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Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Eriksson K 1 , Strimling P 2 , Gelfand M 3 , Wu J 4 , Abernathy J 5 , Akotia CS 6 Show all authors , Aldashev A 7 , Andersson PA 8 , Andrighetto G 9 , Anum A 6 , Arikan G 10 , Aycan Z 11 , Bagherian F 12 , Barrera D 13 , Basnight-Brown D 14 , Batkeyev B 15 , Belaus A 16 , Berezina E 17 , Björnstjerna M 2 , Blumen S 18 , Boski P 19 , Bou Zeineddine F 20 , Bovina I 21 , Huyen BTT 22 , Cardenas JC 23 , Čekrlija Đ 24 , Choi HS 25 , Contreras-Ibáñez CC 26 , Costa-Lopes R 27 , de Barra M 28 , de Zoysa P 29 , Dorrough A 30 , Dvoryanchikov N 21 , Eller A 31 , Engelmann JB 32 , Euh H 33 , Fang X 34 , Fiedler S 35 , Foster-Gimbel OA 36 , Fülöp M 37 , Gardarsdottir RB 38 , Gill CMHD 17 , Glöckner A 30 , Graf S 39 , Grigoryan A 40 , Gritskov V 41 , Growiec K 19 , Halama P 42 , Hartanto A 43 , Hopthrow T 44 , Hřebíčková M 39 , Iliško D 45 , Imada H 44 , Kapoor H 46 , Kawakami K 34 , Khachatryan N 40 , Kharchenko N 47 , Khoury N 48 , Kiyonari T 49 , Kohút M 50 , Linh LT 51 , Leslie LM 36 , Li Y 52 , Li NP 43 , Li Z 53 , Liik K 54 , Maitner AT 55 , Manhique B 56 , Manley H 57 , Medhioub I 58 , Mentser S 59 , Mohammed L 60 , Nejat P 12 , Nipassa O 56 , Nussinson R 59 , Onyedire NG 61 , Onyishi IE 61 , Özden S 11 , Panagiotopoulou P 62 , Perez-Floriano LR 63 , Persson MS 2 , Pheko M 64 , Pirttilä-Backman AM 65 , Pogosyan M 66 , Raver J 67 , Reyna C 16 , Rodrigues RB 68 , Romanò S 69 , Romero PP 70 , Sakki I 71 , San Martin A 72 , Sherbaji S 55 , Shimizu H 73 , Simpson B 5 , Szabo E 74 , Takemura K 75 , Tieffi H 76 , Mendes Teixeira ML 77 , Thanomkul N 57 , Tiliouine H 78 , Travaglino GA 44 , Tsirbas Y 79 , Wan R 74 , Widodo S 80 , Zein R 80 , Zhang QP 81 , Zirganou-Kazolea L 79 , Van Lange PAM 82

Affiliations 

  • 1 Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. kimmoe@gmail.com
  • 2 Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 3 Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
  • 4 CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
  • 5 Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
  • 6 Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
  • 7 New School of Economics, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 8 Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 9 Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
  • 10 Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
  • 11 Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
  • 12 Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
  • 13 University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
  • 14 United States International University - Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 15 International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 16 Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina
  • 17 Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
  • 18 Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
  • 19 SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
  • 20 Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
  • 21 Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
  • 22 Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 23 Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  • 24 Faculty of philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • 25 Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  • 26 Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
  • 27 Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  • 28 Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
  • 29 Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
  • 30 Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • 31 Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3004, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
  • 32 Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, Amsterdam, NJ, The Netherlands
  • 33 Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
  • 34 Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • 35 Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
  • 36 New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, NY, 10012, USA
  • 37 Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
  • 38 Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
  • 39 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 40 Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
  • 41 Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
  • 42 Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • 43 School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
  • 44 School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
  • 45 Daugavpils University, Daugvapils, Latvia
  • 46 Department of Psychology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  • 47 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Kyiv, Ukraine
  • 48 Future Minds Gifted Centre, Lima, Peru
  • 49 Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa, Japan
  • 50 Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
  • 51 National Economics University, Hai Ba Trung, Dong Tam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 52 Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
  • 53 Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  • 54 School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
  • 55 Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 56 Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
  • 57 Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 58 Department of Finance and Investment, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 59 The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
  • 60 Institute of Criminology and Public Safety, Valsayn Campus, Graver Road, Valsayn, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
  • 61 Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • 62 Department of Education and Social Work, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece
  • 63 Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
  • 64 Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana
  • 65 University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), Helsinki, Finland
  • 66 Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics (PPLE), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15575, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 67 Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  • 68 Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 69 Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
  • 70 Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
  • 71 University of Eastern Finland, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 162770211, Kuopio, Finland
  • 72 IESE Business School, Madrid, Spain
  • 73 Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
  • 74 Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
  • 75 Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
  • 76 Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan, Centre Ivoirien d'Etude et de Recherche en Psychologie Appliquée (CIERPA), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
  • 77 Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 78 Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, Oran, Algeria
  • 79 University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
  • 80 Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  • 81 Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
  • 82 VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Nat Commun, 2021 03 05;12(1):1481.
PMID: 33674587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9

Abstract

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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