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Fulltext rac-Ethyl rel-(2R,3R,4S)-4-hy-droxy-1,2-dimethyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxyl-ate

Abdul Rashid FNA, Bacho MZ, Hamali MA, Slawin AMZ, Mohammat MF, Shamsujunaidi R, et al.

IUCrdata, 2023 Feb;8(Pt 2):x230075.
PMID: 36911075 DOI: 10.1107/S2414314623000755

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C9H15NO4, consists of a functionalized pyrrolidine ring having an envelope conformation, synthesized as an ethyl ester. The mol-ecule has three chiral centres and crystallized as a racemic mixture. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairwise O-H⋯O bonds, generating dimers with twofold rotational symmetry.
Widely tunable multi-wavelength Brillouinerbium fiber laser utilizing low SBS threshold photonic crystal fiber

Mohd Nasir MN, Yusoff Z, Al-Mansoori MH, Abdul Rashid HA, Choudhury PK

Opt Express, 2009 Jul 20;17(15):12829-34.
PMID: 19654689

A widely tunable low stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser is presented. The fiber laser structure utilizes a pre-amplified Brillouin pump (BP) technique with 100 m of PCF and a tunable band-pass filter within a Fabry-Perot cavity. A total of 14 Brillouin Stokes lines can be tuned over 29 nm from 1540 nm to 1569 nm. The wide tunability was only limited by the bandwidth of the tunable band-pass filter. A constant channel spacing of 0.079 nm and signal to noise ratio (SNR) of more than 20 dB for each Brillouin Stokes lines were also observed.
Water quality influences on fish occurrences in sungai Pahang, Maran district, Pahang, Malaysia

Zulkafli Abdul Rashid, Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1941-1951.

This study assesses the influence of water quality on fish occurrences in Sungai Pahang, Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia. Water quality and fish samplings were conducted at seven sampling sites in the district for 13 consecutive months. We used canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) to determine the influence of water quality on monthly fish species occurrences. The ranges of water quality parameters were quite high considering the measurements were made during rainy and dry seasons throughout the year. A total of 2,075 individual fish was captured which comprised of 22 different families and 65 species. Family Cyprinidae recorded the highest number of fish species of the area (27 species; 41.5%), followed by Bagridae (five species; 7.69%) and Pangasiidae (five species; 7.69%). Three fish species categorized as endangered, including Balantiocheilos melanopterus, Probarbus jullieni and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus were also collected. The collected fish species were divided into three groups (A to C), which was clearly separated in the CCA ordination diagram. The most important water quality variables for the fish occurrences in this river were pH, followed by temperature, conductivity, alkalinity and phosphate. Data analysis indicates that the occurrence of fishes were influenced by a combination of water quality parameters, but not associated with sampling month. The results present a new data from a study of fish assemblage and their habitat condition which may be important in fisheries activity and fish conservation of the river in the future.
Fulltext Walking on thin ice! Identifying methamphetamine "drug mules" on digital plain radiography

Abdul Rashid SN, Mohamad Saini SB, Abdul Hamid S, Muhammad SJ, Mahmud R, Thali MJ, et al.

Br J Radiol, 2014 Apr;87(1036):20130472.
PMID: 24472728 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130472

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of identifying methamphetamine (MA) internal payloads in "drug mules" by plain abdominal digital radiography (DR).
Fulltext Visible and angular interrogation of Kretschmann-based SPR using hybrid Au-ZnO optical sensor for hyperuricemia detection

Mustaffa SN, Md Yatim N, Abdul Rashid AR, Md Yatim N, Pithaih V, Sha'ari NS, et al.

Heliyon, 2023 Dec;9(12):e22926.
PMID: 38125452 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22926

Uric acid is a waste product of the human body where high levels of it or hyperuricemia can lead to gout, kidney disease and other health issues. In this paper, Finite Difference Time Doman (FDTD) simulation method was used to develop a plasmonic optical sensor to detect uric acid with molarity ranging from 0 to 3.0 mM. A hybrid layer of gold-zinc oxide (Au-ZnO) was used in this Kretschmann-based Surface Plasmon Resonance (K-SPR) technique with angular interrogation at 670 nm and 785 nm visible optical wavelengths. The purpose of this study is to observe the ability of the hybrid material as a sensing performance enhancer for differentiating between healthy and unhealthy uric acid levels based on the refractive index values from previous study. Upon exposure to 670 nm wavelength, the average sensitivity of this sensor was found to be 0.028°/mM with a linearity of 98.67 % and Q-factor value of 0.0053 mM-1. While at 785 nm, the average sensitivity is equal to 0.0193°/mM with slightly lower linearity at 94.46 % and Q-factor value of 0.0076 mM-1. The results have proven the ability of hybrid material Au-ZnO as a sensing performance enhancer for detecting uric acid when compared with bare Au and can be further explored in experimental work.
Virtual screening of pyrazole derivatives of usnic acid as new class of anti-hyperglycemic agents against PPARγ agonists

