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  1. A prevalence survey of mental disorders among children in a rural Malaysian village
    Kasmini K, Kyaw O, Krishnaswamy S, Ramli H, Hassan S
    Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1993 Apr;87(4):253-7.
    PMID: 8488745
    This is the first epidemiological survey of mental disorders among children in a Malaysian village. The WHO Research Questionnaire for Children (RQC) was used for initial screening followed by a semistructured interview, the Follow-up Interview for Children (FIC) at its second stage. Diagnosis was obtained by using Rutter's multi-axial classification. The prevalence rates obtained for the diagnostic categories were described in 3 age groups, in accordance with the age of attending school in Malaysia. Of 507 children screened aged 1-15, 6.1% were classified as having a mental disorder.
  2. Fulltext A prevalence survey of psychiatric morbidity in a rural Malaysian village: a preliminary report
    Ramli H, Ohn K, Krishnaswamy S, Kasmini K, Hassan S
    Singapore Med J, 1987 Dec;28(6):530-3.
    PMID: 3441795
  3. Fulltext A study on the usefulness of Techlab Entamoeba histolytica II antigen detection ELISA in the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess (ALA) at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
    Zeehaida M, Wan Nor Amilah WA, Amry AR, Hassan S, Sarimah A, Rahmah N
    Trop Biomed, 2008 Dec;25(3):209-16.
    PMID: 19287359
    Amoebic serodiagnosis at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan employs an indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) which detects anti-Entamoeba histolytica antibodies in patients' serum samples. In an amoebiasis endemic area such as Kelantan, interpretation of a positive IHA result can be problematic due to the high background antibody levels. The TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA is a commercial kit for detection of specific Gal/GalNAc lectin antigen in stool samples, and has been reported to be able to detect the antigen in serum samples from patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA). Thus in this study we investigated the usefulness of TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA for diagnosis of ALA by comparing it with IHA. This is a cross sectional study involving 58 suspected ALA patients who were admitted to the surgical ward, HUSM, Kelantan. The diagnosis of ALA was established based on clinical symptoms and signs, ultrasound and/or CT scan results. The serum specimens obtained from the patients were tested with IHA (Dade Behring Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) and TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA (Techlab, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA) according to the manufacturers' instructions. Of the 58 patients, 72.4% (42) were positive by IHA and only 8.6% (5) were positive by the TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA. Agreement between the IHA and ELISA was poor (kappa value 0.019, p=0.691). There was also no correlation between ELISA results and IHA antibody titers. The TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA was not sensitive in detecting amoebic antigen in samples from ALA patients. In addition the results of the test did not correlate with the IHA anti-E. histolytica antibody titres. Therefore, the TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA was found not to be useful for serological diagnosis of ALA at HUSM.
  4. Fulltext About clinicopathological conference and its' practice in the School of Medical Sciences, USM
    Hassan S
    Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jul;13(2):7-10.
    PMID: 22589598
    The clinicopathological conference, popularly known as CPC primarily relies on case method of teaching medicine. It is a teaching tool that illustrates the logical, measured consideration of a differential diagnosis used to evaluate patients. The process involves case presentation, diagnostic data, discussion of differential diagnosis, logically narrowing the list to few selected probable diagnoses and eventually reaching a final diagnosis and its brief discussion. The idea was first practiced in Boston, back in 1900 by a Harvard internist, Dr. Richard C. Cabot who practiced this as an informal discussion session in his private office. Dr. Cabot incepted this from a resident, who in turn had received the idea from a roommate, primarily a law student.
  5. Adenoid mast cells and their role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion
    Abdullah B, Hassan S, Sidek D, Jaafar H
    J Laryngol Otol, 2006 Jul;120(7):556-60.
    PMID: 16834804 DOI: 10.1017/S002221510
    INTRODUCTION: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is an inflammation of the middle ear in which a collection of liquid is present in the middle-ear space while the tympanic membrane is intact. The association between adenoid inflammation and OME has long been noted but the exact mechanism is still much debated. We studied the role of adenoid mast cells in the causation of OME.
    OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution and role of adenoid mast cells in the causation of OME.
    METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional, prospective study was carried out in the otorhinolaryngologic clinic, department of otorhinolaryngology (ORL), Science University of Malaysia, from June 1999 to September 2001. A total number of 50 cases were studied. Twenty-five of these patients underwent adenoidectomy, while another 25 patients underwent adenoidectomy and myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion. The adenoid specimens from all patients were examined for the number of adenoid mast cells present, using light microscopy and toluidine blue as the staining agent. The results were analysed using SPSS version 10.0 computer software.
    RESULT: The population of adenoid mast cells in children with OME was significantly greater than that in children without OME (p=0.000).
    CONCLUSION: The increased number of adenoid mast cells in patients with OME suggests that inflammation may play a role in this condition.
  6. Anatomical variations of median nerve formation, distribution and possible communication with other nerves in preserved human cadavers
    Mat Taib CN, Hassan SN, Esa N, Mohd Moklas MA, San AA
    Folia Morphol (Warsz), 2016 09 26;76(1):38-43.
    PMID: 27665953 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0045
    Formation, distribution and possible communication of the median nerve are essential to know in treatment and surgeries of various conditions of injuries e.g. repair or reconstruction of the median nerve post traumatic accident. In the present study, 44 upper limbs were dissected. Root forming the median nerve, the median nerve in relation with the axillary artery and communication of the median nerve with other nerves were noted.
  7. Fulltext Appraisal of clinical profile and management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in malaysia
    Hassan S, Abdullah J, Abdullah B, Jihan Wd S, Jaafar H, Abdullah S
    Malays J Med Sci, 2007 Jan;14(1):18-22.
    PMID: 22593647 MyJurnal
    Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign but locally invasive tumour. Patients are usually in their adolescent age and present with epistaxis and nasal blockage. Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation and the C.T. scan findings. Pre-operative superselective embolisation (SSE) and surgical excision is the treatment of choice. The out patient clinic of ORL-HNS hospital of University Science Malaysia received 25 referrals, all male, majority between 9-13 years of age and few adolescents. Clinically the patients were consistent with symptoms of recurrent epistaxis and nasal blockage. They reported from October 1998 to October 2001 from with in the state of Kelantan and the nearby states of Pahang, Kedah and Terenganu. Diagnosis was mostly made on typical radiological findings and the tumours were classified accordingly into four stages. SSE and surgical excision was carried out in all cases. Regular follow-up helped us to identify early recurrences which were treated with salvage surgery or radiotherapy in one case with extensive intracranial extension. A retrospective review of presenting features, diagnostic difficulties, surgical approaches and its outcome is presented. Maxillary swing procedure performed in three cases as a new surgical option in the management of JNA is also discussed.
    Study site: ENT clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
  8. Fulltext Appraisal of weekly conducted clinical pathologic case conference (CPC)
    Hassan S
    Education in Medicine Journal, 2011;3(2):15-23.
