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Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Swami V 1 , Stieger S 2 , Voracek M 3 , Aavik T 4 , Abdollahpour Ranjbar H 5 , Adebayo SO 6 Show all authors , Afhami R 7 , Ahmed O 8 , Aimé A 9 , Akel M 10 , Al Halbusi H 11 , Alexias G 12 , Ali KF 13 , Alp-Dal N 14 , Alsalhani AB 15 , Álvarez-Solas S 16 , Amaral ACS 17 , Andrianto S 18 , Aspden T 19 , Argyrides M 20 , Aruta JJBR 21 , Atkin S 13 , Ayandele O 22 , Baceviciene M 23 , Bahbouh R 24 , Ballesio A 25 , Barron D 26 , Bellard A 27 , Bender SS 28 , Beydaǧ KD 29 , Birovljević G 30 , Blackburn MÈ 31 , Borja-Alvarez T 32 , Borowiec J 33 , Bozogáňová M 34 , Bratland-Sanda S 35 , Browning MHEM 36 , Brytek-Matera A 37 , Burakova M 38 , Çakır-Koçak Y 39 , Camacho P 40 , Camilleri VE 41 , Cazzato V 27 , Cerea S 42 , Chaiwutikornwanich A 43 , Chaleeraktrakoon T 44 , Chambers T 45 , Chen QW 46 , Chen X 47 , Chien CL 48 , Chobthamkit P 44 , Choompunuch B 49 , Compte EJ 50 , Corrigan J 51 , Cosmas G 52 , Cowden RG 53 , Czepczor-Bernat K 54 , Czub M 37 , da Silva WR 55 , Dadfar M 56 , Dalley SE 57 , Dany L 38 , Datu JAD 58 , de Carvalho PHB 59 , Coelho GLH 51 , De Jesus AOS 21 , Debbabi SH 60 , Dhakal S 61 , Di Bernardo F 62 , Dimitrova DD 63 , Dion J 64 , Dixson B 65 , Donofrio SM 57 , Drysch M 66 , Du H 67 , Dzhambov AM 68 , El-Jor C 69 , Enea V 70 , Eskin M 71 , Farbod F 72 , Farrugia L 41 , Fian L 3 , Fisher ML 73 , Folwarczny M 74 , Frederick DA 75 , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M 45 , Furnham A 76 , García AA 77 , Geller S 78 , Ghisi M 42 , Ghorbani A 79 , Gomez Martinez MA 80 , Gradidge S 1 , Graf S 81 , Grano C 25 , Gyene G 82 , Hallit S 83 , Hamdan M 84 , Handelzalts JE 78 , Hanel PHP 85 , Hawks SR 86 , Hekmati I 87 , Helmy M 88 , Hill T 89 , Hina F 90 , Holenweger G 91 , Hřebíčková M 81 , Ijabadeniyi OA 92 , Imam A 84 , İnce B 93 , Irrazabal N 94 , Jankauskiene R 23 , Jiang DY 95 , Jiménez-Borja M 32 , Jiménez-Borja V 96 , Johnson EM 75 , Jovanović V 97 , Jović M 98 , Jović M 99 , Junqueira ACP 100 , Kahle LM 101 , Kantanista A 33 , Karakiraz A 102 , Karkin AN 71 , Kasten E 103 , Khatib S 104 , Khieowan N 105 , Kimong PJ 52 , Kiropoulos L 106 , Knittel J 91 , Kohli N 107 , Koprivnik M 108 , Kospakov A 109 , Król-Zielińska M 33 , Krug I 106 , Kuan G 110 , Kueh YC 111 , Kujan O 112 , Kukić M 30 , Kumar S 113 , Kumar V 114 , Lamba N 115 , Lauri MA 41 , Laus MF 100 , LeBlanc LA 73 , Lee HJ 116 , Lipowska M 117 , Lipowski M 118 , Lombardo C 25 , Lukács A 119 , Maïano C 9 , Malik S 120 , Manjary M 113 , Márquez Baldó L 121 , Martinez-Banfi M 122 , Massar K 123 , Matera C 124 , McAnirlin O 36 , Mebarak MR 125 , Mechri A 126 , Meireles JFF 127 , Mesko N 128 , Mills J 45 , Miyairi M 129 , Modi R 107 , Modrzejewska A 130 , Modrzejewska J 131 , Mulgrew KE 65 , Myers TA 132 , Namatame H 133 , Nassani MZ 134 , Nerini A 124 , Neto F 135 , Neto J 136 , Neves AN 137 , Ng SK 138 , Nithiya D 139 , O J 19 , Obeid S 140 , Oda-Montecinos C 141 , Olapegba PO 22 , Olonisakin TT 6 , Omar SS 142 , Örlygsdóttir B 28 , Özsoy E 102 , Otterbring T 143 , Pahl S 3 , Panasiti MS 25 , Park Y 144 , Patwary MM 145 , Pethö T 34 , Petrova N 146 , Pietschnig J 147 , Pourmahmoud S 7 , Prabhu VG 148 , Poštuvan V 149 , Prokop P 150 , Ramseyer Winter VL 151 , Razmus M 152 , Ru T 46 , Rupar M 81 , Sahlan RN 153 , Salah Hassan M 154 , Šalov A 155 , Sapkota S 156 , Sarfo JO 157 , Sawamiya Y 133 , Schaefer K 158 , Schulte-Mecklenbeck M 91 , Seekis V 159 , Selvi K 160 , Sharifi M 161 , Shrivastava A 115 , Siddique RF 162 , Sigurdsson V 163 , Silkane V 164 , Šimunić A 155 , Singh G 107 , Slezáčková A 165 , Sundgot-Borgen C 166 , Ten Hoor G 123 , Tevichapong P 167 , Tipandjan A 168 , Todd J 1 , Togas C 12 , Tonini F 94 , Tovar-Castro JC 169 , Trangsrud LKJ 35 , Tripathi P 107 , Tudorel O 170 , Tylka TL 171 , Uyzbayeva A 172 , Vally Z 173 , Vanags E 174 , Vega LD 175 , Vicente-Arruebarrena A 80 , Vidal-Mollón J 121 , Vilar R 176 , Villegas H 175 , Vintilă M 170 , Wallner C 66 , White MP 3 , Whitebridge S 13 , Windhager S 158 , Wong KY 177 , Yau EK 178 , Yamamiya Y 179 , Yeung VWL 178 , Zanetti MC 180 , Zawisza M 1 , Zeeni N 69 , Zvaríková M 150 , Tran US 3