Roney M, Issahaku AR, Aluwi MFFM

In Silico Pharmacol, 2023;11(1):36.
PMID: 37994367 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00176-y

The finest sources of therapeutic agents are natural products, and usnic acid is a secondary metabolite derived from lichen that has a wide range of biological actions, including anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic (hyperglycemia). Based on the hyperglycemia activity of UA, this work seeks to identify new anti-hyperglycemia medicines by virtual screening of pyrazole derivatives of UA. Seven hit compounds (Compounds 1, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18 and 33), which finally go through docking-based screening to produce the lead molecule, were identified by the physicochemical attributes, drug-likeliness, and ADMET prediction. The docking score for the chosen compounds containing PPARγ agonists ranged from -7.6 to -9.2 kcal/mol, whereas the docking goal for compounds 5, 6, and 7 was -9.2 kcal/mol. Based on the binding energy and bound amino acid residues as well as compared to the reference compound, compound-6 considered as lead compound. Furthermore, the MD simulation of 3CS8-Compound-6 and 3CS8-Rosiglitazone complexes were performed to verify the stability of these complexes and the binding posture acquired in docking experiments. The compound-6 had strong pharmacological characteristics, bound to the PPARγ agonist active site, and was expected to reduce the activity of the receptor, according to the virtual screening results. It must be justified to conduct both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments to examine the efficacy of this compound.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-023-00176-y.
Fulltext Varenicline - a new pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: implication for smokers with mental health problems

Rusdi Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Muhsin Ahmad Zahari, Mohammad Hussain Habil, Noor Zurani Md Haris Robson

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2009;10(2):202-209.
MyJurnal

Objective: The smoking rate among patients with mental health problem is higher than in the general population. Effective pharmacotherapy to treat nicotine addiction is thus needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cigarette smoking among these patients. This article reviews the literature on the suitability of varenicline for smokers with mental health problems.
Methods: A search of the literature was conducted using PubMed from year 2001 to July 2009 using key words varenicline alone and varenicline and mental health. Articles chosen were narrowed to those published in English. The type of articles chosen included clinical trials, metaanalyses, case reports, and review articles.
Results: The search produced a total of 322 articles on varenicline and 14 articles on varenicline and mental health. Varenicline, a new drug for smoking cessation is an α4β2 partial agonist and partial antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. As a partial agonist, varenicline relieves craving and withdrawal symptoms that occur during smoking abstinence and also reduce the rewarding effects of smoking in patients who relapse. However, at present, there is concern regarding the neuropsychiatric side effects such as aggressive behaviour, suicidal ideation, mania and depression associated with varenicline use in patients with mental health problems, but these reports did not show a causal-link or lack of link between these symptoms and varenicline.
Conclusion: Current available data support the effectiveness of varenicline to treat nicotine dependence. However its safety among smokers with mental health problems remains to be elucidated. At present, further safety assessment is needed in this patient population. Until new data is available regarding the safety of varenicline in these populations, psychiatrists and physicians prescribing this medication should be extra cautious and monitor for possible psychiatric side effects when prescribing this medication to patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders or have vulnerability to psychoses.
Fulltext Unmet needs for contraception in married women in a tribal area of India

