and ampicillin (0.2-0.39 µg/mL), penicillin G (0.39-3.13 µg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.78-3.13 µg/mL), and doxycycline (0.78-12.5 µg/mL). H. formicarum Jack and B. stenophylla extract extractions displayed the lowest MICs (62.5 µg/mL) for the ethyl acetate, methanol, and hexane extracts. They contained various phytochemical constituents, including some with anti-leptospiral properties. These findings indicate that different strains of Leptospira respond with varying levels of inhibition to the antibiotics and herb extracts studied. The extracts from H. formicarum Jack and B. stenophylla may have potential as anti-leptospiral drugs. However, further in-vivo studies are needed to better understand their efficacy against Leptospira.
    MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Microbial Sensitivity Tests*
  16. Efficacy of plant extracts against the immature stage of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
    Ardburai W, Thongphak D, Tangkawanit U
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Dec 01;41(4):559-571.
    PMID: 39876515 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.4.018
    This research aimed to find indigenous plants and suitable solvents to extract substances with the capacity to suppress the immature stages of house fly populations in animal farms and urban areas. Seven native Thai plants were tested: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, Citrus aurantium L., Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr., Persicaria odorata (Lour.), and Manihot esculenta Crantz. Solvents with different polarities were used in series (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) to extract the active compounds from the plant tissues. The effects of extracts on immature stage were assessed separately in vitro using a completely randomized design with 5 replicates. The effects of each plant extract on the house fly stages varied depending on the solvent utilized. Extracts with high polarity solvents (ethanol and acetone) showed strong ovicidal activity but for larval and pupal stages, hexane, a low polarity solvent, demonstrated significant larvicidal and pupicidal activity. Acetone and ethanol solvents of P. odorata and L. aromatica caused notable mortality rate for the egg stage. Hexane extracts of M. paniculata and both hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of C. aurantium induced the highest percentage of larval mortality. Even if other plant extracts have less of an impact on the mortality of house fly eggs or larvae, they have an impact on the growth and development. The results showed that most plant extracts based on various solvents caused considerable mortality in house fly pupa. In this study, the hatching percentage of adult females was lower than the adult males after specific plant extracts were applied throughout the larval and pupal phases. High-efficiency plant extracts' LC50 and LC90 values for house fly immature stages were calculated. The acetone extract of P. odorata during the egg stage had LC50 and LC90 values of 7.816 and 31.117 mg/mL, respectively. At the larval stage, M. paniculata's hexane extract had concentrations of 4.865 and 22.284 mg/mL, while C. aurantium's ethly acetate extract had concentrations of 26.424 and 61.801 mg/mL. Significant active chemicals discovered by GC-MS analysis were included bioactive substances with insecticidal properties, including flavonoids, alkanes, coumarins, etc., were identified by GC-MS analysis.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Ovum/drug effects; Thailand
  17. Fulltext Factors influencing childbirth fear among Asian women: a scoping review
    Kalok A, Kamisan Atan I, Sharip S, Safian N, Shah SA
    Front Public Health, 2024;12:1448940.
    PMID: 39877914 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1448940
    Fear of childbirth (FOC) or tokophobia adversely affects women during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. Childbirth fear may differ across regions and cultures. We aimed to identify factors influencing the fear of childbirth among the Asian population. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in November 2023. Original articles in English with research conducted in Asian countries were included. The independent factors associated with childbirth fear, from the relevant studies were identified and discussed. Forty-six papers met the eligibility criteria but only 26 studies were discussed in this review. The significant factors were categorized into (1) demographics, (2) clinical, (3) healthcare service, (4) childbirth education & information, and (5) COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of childbirth fear among Asians ranged between 56.6 and 84.8%. Significant demographic factors included age, education, marital status, economic status, and area of residence. Greater levels of tokophobia were linked to nulliparity, unplanned pregnancy, infertility, miscarriage, and pregnancies at risk. Effective doctor-patient communication and more frequent antenatal visits were shown to alleviate maternal childbirth fear. There was consistent evidence of prenatal childbirth education's benefit in reducing FOC. The usage of smartphone apps and prolonged exposure to electronic devices were linked to a higher degree of tokophobia. Nulliparas who received too much pregnancy-related information also reported increased childbirth fear. There was a positive correlation between maternal fear of COVID-19 infection and FOC. Keeping updated with COVID-19 information increased the maternal childbirth fear by two-fold. In conclusion, a stable economy and relationship contribute to lesser childbirth fear among Asian women. Poor maternal health and pregnancy complications were positive predictors of FOC. Health practitioners may reduce maternal childbirth through women's education, clear communication as well as accurate information and guidance to expectant mothers. Further study is required into the content of childbirth fear among Asian women. These research findings hopefully will lead to the development of culturally adapted screening tools and interventions that reduce the burden of FOC among expectant mothers.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Asia; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women/psychology; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/psychology
  18. Postoperative pain following laser fistula closure versus ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial
    Low JQL, Rajandram R, Aziz MRA, Roslani AC
    World J Surg, 2024 Aug;48(8):1990-1999.
    PMID: 38844401 DOI: 10.1002/wjs.12242
    BACKGROUND: Prior studies focus primarily on surgical outcomes of anal fistula treatment, such as healing rates, rather than patient-reported outcomes, such as postoperative pain, which could influence surgical choice.

