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Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

Swami V 1 , Tran US 2 , Stieger S 3 , Aavik T 4 , Ranjbar HA 5 , Adebayo SO 6 Show all authors , Afhami R 7 , Ahmed O 8 , Aimé A 9 , Akel M 10 , Halbusi HA 11 , Alexias G 12 , Ali KF 13 , Alp-Dal N 14 , Alsalhani AB 15 , Álvares-Solas S 16 , Amaral ACS 17 , Andrianto S 18 , Aspden T 19 , Argyrides M 20 , Aruta JJBR 21 , Atkin S 13 , Ayandele O 22 , Baceviciene M 23 , Bahbouh R 24 , Ballesio A 25 , Barron D 26 , Bellard A 27 , Bender SS 28 , Beydağ KD 29 , Birovljević G 30 , Blackburn MÈ 31 , Borja-Alvarez T 32 , Borowiec J 33 , Bozogáňová M 34 , Bratland-Sanda S 35 , Browning MHEM 36 , Brytek-Matera A 37 , Burakova M 38 , Çakır-Koçak Y 39 , Camacho P 40 , Camilleri VE 41 , Cazzato V 27 , Cerea S 42 , Chaiwutikornwanich A 43 , Chaleeraktrakoon T 44 , Chambers T 45 , Chen QW 46 , Chen X 47 , Chien CL 48 , Chobthamkit P 44 , Choompunuch B 49 , Compte EJ 50 , Corrigan J 51 , Cosmas G 52 , Cowden RG 53 , Czepczor-Bernat K 54 , Czub M 37 , da Silva WR 55 , Dadfar M 56 , Dalley SE 57 , Dany L 38 , Datu JAD 58 , Berbert de Carvalho PH 59 , Coelho GLH 51 , De Jesus AOS 21 , Debbabi SH 60 , Dhakal S 61 , Di Bernardo F 62 , Dimitrova DD 63 , Dion J 64 , Dixson B 65 , Donofrio SM 57 , Drysch M 66 , Du H 67 , Dzhambov AM 68 , El-Jor C 69 , Enea V 70 , Eskin M 71 , Farbod F 72 , Farrugia L 41 , Fian L 2 , Fisher ML 73 , Folwarczny M 74 , Frederick DA 75 , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M 45 , Furnham A 76 , García AA 77 , Geller S 78 , Ghisi M 79 , Ghorbani A 80 , Martinez MAG 81 , Gradidge S 82 , Graf S 83 , Grano C 25 , Gyene G 84 , Hallit S 85 , Hamdan M 86 , Handelzalts JE 87 , Hanel PHP 88 , Hawks SR 89 , Hekmati I 90 , Helmy M 91 , Hill T 92 , Hina F 93 , Holenweger G 94 , Hřebíčková M 83 , Ijabadeniyi OA 95 , Imam A 86 , İnce B 96 , Irrazabal N 97 , Jankauskiene R 23 , Jiang DY 98 , Jiménez-Borja M 32 , Jiménez-Borja V 99 , Johnson EM 75 , Jovanović V 100 , Jović M 101 , Jović M 102 , Junqueira ACP 103 , Kahle LM 104 , Kantanista A 33 , Karakiraz A 105 , Karkin AN 71 , Kasten E 104 , Khatib S 106 , Khieowan N 107 , Kimong PJ 52 , Kiropoulos L 108 , Knittel J 94 , Kohli N 109 , Koprivnik M 110 , Kospakov A 111 , Król-Zielińska M 33 , Krug I 108 , Kuan G 112 , Kueh YC 113 , Kujan O 114 , Kukić M 30 , Kumar S 115 , Kumar V 116 , Lamba N 117 , Lauri MA 41 , Laus MF 103 , LeBlanc LA 73 , Lee HJ 118 , Lipowska M 119 , Lipowski M 120 , Lombardo C 25 , Lukács A 121 , Maïano C 122 , Malik S 123 , Manjary M 124 , Baldó LM 125 , Martinez-Banfi M 126 , Massar K 127 , Matera C 128 , McAnirlin O 36 , Mebarak MR 129 , Mechri A 130 , Meireles JFF 131 , Mesko N 132 , Mills J 45 , Miyairi M 133 , Modi R 109 , Modrzejewska A 134 , Modrzejewska J 135 , Mulgrew KE 65 , Myers TA 136 , Namatame H 137 , Nassani MZ 138 , Nerini A 128 , Neto F 139 , Neto J 140 , Neves AN 141 , Ng SK 142 , Nithiya D 143 , O J 19 , Obeid S 144 , Oda-Montecinos C 145 , Olapegba PO 146 , Olonisakin TT 6 , Omar SS 147 , Örlygsdóttir B 28 , Özsoy E 105 , Otterbring T 148 , Pahl S 2 , Panasiti MS 149 , Park Y 150 , Patwary MM 151 , Pethö T 152 , Petrova N 153 , Pietschnig J 154 , Pourmahmoud S 7 , Prabhu VG 155 , Poštuvan V 156 , Prokop P 157 , Ramseyer Winter VL 158 , Razmus M 159 , Ru T 46 , Rupar M 160 , Sahlan RN 161 , Hassan MS 162 , Šalov A 163 , Sapkota S 164 , Sarfo JO 165 , Sawamiya Y 137 , Schaefer K 166 , Schulte-Mecklenbeck M 167 , Seekis V 168 , Selvi K 169 , Sharifi M 170 , Shrivastava A 117 , Siddique RF 171 , Sigurdsson V 172 , Silkane V 173 , Šimunić A 163 , Singh G 109 , Slezáčková A 174 , Sundgot-Borgen C 175 , Ten Hoor G 127 , Tevichapong P 176 , Tipandjan A 177 , Todd J 178 , Togas C 12 , Tonini F 97 , Tovar-Castro JC 179 , Trangsrud LKJ 35 , Tripathi P 109 , Tudorel O 180 , Tylka TL 181 , Uyzbayeva A 182 , Vally Z 183 , Vanags E 184 , Vega LD 185 , Vicente-Arruebarrena A 81 , Vidal-Mollón J 125 , Vilar R 186 , Villegas H 185 , Vintilă M 180 , Wallner C 66 , White MP 2 , Whitebridge S 13 , Windhager S 166 , Wong KY 187 , Yau EK 188 , Yamamiya Y 189 , Yeung VWL 190 , Zanetti MC 191 , Zawisza M 82 , Zeeni N 69 , Zvaríková M 192 , Voracek M 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: viren.swami@aru.ac.uk
  • 2 Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 3 Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
  • 4 Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 5 Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkiye
  • 6 Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
  • 7 Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 8 Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
  • 9 Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
  • 10 INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
  • 11 Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar
  • 12 Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
  • 13 Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
  • 14 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkiya
  • 15 Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 16 Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador
  • 17 Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Brazil
  • 18 Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 19 Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
  • 20 Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus
  • 21 Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Phillippines
  • 22 Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 23 Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
  • 24 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  • 25 Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 26 School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
  • 27 School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  • 28 Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
  • 29 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkiye
  • 30 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
  • 31 ÉCOBES-Research and Transfer, Cégep de Jonquière, Québec, Canada
  • 32 Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
  • 33 Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
  • 34 Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Psychology, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
  • 35 Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
  • 36 Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
  • 37 Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
  • 38 Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
  • 39 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkiye
  • 40 CentroSan Isidoro University Center, Seville, Spain
  • 41 Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
  • 42 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
  • 43 Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 44 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
  • 45 School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
  • 46 Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
  • 47 Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, United States of America
  • 48 Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • 49 Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
  • 50 School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Penalolen, Chile; Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
  • 51 School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  • 52 Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
  • 53 Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
  • 54 Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  • 55 Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 56 Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 57 Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • 58 Teacher Education and Learning Leadership Academic Unit, Faculty of Education. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 59 Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 60 Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  • 61 Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 62 Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
  • 63 Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • 64 Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
  • 65 School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
  • 66 Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
  • 67 Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
  • 68 Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • 69 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