Patil SS, Abdul Rashid K, Narayan KA

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(2):44-51.
MyJurnal

Background and Objectives: Unmet need for contraception is the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. This community based interventional study was carried out to determine the unmet needs for contraception, the reasons for this and to assess the impact of interventional measures on acceptance of contraception.
Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted in 52 villages in the state of Maharashtra, India, among 363 married women selected by cluster sampling. Data was collected using an interview guide. An intervention was done for the women who had an unmet need and an assessment of the change was done subsequently. Data was analyzed by using SPSS.
Results The prevalence of contraceptive usage was 59.2% and the prevalence of unmet need for contraception was 44% (160). The unmet need for spacing births was 53.8%, 38.7% for limiting births and 7.5% women were dissatisfied with the current contraceptive method. The reasons ranged from side effects to contraceptives to source of obtaining contraceptives. Age of the respondents, education and number of living children showed statistically significant association with unmet needs. Post intervention, the contraceptive prevalence rate increased significantly 85.7% and there was a significant reduction in the unmet needs for spacing and limiting births, equally there was a significant reduction of dissatisfaction with using contraception.
Conclusion: Improvement in the use of contraception and addressing the unmet need for contraception requires community involvement and ongoing, sustained efforts by health workers to ensure quality care to the beneficiaries.
Fulltext Two novel gross deletions of TSC2 in Malaysian patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and TSC2/PKD1 contiguous deletion syndrome

Ismail NF, Nik Abdul Malik NM, Mohseni J, Rani AM, Hayati F, Salmi AR, et al.

Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2014 May;44(5):506-11.
PMID: 24683199 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu024

Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder affecting multiple organs. Tuberous sclerosis complex is caused by mutation in either one of the two disease-causing genes, TSC1 or TSC2, encoding for hamartin and tuberin, respectively. TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a very rare condition due to deletion involving both TSC2 and PKD1 genes. Tuberous sclerosis complex cannot be easily diagnosed since there is no pathognomonic feature, although there are consensus diagnostic criteria for that. Mutation analysis is useful and plays important roles. We report here two novel gross deletions of TSC2 gene in Malay patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and TSC2/PKD1 contiguous gene deletion syndrome, respectively.
Fulltext Tuberculous Myelopathy Associated with Longitudinally Extensive Lesion: A Clinicoradiological Review of Reported Cases

Md Noh MSF, Bahari N, Abdul Rashid AM

J Clin Neurol, 2020 Jul;16(3):369-375.
PMID: 32657056 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.3.369

Acute transverse myelitis is an inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord in which there is no evidence of spinal cord compression. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is a specific subtype of acute transverse myelitis that usually affects three or more vertebral levels and produces marked neurological deficits. While the most-common cause of LETM is neuromyelitis optica or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, there are rare cases of other causes mimicking this condition, including tuberculosis (TB). We sought to review the clinicoradiological features of TB myelopathy associated with longitudinally extensive lesion, which may mimic LETM, in the English literature. We searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for relevant articles using search terms including "longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis," "tuberculosis," "TB spinal cord," and various combinations of these expressions. Full-text papers were selected without limiting the publication year. We also examined the reference lists of key papers to identify further articles that are potentially relevant. We found 10 cases in 7 papers describing TB myelopathy associated with longitudinally extensive lesion. The demographics, clinical features, relevant cerebrospinal fluid findings, and radiological findings were compiled and summarized. TB myelopathy associated with longitudinally extensive lesion is very rare, with no documented prevalence. Early and accurate diagnosis is important since the condition is potentially treatable.
Tuberculous (TB) myelopathy associated with longitudinally extensive lesion: A case report

Noh MSF, Bahari N, Abdul Rashid AM

J Neuroradiol, 2021 Nov;48(6):453-455.
PMID: 31837378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2019.12.002
Fulltext Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents

Washif JA, Farooq A, Krug I, Pyne DB, Verhagen E, Taylor L, et al.

Sports Med, 2022 04;52(4):933-948.
PMID: 34687439 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
METHODS: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020).
RESULTS: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered "coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)" to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown,
Fulltext Traditional male circumcision in a rural community in Kedah, Malaysia

Khan AR, Teh SP, Narayan KA

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2009;3(2):19-23.
MyJurnal

Background: Circumcision though not mentioned in the Quran is believed to be a compulsory practice among the Muslims. In Malaysia, although there are several methods of circumcision available and traditional circumcision is still popular.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a small fishing village of Kedah to study the methods of circumcision available to the villagers. This was followed with an in-depth interview conducted with ‘Tok Mudim’, a practitioner of traditional method of circumcision.
Results: Forty three of the eligible 71 subjects participated in the study giving the response rate as 60.5%. The most common age for circumcision was 9 years old. Despite private clinics being the most common place of circumcisions, there was an increasing number of boys going to the ‘Tok Mudim’ for circumcision. A Mass Circumcision Ceremony is traditionally practiced. The ‘Tok Mudim’ described the procedure in detail and was of the opinion that the reason traditional method is still popular was because of the fear of injections and impotency among the parents. Most common complication faced by the ‘Tok Mudim’ was bleeding and infection.
Discussion and Conclusion: Till the community shifts entirely to using modern medicine, there is a need to integrate traditional practitioners into the system. Training the ‘Tok Mudim’ to use modern instruments and aseptic techniques should be considered.
Fulltext Toxic effect of high concentration of sonochemically synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles on Citrobacter sp. A1 and Enterococcus sp. C1

