The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: Cross-national measurement invariance and convergent validity evidence

Jovanović V 1 , Rudnev M 2 , Abdelrahman M 3 , Abdul Kadir NB 4 , Adebayo DF 5 , Akaliyski P 6 Show all authors , Alaseel R 7 , Alkamali YA 8 , Alonso Palacio LM 9 , Amin A 3 , Andres A 10 , Ansari-Moghaddam A 11 , Aruta JJB 12 , Avanesyan HM 13 , Ayub N 14 , Bacikova-Sleskova M 15 , Baikanova R 16 , Bakkar B 7 , Bartoluci S 17 , Benitez D 18 , Bodnar I 19 , Bolatov A 16 , Borchet J 20 , Bosnar K 17 , Broche-Pérez Y 21 , Buzea C 22 , Cassibba R 23 , Del Pilar Grazioso M 24 , Dhakal S 25 , Dimitrova R 26 , Dominguez A 27 , Duong CD 28 , Dutra Thome L 29 , Estavela AJ 30 , Fayankinnu EA 31 , Ferenczi N 32 , Fernández-Morales R 33 , Friehs MT 34 , Gaete J 35 , Gharz Edine W 7 , Gindi S 36 , Giordani RCF 37 , Gjoneska B 38 , Godoy JC 39 , Hancheva CD 40 , Hapunda G 41 , Hihara S 42 , Islam MS 43 , Janovská A 15 , Javakhishvili N 44 , Kabir RS 42 , Kabunga A 45 , Karakulak A 46 , Karl JA 47 , Katović D 17 , Kauyzbay Z 48 , Kaźmierczak M 20 , Khanna R 49 , Khosla M 50 , Kisaakye P 51 , Klicperova-Baker M 52 , Kokera R 53 , Kozina A 54 , Krauss SE 55 , Landabur R 56 , Lefringhausen K 57 , Lewandowska-Walter A 20 , Liang YH 58 , Lizarzaburu-Aguinaga D 59 , López Steinmetz LC 39 , Makashvili A 44 , Malik S 60 , Manrique-Millones D 61 , Martín-Carbonell M 62 , Mattar Yunes MA 63 , McGrath B 64 , Mechili EA 65 , Mejía Alvarez M 24 , Mhizha S 53 , Michałek-Kwiecień J 20 , Mishra SK 66 , Mohammadi M 11 , Mohsen F 7 , Moreta-Herrera R 67 , Muradyan MD 13 , Musso P 23 , Naterer A 68 , Nemat A 69 , Neto F 70 , Neto J 71 , Okati-Aliabad H 11 , Orellana CI 72 , Orellana L 73 , Park J 74 , Pavlova I 19 , Peralta EA 75 , Petrytsa P 76 , Pilkauskaite Valickiene R 77 , Et Al

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
  • 2 Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
  • 3 School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies
  • 4 Center for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University
  • 6 Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University
  • 7 College of Medicine, Syrian Private University
  • 8 College of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Mohamed Bin Zayed University for Humanities
  • 9 Departamento de Salud Publica, Universidad del Norte
  • 10 Department of Physical Education, Lviv Polytechnic National University
  • 11 Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
  • 12 Department of Psychology, De La Salle University
  • 13 Yerevan State University
  • 14 Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
  • 15 Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice
  • 16 School of Medicine, Astana Medical University
  • 17 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb
  • 18 Department of Clinical Psychology, Albizu University
  • 19 Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture, Lviv State University of Physical Culture
  • 20 Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk
  • 21 Department of Psychology, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas
  • 22 Department of Social Sciences and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov
  • 23 Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari
  • 24 Asociacion Proyecto Aigle Guatemala
  • 25 Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University
  • 26 Department of Psychology, Stockholm University
  • 27 Department of Psychology, Ibero-American University
  • 28 Faculty of Business Management, National Economics University
  • 29 Department of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia
  • 30 Departamento de Pos-Graduacao, Instituto Superior de Ciencias de Saude, Universidade Lurio
  • 31 Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University
  • 32 Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London
  • 33 Department of Psychology, Universidad Francisco Marroquin
  • 34 Faculty for Psychology, FernUniversitat in Hagen
  • 35 Faculty of Education, Universidad de los Andes
  • 36 Faculty of Education, Beit Berl College
  • 37 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Parana
  • 38 Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
  • 39 Instituto de Investigaciones Psicologicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas
  • 40 Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
  • 41 Department of Psychology, University of Zambia
  • 42 Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University
  • 43 Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University
  • 44 Dimitri Uznadze Institute of Psychology, Ilia State University
  • 45 Department of Psychiatry, Lira University
  • 46 Department of Psychology, MEF University
  • 47 School of Psychology, Dublin City University
  • 48 Department of Family Medicine, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy
  • 49 School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences
  • 50 Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi
  • 51 Department of Population Studies, Makerere University
  • 52 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences
  • 53 Department of Applied Psychology, University of Zimbabwe
  • 54 Evaluation Studies Centre, Educational Research Institute
  • 55 Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • 56 Department of Psychology, University of Atacama
  • 57 Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University
  • 58 Department of Education, University of Taipei
  • 59 School of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Cesar Vallejo
  • 60 Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha
  • 61 Carrera de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cientifica del Sur
  • 62 Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Cooperative University of Colombia
  • 63 Post Graduation Program of Psychology, Salgado de Oliveira University
  • 64 Department of Academic Affairs, Chicago School of Professional Psychology
  • 65 Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora
  • 66 Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
  • 67 Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador
  • 68 Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor
  • 69 Microbiology Department, Kabul University of Medical Sciences
  • 70 Department of Psychology, University of Porto
  • 71 Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Universidade Portucalense
  • 72 Social Sciences Doctoral and Master Program, Don Bosco University
  • 73 Departamento de Psicologia, Universidad de La Frontera
  • 74 Department of Management, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business
  • 75 Medicine School, Mother and Teacher, Pontifical Catholic University
  • 76 Department of Physical Education and Rehabilitation, Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University
  • 77 Institute of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University
Psychol Assess, 2024 Jan;36(1):14-29.
PMID: 38010780 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001270

Abstract

Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is a widely used measure that captures somatic symptoms of coronavirus-related anxiety. In a large-scale collaboration spanning 60 countries (Ntotal = 21,513), we examined the CAS's measurement invariance and assessed the convergent validity of CAS scores in relation to the fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) and the satisfaction with life (SWLS-3) scales. We utilized both conventional exact invariance tests and alignment procedures, with results revealing that the single-factor model fit the data well in almost all countries. Partial scalar invariance was supported in a subset of 56 countries. To ensure the robustness of results, given the unbalanced samples, we employed resampling techniques both with and without replacement and found the results were more stable in larger samples. The alignment procedure demonstrated a high degree of measurement invariance with 9% of the parameters exhibiting noninvariance. We also conducted simulations of alignment using the parameters estimated in the current model. Findings demonstrated reliability of the means but indicated challenges in estimating the latent variances. Strong positive correlations between CAS and FCV-19S estimated with all three different approaches were found in most countries. Correlations of CAS and SWLS-3 were weak and negative but significantly differed from zero in several countries. Overall, the study provided support for the measurement invariance of the CAS and offered evidence of its convergent validity while also highlighting issues with variance estimation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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