    MyJurnal
    Background: The weekly held clinical pathologic case conference popularly known as CPC provides an effective and regular educational media of collaborative learning for inter-disciplinary exchange of knowledge among the faculty members of an institution. CPC has been routinely practiced for the last two decades in School of medical Sciences (SMS) at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). An hour session primarily involves a case presentation hiding the diagnosis followed by discussion on differential diagnosis and floor interaction on interesting clinical cases. It also gives an opportunity to new teaching staff in the institution to experience an in-house practice of presenting the clinical cases; witch can readily be reproduced as a case report for publication. An effort to follow the original format of CPC is comprehended as an essential outcome of this study to keep up the sanctity of CPC as a case method of learning medicine in future. Methodology: A questionnaire-based survey was recently conducted to evaluate the weekly held CPC in SMS. It was a cross sectional survey in which a questionnaire comprising of 23 items was administered to a targeted population of faculty members of School of Medical Sciences. The items in questionnaire were grouped into 5 clusters. All respondents were adequately briefed through a letter addressing the objectives and importance of survey and its appraisal aiming to revamp the CPC guided by the out-come of study. Questionnaires were administered to 240 academic staff, covering > 80% of the target population of 294 faculty members. 159 (66.2%) members of sample population completed the questionnaires. Total non-responses were 81 (33.7%) and item non-responses were 320 (8.7%) Result: All the items in questionnaire were found significant (p 0.016) except those two items related to, observing a difference in preparing for a case presentation verses a formal CPC presentation and its promotion (p 0.556 and 0.197 respectively). It was also established that the major respondents were unaware of the original format of CPC (p 0.003) in which a presenter select and prepares a case, which is discussed with participating faculty members for its differential diagnoses. 51.6% faculty members did not follow the formal CPC format (p 0.016) in their presentations. A lack of awareness about the format of CPC was shown by (61.0%) faculty members (p 0.003). Conclusion : It was concluded that emphasis to discuss the differential diagnosis by a competent discussant was lacking, as presenters did not follow the formal CPC format. It was critically observed that a number of presentations made in this weekly program deviate from the original format adapted by SMS in USM. However, the out-come appraisal of this survey was the pledge shown by the majority faculty members to adapt the guidelines as a reverence to the formal CPC format.
  9. Fulltext Association between Serum 25 (OH) Vitamin D Concentrations and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) Activity
    Hassan V, Hassan S, Seyed-Javad P, Ahmad K, Asieh H, Maryam S, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2013;68(1):34-8.
    PMID: 23466764
    Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are immune mediated diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Several environmental factors in concert with genetic susceptibilities can trigger IBDs. Recently, one of the important environmental factors contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases is vitamin D (VitD) deficiency. Furthermore, some new evidence points to VitD deficiency and its receptor dysfunction as an underlying factor for the emergence experimental IBDs. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the correlation between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and IBD activity in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Sixty patients with confirmed diagnosis of IBD were recruited for a cross sectional study. Most of the identified confounders affecting serum VitD concentrations were excluded. Disease activity was assessed using validated questionnaires, including Truelove for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease Activity Index (CDAI) for Crohn disease. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined by chemiluminescent assay. Serum 25(OH)D≤10 (ng/ml) was considered as VitD deficiency and 11≤25(OH)D<29(ng/ml) as VitD insufficiency. Mean serum 25(OH)D value was 13.1 ± 11.1(ng/ml) in IBD patients. Almost 95% of patients were vitamin D insufficient or deficient. Forty one percent of IBD patients had active disease. VitD deficiency was not associated with IBD activity (p=0.23). However, VitD deficiency was significantly associated with a history of IBD related intestinal surgery (p=0.001). In conclusion, this cross-sectional prospective study suggested that there is no association between vitamin D deficiency and disease activity in a relatively small number of IBD patients in a short period of time.
  10. Fulltext Broad reactive monoclonal antibodies for rapid identification of enteroviruses show cross-reactivity with chikungunya virus infected cells
    Khairul AH, Chem YK, Keniscope C, Rosli J, Hassan S, Mat J, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2010 Jun;32(1):49-52.
    PMID: 20614726 MyJurnal
    In the past decade, enterovirus 71 (EV71) and chikungunya (CHIK) virus have re-emerged periodically causing serious public health problems in Malaysia, since their first emergence in 1997 and 1998 respectively. This study demonstrates that CHIK virus causes similar patterns of cytopathic effect in cultured Vero cells as some enteroviruses. They also show positive cross-reaction on direct immunofluorescence staining using monoclonal antibodies meant for typing enteroviruses. Without adequate clinical and epidemiological information for correlation, CHIK virus isolated from patients with acute febrile rash can be wrongly reported as untypeable enterovirus due to its cross-reactivity with commercial pan-enterovirus monoclonal antibodies. This is due to the diagnostic laboratory being unaware of such cross-reactions as it has not been reported previously. Final identification of the virus could be determined with specific antibodies or molecular typing using specific oligonucleotide primers for the CHIK virus.