Lau CP, Abdul-Wahab MF, Jaafar J, Chan GF, Abdul Rashid NA

J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2017 Aug;50(4):427-434.
PMID: 26427880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.08.004

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Currently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained importance in various industrial applications. However, their impact upon release into the environment on microorganisms remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped AgNPs synthesized in this laboratory on two bacterial strains isolated from the environment, Gram-negative Citrobacter sp. A1 and Gram-positive Enterococcus sp. C1.
METHODS: Polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped AgNPs were synthesized by ultrasound-assisted chemical reduction. Characterization of the AgNPs involved UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Citrobacter sp. A1 and Enterococcus sp. C1 were exposed to varying concentrations of AgNPs, and cell viability was determined. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to evaluate the morphological alteration of both species upon exposure to AgNPs at 1000 mg/L.
RESULTS: The synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape, with an average particle size of 15 nm. The AgNPs had different but prominent effects on either Citrobacter sp. A1 or Enterococcus sp. C1. At an AgNP concentration of 1000 mg/L, Citrobacter sp. A1 retained viability for 6 hours, while Enterococcus sp. C1 retained viability only for 3 hours. Citrobacter sp. A1 appeared to be more resistant to AgNPs than Enterococcus sp. C1. The cell wall of both strains was found to be morphologically altered at that concentration.
CONCLUSION: Minute and spherical AgNPs significantly affected the viability of the two bacterial strains selected from the environment. Enterococcus sp. C1 was more vulnerable to AgNPs, probably due to its cell wall architecture and the absence of silver resistance-related genes.
Tooth wear prevalence and sample size determination : a pilot study

Abd Karim NB, Ismail NM, Naing L, Ismail AR

Malays J Med Sci, 2008 Oct;15(4):35-40.
PMID: 22589636

Tooth wear is the non-carious loss of tooth tissue, which results from three processes namely attrition, erosion and abrasion. These can occur in isolation or simultaneously. Very mild tooth wear is a physiological effect of aging. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of tooth wear among 16-year old Malay school children and determine a feasible sample size for further study. Fifty-five subjects were examined clinically, followed by the completion of self-administered questionnaires. Questionnaires consisted of socio-demographic and associated variables for tooth wear obtained from the literature. The Smith and Knight tooth wear index was used to chart tooth wear. Other oral findings were recorded using the WHO criteria. A software programme was used to determine pathological tooth wear. About equal ratio of male to female were involved. It was found that 18.2% of subjects have no tooth wear, 63.6% had very mild tooth wear, 10.9% mild tooth wear, 5.5% moderate tooth wear and 1.8 % severe tooth wear. In conclusion 18.2% of subjects were deemed to have pathological tooth wear (mild, moderate & severe). Exploration with all associated variables gave a sample size ranging from 560 - 1715. The final sample size for further study greatly depends on available time and resources.
Tibia vara and slipped upper femoral epiphysis: is there an association?

Jamil K, Abdul Rashid AH, Ibrahim S

J Pediatr Orthop B, 2015 Jan;24(1):46-9.
PMID: 25192368 DOI: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000101

Tibia vara and slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) share a common risk factor, but their relationship is unclear. In both conditions, the patients are usually obese. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only two previous reports in the literature that have described the occurrence of tibia vara and SUFE in three patients. We report a child who was treated for bilateral tibia vara at the age of 3 years and subsequently developed a SUFE at the age of 13 years.
Fulltext Thermoluminescence dating of a Lembah Bujang structure

Rosli H. Mahat, Nur Maisarah Abdul Rashid, Mohd Jalaluddin Jasman, Zulkifli Jaafar

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2010;2010(2):66-68.
MyJurnal

The Lembah Bujang archeological complex near Sungai Petani, Kedah consists of various structures constructed at different times and spread over a wide area. This paper reports on the thermoluminescence (TL) dating of one of these structures. The structure was found to be 350 ± 90 yrs old. This is very young as compared with other structures that are from the 4th to the 16th centuries. This structure is suspected to be remnant of a Muslim Mosque whereas the other structures were Hindu and Buddist temples.
Thermoluminescence characteristics of Ge-doped optical fibers with different dimensions for radiation dosimetry