  • 70 Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
  • 71 Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
  • 72 Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
  • 73 Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
  • 74 Discipline of Marketing, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
  • 75 Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
  • 76 Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
  • 77 Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
  • 78 School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
  • 79 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
  • 80 Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
  • 81 Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
  • 82 School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 83 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
  • 84 Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 85 School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
  • 86 Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
  • 87 School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
  • 88 Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
  • 89 Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UnitedStates of America
  • 90 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
  • 91 Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, Egypt
  • 92 Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
  • 93 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 94 Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  • 95 Department of Sociology and Social Justice, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
  • 96 Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 97 Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 98 Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan
  • 99 Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
  • 100 Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  • 101 Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 102 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 103 Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
  • 104 Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 105 Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
  • 106 Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
  • 107 Asian Studies Department, Faculty of International Studies, Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand
  • 108 School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  • 109 Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
  • 110 Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia
  • 111 Department of Sociology and Social Work, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 112 Exercise and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  • 113 Biostatics and Research Methods Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  • 114 Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
  • 115 Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
  • 116 Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India
  • 117 Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 118 Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
  • 119 Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
  • 120 Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland
  • 121 Faculty of Health Care, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
  • 122 Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
  • 123 Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
  • 124 Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India; M.M.D. Public School, Brahmpuri, Muzaffarnagar, India
  • 125 Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
  • 126 Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia; Life Science Research Centre, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
  • 127 Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
  • 128 Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 129 Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
  • 130 Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia
  • 131 Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, United States of America
  • 132 Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
  • 133 Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, United States of America
  • 134 Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  • 135 Institute of Pedagogy, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
  • 136 Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, United States of America
  • 137 Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  • 138 Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 139 Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 140 Research Center in Business Sciences and Tourism of Consuelo Vieira da Costa Foundation (CICET-FCVC), Porto, Portugal
  • 141 Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 142 Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 143 Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  • 144 Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
  • 145 Institute of Social Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
  • 146 Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 147 Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 148 Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  • 149 Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Rome, Italy
  • 150 Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 151 Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
  • 152 Department of Managerial Psychology, The University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
  • 153 Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • 154 Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 155 Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America
  • 156 Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
  • 157 Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • 158 School of Social Work, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States of America
  • 159 Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
  • 160 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
  • 161 Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, United States of America
  • 162 Arabic Program Department, Modern College of Business and Science, Muscat, Oman
  • 163 Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
  • 164 KOSHISH-National Mental Health Self-Help Organization, Kusunti, Lalitpur, Nepal
  • 165 Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  • 166 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 167 Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
  • 168 School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
  • 169 Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkiye
  • 170 Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Gaz, Iran
  • 171 Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 172 Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  • 173 Faculty of Social Sciences, Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Valmiera, Latvia
  • 174 Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
  • 175 Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  • 176 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
  • 177 International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India
  • 178 School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 179 Department of Psychology, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 180 Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
  • 181 Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
  • 182 Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 183 Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 184 Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
  • 185 Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • 186 Department of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 187 School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
  • 188 Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
  • 189 Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan
  • 190 Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China; Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
  • 191 Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 192 Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
Body Image, 2023 Sep;46:449-466.
PMID: 37582318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010

Abstract

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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