    OBJECTIVE: To compare pain scores at 6 and 24 h postoperatively between laser closure and ligation of the intersphincteric tract for anal fistula.

    DESIGN: Prospective, double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

    SETTINGS: A quaternary hospital in Malaysia.

    PATIENTS: Patients aged 18-75 years with high transsphincteric fistulas.

    INTERVENTION: Fistula laser closure versus ligation of the fistula tract (LIFT) treatment.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain scores, continence, quality of life (QOL), operative time, and treatment failure were compared using chi-square, Fisher's exact test, student t-test, or Mann-Whitney with p  0.05).

    LIMITATIONS: Patients with prior fistula surgery (approximately 20%) led to heterogeneity. The total laser energy delivered varied depending on fistula anatomy.

    CONCLUSION: Laser fistula closure is an alternative to LIFT, with similar postoperative pain and shorter operative time despite more complex fistula anatomy in the laser arm, with a greater improvement in QOL.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06212739.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ligation/methods; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
  19. Tympanic Cavity Packing in Tympanoplasty Type 1: A Meta-Analysis
    Liaqat N, Lou Z, Din IU, Haq IU, Ullah S, Khan I
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2024 Aug;34(8):956-962.
    PMID: 39113516 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2024.08.956
    Packing of tympanic cavity is generally considered an essential step in myringoplasty. However, each packing material comes with one or another side effect. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the results of Type 1 myringoplasty with or without packing. Pubmed, Cochrane database, Embase, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched using 'tympanoplasty or myringoplasty and packing' as the search query. All RCTs / quasi-RCTs comparing tympanoplasty Type 1 with packing (control) versus without packing (intervention) of tympanic cavity in the human population were included. For dichotomous and continuous outcomes, relative risks (RR) and mean differences (MD) were calculated with 95% confidence interval, respectively. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Publication bias was checked using funnel plot and Egger's test, if applicable. Quality of evidence was assessed for each outcome using GRADE approach. Eleven studies were deemed eligible. For graft uptake and functional success rate, RR of 1.01 and 1.05 were obtained, respectively, showing no significant differences between the intervention and control groups. At 1st and 3rd postoperative month, no-packing group showed 3.86 dB and 2.08 dB better air-bone gap (ABG) closure than the packing group, respectively. Also, intervention with no-packing was 9.28-minute shorter procedure. With RR 0.35, no-packing had significantly lesser postoperative aural fullness. Type 1 tympanoplasty performed with or without packing show comparable results in terms of graft uptake and functional success rate. However, if performed without packing, it takes shorter time, provides early hearing improvement and causes less aural fullness. Key Words: Tympanoplasty Type 1, Packing, Gelfoam, No-packing, Meta-analysis, Endoscopic myringoplasty.
    MeSH terms: Ear, Middle/surgery; Humans; Treatment Outcome
  20. Antenatal detection of pediatric surgical congenital abnormalities and its effect on maternal anxiety: a multicentre prospective study in a middle-income country
    Soh HC, Nah SA, Tan WS, Singaravel S, Tan YW, Woon SF, et al.
    Pediatr Surg Int, 2024 Dec 28;41(1):52.
    PMID: 39733003 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-024-05952-1
    BACKGROUND: In middle-income countries, healthcare systems face unique challenges in ensuring timely antenatal detection of congenital abnormalities that require pediatric surgical intervention. Early detection can significantly improve outcomes, yet resource constraints often limit access to diagnostic technologies. This study evaluates the antenatal detection rate of congenital abnormalities referred to pediatric surgical services in three Malaysian tertiary centers and examines its effect on maternal anxiety.

    METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted at Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun (HRPB), Hospital Sultanah Aminah (HSA), and University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) over a 8 month period. Data were collected from mothers of neonates born with congenital abnormalities, and the Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess maternal anxiety.

    RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were recruited. The overall antenatal detection rate for congenital abnormalities was 43.1%, comparable to high-income countries despite resource limitations. Antenatal counselling by pediatric surgeons was rare (6.9%) and showed no significant reduction in maternal anxiety (p = 0.374).

    CONCLUSION: The antenatal detection rates at the three Malaysian centers align with those in more developed nations, underscoring the potential of middle-income healthcare systems to deliver high-quality prenatal care. However, improving access to diagnostic technologies and involving pediatric surgical teams in antenatal counselling could further enhance care.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Mothers/psychology; Mothers/statistics & numerical data; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Young Adult
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