  11. Fulltext Challenges in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review
    Abdullah B, Alias A, Hassan S
    Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Oct;16(4):50-4.
    PMID: 22135512 MyJurnal
    Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a non-lymphomatous, squamous cell carcinoma that occurs in the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx, an area that shows varying degrees of differentiation. Although relatively rare worldwide, NPC has substantial incidence and mortality in populations in Southeast Asia and in people with Southern Chinese ancestry. In Malaysia, NPC is a leading cancer type. In the clinic, NPC presents on a very wide spectrum. Therefore, a high degree of suspicion on the part of the clinician and an increased awareness by the patient is essential for the recognition of an early lesion. Early detection of the cancer is important as it affects the patient's prognosis and the mode of treatment. Managing patients with NPC is very challenging as patients usually present late when the cancer is already in an advanced stage. Here, we review the challenges in the management of NPC.
  12. Characterization of New Alpha Zero (α0) Thalassaemia Deletion (--GB) among Malays in Malaysian Population
    Yasin NM, Abdul Hamid FS, Hassan S, Mat Yusoff Y, Mohd Sahid EN, Esa E
    Diagnostics (Basel), 2023 Oct 23;13(20).
    PMID: 37892108 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203286
    Malaysia is a multicultural and multiethnic country comprising numerous ethnic groups. From the total population of 32.7 million, Malays form the bulk of the Bumiputera in Malaysia comprise about 69.9%, followed by Chinese 22.8%, Indian 6.6%, and others 0.7%. The heterogeneous population and increasing numbers of non-citizens in this country affects the heterogeneity of genetic diseases, diversity, and heterogeneity of thalassaemia mutations. Alpha (α)-thalassaemia is an inherited haemoglobin disorder characterized by hypochromic microcytic anaemia caused by a quantitative reduction in the α-globin chain. A majority of the α-thalassaemia are caused by deletions in the α-globin gene cluster. Among Malays, the most common deletional alpha thalassaemia is -α3.7 deletion followed by --SEA deletion. We described the molecular characterization of a new --GB deletion in our population, involving both alpha genes in cis. Interestingly, we found that this mutation is unique among Malay ethnicities. It is important to diagnose this deletion because of the 25% risk of Hb Bart's with hydrops fetalis in the offspring when in combination with another α0- thalassaemia allele. MLPA is a suitable method to detect unknown and uncommon deletions and to characterize those cases which remain unresolved after a standard diagnostic approach.
  13. Fulltext Characterization of fabricated optical fiber for food irradiation dosimetry
    Noramaliza, M.N., Maryam, A.J., Hassan, S., Wan Saffiey, W.A., Nizam, T., Faizal, M., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(5):2125-2129.
    MyJurnal
    Food irradiation is a process carried out in order to improve hygienic quality and germination
    control, retarding sprouting, also enhancing physical attributes of the food product. In order to
    provide for food safety, radiation dosimetry in irradiated foods is required. In present studies
    use is made of germanium doped (Ge-doped) optical fibres of various form and dimensions.
    The fibres are irradiated using a gamma source irradiator (Gamma Cell 220 Excel), with doses
    from 1 kGy up to 10 kGy. For the particular Ge-doped optical fibres, investigation has been
    made of linearity with dose, reproducibility, and fading, intercomparisons being made. The
    fibres all exhibit TL yields that are linear with dose from 1 kGy up to 10 kGy, exceeding the
    dose range of all commercial high dose dosimeters used in the food irradiation industry. In
    respect of the flat fibre dosimeters, the mean reproducibility was found to be within 0.53%
    to 4.96%, also offering low signal loss (fading), within 13.41% (for fibres of cross-sectional
    dimensions 60 x 180 µm) to 20.12% (for fibres of cross-sectional dimensions 200 x 750µm),
    after 22 days of storage.