Affiliations 

  • 1 School of Psychology, Sport and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 2 Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
  • 3 Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 4 Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 5 Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
  • 6 Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
  • 7 Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 8 Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
  • 9 Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
  • 10 INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon
  • 11 Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar
  • 12 Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
  • 13 Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
  • 14 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Munzur University, Tunceli, Türkiye
  • 15 Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 16 Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador
  • 17 Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Brazil
  • 18 Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 19 Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
  • 20 Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus
  • 21 Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
  • 22 Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 23 Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
  • 24 Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  • 25 Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 26 School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
  • 27 Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  • 28 Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
  • 29 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yalova, University, Yalova, Türkiye
  • 30 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
  • 31 ÉCOBES-Research and Transfer, Cégep de Jonquière, Québec, Canada
  • 32 Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
  • 33 Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
  • 34 Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
  • 35 Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø in Telemark, Norway
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  • 37 Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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  • 39 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Türkiye
  • 40 CentroSan Isidoro University Center, Seville, Spain
  • 41 Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
  • 42 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
  • 43 Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 44 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Psychology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
  • 45 School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
  • 46 Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
  • 47 Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
  • 48 Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • 49 Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
  • 50 School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Penalolen, Chile
  • 51 School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  • 52 Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
  • 53 Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
  • 54 Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  • 55 Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 56 Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 57 Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • 58 Faculty of Education, Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning, and Development, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 59 Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  • 60 Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  • 61 Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 62 Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
  • 63 Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • 64 Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
  • 65 School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
  • 66 Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
  • 67 Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
  • 68 Environmental Health Division, Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • 69 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
  • 70 Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
  • 71 Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Türkiye
  • 72 Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
  • 73 Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
  • 74 Discipline of Marketing, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
  • 75 Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
  • 76 Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
  • 77 Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
  • 78 School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
  • 79 Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
  • 80 Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
  • 81 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
  • 82 Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 83 School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
  • 84 Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
  • 85 Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
  • 86 Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
  • 87 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
  • 88 Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  • 89 Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
  • 90 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 91 Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  • 92 Department of Sociology and Social Justice, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
  • 93 Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 94 Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 95 Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan
  • 96 Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
  • 97 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  • 98 Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 99 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 100 Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
  • 101 Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 102 Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye
  • 103 Practice for Psychotherapy, Am Krautacker 25, Travemünde, Germany
  • 104 Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
  • 105 Asian Studies Department, Faculty of International Studies, Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand
  • 106 School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  • 107 Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
  • 108 Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia
  • 109 Department of Sociology and Social Work, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 110 Exercise and Sport Sciences Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  • 111 Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  • 112 Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
  • 113 Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
  • 114 Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India
  • 115 Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 116 Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
  • 117 Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
  • 118 Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland
  • 119 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
  • 120 Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
  • 121 Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
  • 122 Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
  • 123 Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
  • 124 Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 125 Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
  • 126 Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia
  • 127 Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
  • 128 Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
  • 129 Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
  • 130 Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Medical Anthropology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  • 131 Institute of Pedagogy, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
  • 132 Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States of America
  • 133 Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  • 134 Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 135 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 136 REMIT-Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Universidade Portucalense, Porto, Portugal
  • 137 Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 138 Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 139 Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  • 140 Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
  • 141 Institute of Social Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
  • 142 Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 143 Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  • 144 Department of Psychology, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
  • 145 Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh
  • 146 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • 147 Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 148 Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
  • 149 Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
  • 150 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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  • 153 Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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  • 155 Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
  • 156 KOSHISH-National Mental Health Self-Help Organization, Kusunti, Lalitpur, Nepal
  • 157 Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  • 158 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 159 School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
  • 160 Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
  • 161 Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Gaz, Iran
  • 162 Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 163 Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  • 164 Faculty of Social Sciences, Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Valmiera, Latvia
  • 165 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
  • 166 Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  • 167 Faculty of Humanities, Department of Psychology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
  • 168 International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India
  • 169 Department of Psychology, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 170 Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
  • 171 Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, United States of America
  • 172 Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 173 Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 174 Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
  • 175 Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
  • 176 Department of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 177 School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
  • 178 Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
  • 179 Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan
  • 180 Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
PLoS One, 2025;20(1):e0313107.
PMID: 39841629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313107

Abstract

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset-with data collected between 2020 and 2022 -to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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