Begum M, Rahman AK, Abdul-Rashid HA, Yusoff Z, Begum M, Mat-Sharif KA, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2015 Jun;100:79-83.
PMID: 25468288 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.10.025

Important thermoluminescence (TL) properties of five (5) different core sizes Ge-doped optical fibers have been studied to develop new TL material with better response. These are drawn from same preform applying different speed and tension during drawing phase to produce Ge-doped optical fibers with five (5) different core sizes. The results of the investigations are also compared with most commonly used standard TLD-100 chips (LiF:Mg,Ti) and commercial multimode Ge-doped optical fiber (Yangtze Optical Fiber, China). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and EDX analysis of the fibers are also performed to map Ge distribution across the deposited region. Standard Gamma radiation source in Secondary Standard Dosimetry Lab (SSDL) was used for irradiation covering dose range from 1Gy to 10Gy. The essential dosimetric parameters that have been studied are TL linearity, reproducibility and fading. Prior to irradiation all samples ∼0.5cm length are annealed at temperature of 400°C for 1h period to standardize their sensitivities and background. Standard TLD-100 chips are also annealed for 1h at 400°C and subsequently 2h at 100°C to yield the highest sensitivity. TL responses of these fibers show linearity over a wide gamma radiation dose that is an important property for radiation dosimetry. Among all fibers used in this study, 100μm core diameter fiber provides highest response that is 2.6 times than that of smallest core (20μm core) optical fiber. These fiber-samples demonstrate better response than commercial multi-mode optical fiber and also provide low degree of fading about 20% over a period of fifteen days for gamma radiation. Effective atomic number (Zeff) is found in the range (13.25-13.69) which is higher than soft tissue (7.5) however within the range of human-bone (11.6-13.8). All the fibers can also be re-used several times as a detector after annealing. TL properties of the Ge-doped optical fibers indicate promising applications in ionizing radiation dosimetry.
Fulltext Theoretical analysis and optimization of chromatic dispersion measurement using the technique of relative power of two beating frequencies

Abdul-Rashid, H.A., Al-Qdah, M.T., Chuah, H.T., Tayahi, M.

ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(2):129-132.
MyJurnal

The operating principle and the performance of chromatic dispersion (CD) measurement technique are discussed through developed numerical models. The performance of the CD measurement technique was studied in terms of the measurement range and sensitivity as the wavelength separation was varied. Based on the numerical model, the technique sensitivity increased with wavelength separation. However, this increase in sensitivity was traded off with a narrower measurement range. The measurement technique was optimized at 5.0 GHz wavelength separation with a sensitivity of 0.009 (dB/ps/nm) and measurement range of 2500 ps/nm.
The thermoluminescence glow curve and the deconvoluted glow peak characteristics of erbium doped silica fiber exposed to 70-130 kVp x-rays

Alawiah A, Bauk S, Marashdeh MW, Nazura MZ, Abdul-Rashid HA, Yusoff Z, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2015 Oct;104:197-202.
PMID: 26188687 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.011

In regard to thermoluminescence (TL) applied to dosimetry, in recent times a number of researchers have explored the role of optical fibers for radiation detection and measurement. Many of the studies have focused on the specific dopant concentration, the type of dopant and the fiber core diameter, all key dependencies in producing significant increase in the sensitivity of such fibers. At doses of less than 1 Gy none of these investigations have addressed the relationship between dose response and TL glow peak behavior of erbium (Er)-doped silica cylindrical fibers (CF). For x-rays obtained at accelerating potentials from 70 to 130 kVp, delivering doses of between 0.1 and 0.7 Gy, present study explores the issue of dose response, special attention being paid to determination of the kinetic parameters and dosimetric peak properties of Er-doped CF. The effect of dose response on the kinetic parameters of the glow peak has been compared against other fiber types, revealing previously misunderstood connections between kinetic parameters and radiation dose. Within the investigated dose range there was an absence of supralinearity of response of the Er-doped silica CF, instead sub-linear response being observed. Detailed examination of glow peak response and kinetic parameters has thus been shown to shed new light of the rarely acknowledged issue of the limitation of TL kinetic model and sub-linear dose response of Er-doped silica CF.

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