  14. Chronic atrophic antral gastritis and risk of metaplasia and dysplasia in an area with low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori
    Yeh LY, Raj M, Hassan S, Aziz SA, Othman NH, Mutum SS, et al.
    Indian J Gastroenterol, 2009 08 21;28(2):49-52.
    PMID: 19696988 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-009-0017-0
    INTRODUCTION: The Northeastern region of Peninsular Malaysia is an area with exceptionally low prevalence for Helicobacter pylori infection. The risk of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and its association with Helicobacter pylori is unknown in this region.

    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on gastric biopsies from 234 consecutive patients (mean age 53.5 [14.8] years) who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between January 2006 and December 2006.

    RESULTS: There were 137 (59%) men and 185 (79%) Malay patients. Among 234 biopsies, CAG was found in 99 and non-atrophic gastritis in 135. Intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were detected in 8 and 6 atrophic gastritis biopsies, respectively, and in 10 and 3 of non-atrophic gastritis biopsies, respectively. H. pylori were detected in 16 (9 Malays, 7 non- Malays) biopsies (p=0.024); intestinal metaplasia was detected in 4 biopsies (p=0.3) and dysplasia in 5 biopsies (p=0.3). Of the 218 biopsies negative for H. pylori, intestinal metaplasia was found in 14 and dysplasia in 4. The risk of intestinal metaplasia as well as dysplasia was associated with presence of H. pylori infection (p=0.029 and p<0.001 respectively).

    CONCLUSION: Even in a setting of low prevalence of H. pylori, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were significantly associated with H. pylori infection. The frequency of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia was similar different between biopsies with atrophic gastritis and non-atrophic gastritis.

  15. Fulltext Cleft Lip And Palate Centre: The University Hospital Experience
    Ghani, S.H.A., Hussain, R., Hassan, S., Tan, K.K., Ahmad, M.H.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The Combined Cleft Clinic at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur was organised in 1992. The team consists of Plastic Surgeon, Orthodontists, Speech therapist, Ear, Nose and Throat Surgeon, Audiologist, medical officers and the nurses. We attend the clinic on a regular basis. Specialists from other medical and dental disciplines as well as the members of the Cleft Lip and Palate Association of Malaysia (CLAPAM) do occasionally participate in this set-up.The team members formulate treatment plans for each cleft patient, monitor the patient's growth and development and manage the patient at different stages according to the individual needs. To date, the idea of team approach and an establishment of a centre towards management of cleft patients seem to be the most ideal as the patients are benefiting total treatment and care from various specialists from only one place. The experience of University Hospital as a centre for cleft patients is discussed.
  16. Fulltext Clinical and audiological profiles in children with chronic otitis media with effusion requiring surgical intervention
    Abdullah B, Hassan S, Sidek D
    Malays J Med Sci, 2007 Jul;14(2):22-7.
    PMID: 22993488 MyJurnal
    To determine the characteristic presenting symptoms, otoscopic findings, audiological profiles and the intraoperative findings of children with chronic otitis media with effusion who required surgical intervention. A prospective cross sectional study was undertaken in the otorhinolaryngology clinic of USM Hospital (HUSM) involving 25 cases (50 ears) of children with chronic otitis media with effusion requiring surgical intervention from June 1999 to September 2001. Their ages ranged from 3 to 12 years old. The gender distribution included males at 72 % and females at 28 %. The presenting symptoms noted were hearing impairment (52%), otalgia (18%), ear block (16%) and tinnitus (14%). The otoscopic findings were fluid in the middle ear (40%), dullness (32%) and retraction of the tympanic membrane (28%). On audiometry, 24 ears had moderate deafness (48%), 16 ears had mild deafness (32%) while 4 ears had severe deafness (8%). With tympanometry, 42 ears out of the total 50 had a flat type B curve (84%) while 6 ears had type As curve (12%). During myringotomy, middle ear secretion was seen in 38 ears (76%) out of the 50 ears; 22 ears had mucoid secretion while 16 ears had serous secretion. Clinically, the commonest presenting symptom was hearing impairment (52%) while the most common otoscopic finding was fluid in the middle ear (40%). Audiologically, most patients had moderate conductive hearing loss (48%) and a type B curve (84%) on tympanometry. On myringotomy middle ear fluid was found in 76 % of the ears.
    Study site: otorhinolaryngology clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
  17. Fulltext Combined use of maxillomandibular swing approach and neurosurgical ultrasonic aspirator in the management of extensive clival chordoma: a case report
    Hassan S, Abdullah JM, Wan Din SJ, Idris Z
    J Med Case Rep, 2008;2:49.
    PMID: 18279530 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-2-49
    Chordoma is a rare malignant tumour with an incidence of metastasis of less than 10 percent. Usually arising from clivus its posterior extension may involve the brainstem before presenting as nasal mass and obstruction. Surgery is the main mode of treatment with adjuvant radiotherapy. However surgery is rarely possible for a large intracranial lesion.
  18. Compression neuropathy of the common peroneal nerve secondary to a ganglion cyst
    Yazid Bajuri M, Tan BC, Das S, Hassan S, Subanesh S
    Clin Ter, 2011;162(6):549-52.
    PMID: 22262327
    There are various causes of the common peroneal nerve palsy. However, common peroneal nerve palsy caused by ganglia are uncommon. We hereby present a case of a 55-year-old man with a 1 week history of foot drop and swelling in the region of the right leg. Physical examination and nerve conduction study studies confirmed a diagnosis of common peroneal nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a lobulated, elongated cystic-appearing mass anterior to the head of fibula. Surgical decompression of the nerve with removal of the mass was performed. Surgical pathology reports confirmed the diagnosis of a ganglion cyst. Findings on physical examination, nerve conduction study and MRI results of this interesting case are being discussed. We wish to highlight that even a tumour which is benign and within the nerve sheath can cause compression.
  19. Fulltext Cross-linguistic patterns in the acquisition of quantifiers
    Katsos N, Cummins C, Ezeizabarrena MJ, Gavarró A, Kuvač Kraljević J, Hrzica G, et al.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2016 08 16;113(33):9244-9.
    PMID: 27482119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601341113
    Learners of most languages are faced with the task of acquiring words to talk about number and quantity. Much is known about the order of acquisition of number words as well as the cognitive and perceptual systems and cultural practices that shape it. Substantially less is known about the acquisition of quantifiers. Here, we consider the extent to which systems and practices that support number word acquisition can be applied to quantifier acquisition and conclude that the two domains are largely distinct in this respect. Consequently, we hypothesize that the acquisition of quantifiers is constrained by a set of factors related to each quantifier's specific meaning. We investigate competence with the expressions for "all," "none," "some," "some…not," and "most" in 31 languages, representing 11 language types, by testing 768 5-y-old children and 536 adults. We found a cross-linguistically similar order of acquisition of quantifiers, explicable in terms of four factors relating to their meaning and use. In addition, exploratory analyses reveal that language- and learner-specific factors, such as negative concord and gender, are significant predictors of variation.
  20. Fulltext Cross-sectional serosurvey for Japanese encephalitis specific antibody from animal sera in Malaysia 1993
    Oda K, Igarashi A, Kheong CT, Hong CC, Vijayamalar B, Sinniah M, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1996 Sep;27(3):463-70.
    PMID: 9185254
    Serum specimens were collected from 6 species of animals living in 9 states of Malaysia including Sabah, North Borneo in 1993. Antibodies against Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in these sera were detected by means of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization (NT) tests. By HI test, 702 of 2,152 (32.6%) sera showed positive results. Higher positive rates were obtained by the NT test, in which 1,787 of 1,927 (92.7%) sera had antibodies against JE virus. All serum specimens with positive HI were confirmed as positive by the NT. Swine sera showed especially higher rates of antibody positive and higher antibody titers compared with other animals. These results suggest that JE infections are widely distributed among many animals of Malaysia, and pig is the most susceptible amplifier host for JE virus.
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