Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 25 in total

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  1. Fulltext Characterization of a new biodegradable edible film based on semolina loaded with nano kaolin
    Jafarzadeh, S., Alias, A.K., Ariffin, F., Mahmud, S., Najafi, A, Sheibani, S.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(1):304-309.
    MyJurnal
    Biodegradable packaging, such as edible coatings and films, is widely used because it is free
    from synthetic substances and does not lead to environment pollution. Therefore, this industry
    is continuously growing. This study aimed to prepare and characterize biodegradable films
    loaded with nano kaolin. Semolina protein films were prepared and plasticized with sorbitol/
    glycerol by the casting method. Nano kaolin with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w) was
    added to the films before casting them. The films were dried at controlled conditions. The effects
    of the addition of nanoparticles were measured on water absorption capacity (WAC), density,
    ultraviolet transmittance, heat sealability, and film morphology. Results showed that the WAC
    and density of the films decreased by increasing the nano kaolin concentration. By contrast, the
    seal strength for the semolina film was increased by incorporating a low percentage of nano
    kaolin. The X-ray diffraction curves of the semolina film incorporated with kaolin exhibited
    broad reflection, thus indicating that the kaolin nanosize matches the transmission electron
    microscopy images. In summary, nano kaolin incorporation enhanced the physicochemical
    properties and heat sealability of semolina films, thereby indicating the potential application of
    these bionanocomposites to food-product packaging.
  2. Fulltext Physical properties of fish gelatin-based bio-nanocomposite films incorporated with ZnO nanorods
    Rouhi J, Mahmud S, Naderi N, Ooi ChR, Mahmood MR
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2013;8(1):364.
    PMID: 23981366 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276X-8-364
    Well-dispersed fish gelatin-based nanocomposites were prepared by adding ZnO nanorods (NRs) as fillers to aqueous gelatin. The effects of ZnO NR fillers on the mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of fish gelatin bio-nanocomposite films were investigated. Results showed an increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength of 42% and 25% for nanocomposites incorporated with 5% ZnO NRs, respectively, compared with unfilled gelatin-based films. UV transmission decreased to zero with the addition of a small amount of ZnO NRs in the biopolymer matrix. X-ray diffraction showed an increase in the intensity of the crystal facets of (10ī1) and (0002) with the addition of ZnO NRs in the biocomposite matrix. The surface topography of the fish gelatin films indicated an increase in surface roughness with increasing ZnO NR concentrations. The conductivity of the films also significantly increased with the addition of ZnO NRs. These results indicated that bio-nanocomposites based on ZnO NRs had great potentials for applications in packaging technology, food preservation, and UV-shielding systems.
  3. Fulltext Fabrication of an electrically-resistive, varistor-polymer composite
    Ahmad MB, Fatehi A, Zakaria A, Mahmud S, Mohammadi SA
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(12):15640-52.
    PMID: 23443085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215640
    This study focuses on the fabrication and electrical characterization of a polymer composite based on nano-sized varistor powder. The polymer composite was fabricated by the melt-blending method. The developed nano-composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The XRD pattern revealed the crystallinity of the composite. The XRD study also showed the presence of secondary phases due to the substitution of zinc by other cations, such as bismuth and manganese. The TEM picture of the sample revealed the distribution of the spherical, nano-sized, filler particles throughout the matrix, which were in the 10-50 nm range with an average of approximately 11 nm. The presence of a bismuth-rich phase and a ZnO matrix phase in the ZnO-based varistor powder was confirmed by FeSEM images and EDX spectra. From the current-voltage curves, the non-linear coefficient of the varistor polymer composite with 70 wt% of nano filler was 3.57, and its electrical resistivity after the onset point was 861 KΩ. The non-linear coefficient was 1.11 in the sample with 100 wt% polymer content. Thus, it was concluded that the composites established a better electrical non-linearity at higher filler amounts due to the nano-metric structure and closer particle linkages.
  4. RADIATION DOSE TO MALDIVIANS VIA THE CONSUMPTION OF TUNA FISH CAUGHT FROM THE COASTAL WATERS OF INDIAN OCEAN
    Nadhiya A, Khandaker MU, Mahmud S, Yarima MH
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2019 Oct 01;184(3-4):302-306.
    PMID: 31034553 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz085
    Recognising the consumption of tuna fish as a major foodstuff in Maldivian diet, the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides in Yellowfin and Skipjack tuna are determined by using HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry to evaluate the health hazards to Maldivians. The samples were collected from different atolls of Maldives adjacent to the coastal waters of Indian Ocean. The activity concentrations (Bq kg-1) in Yellowfin tuna for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are in the ranges of 4.2 ± 1.8-10.5 ± 1.1, 1.3 ± 0.3-3.2 ± 0.7 and 589 ± 29-697 ± 34, respectively while in Skipjack tuna the respective ranges are 3.9 ± 0.5-13.2 ± 1.1, 1.3 ± 0.3-2.7 ± 0.6 and 511 ± 28-681 ± 35. The committed effective dose (mean 263 μSv y-1) received by an individual due to the dietary intake of Yellowfin tuna falling below the UNSCEAR referenced global internal dose limit of 290 μSv y-1; while for Skipjack tuna, the estimated dose (mean 365 μSv y-1) exceeds the world average limiting value. The carcinogenic risk was found to be well below the ICRP referenced acceptable limit of 2.5 × 10-3. The present study indicates that the radiation dose to Maldivian via the consumption of Yellowfin tuna poses an insignificant threat to the public health. However, prolonged consumption of Skipjack tuna fish from the studied areas may pose a cumulative risk to the public health.
  5. Factors influencing Hepatitis C virus sero-prevalence among blood donors in north west Pakistan
    Khattak MN, Akhtar S, Mahmud S, Roshan TM
    J Public Health Policy, 2008 Jul;29(2):207-25.
    PMID: 18523475 DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2008.7
    Hepatitis C virus infection is a major health problem worldwide. The current study estimated seroprevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and evaluated associated factors among volunteer blood donors of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. Of 1,131 volunteer blood donors enrolled, 46 (4.1%) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that positive donors were more likely to be 27-32 years old or >32 years old, have had 1-2 injections or >2 injections in the past year, or 1-5 intravenous (IV) drips or >5 I/V drips in the past 5 years. Positive donors had a family history of jaundice and were more likely to have been shaved (facial and armpit) by barbers. There was high prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among blood donors of the NWFP. Public awareness programs should target the identified risk factors to prevent HCV transmission. We highlight the weakness of the health care system for blood donation, as it does not offer any record management for donors.
  6. Application of antimicrobial active packaging film made of semolina flour, nano zinc oxide and nano-kaolin to maintain the quality of low-moisture mozzarella cheese during low-temperature storage
    Jafarzadeh S, Rhim JW, Alias AK, Ariffin F, Mahmud S
    J Sci Food Agric, 2019 Apr;99(6):2716-2725.
    PMID: 30350410 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9439
    BACKGROUND: Active food packaging films with improved properties and strong antimicrobial activity were prepared by blending mixed nanomaterials with different ratio [1:4 (40 mg:160 mg), 3:2 (120 mg: 80 mg), 0:5 (0 mg: 200 mg) and 5:0 (200 mg:0 mg)] of ZnO and kaolin with semolina using a solvent casting method and used for the packaging of low moisture mozzarella cheese to test the effect of packaging on the quality change of the cheese for long-term (up to 72 days) refrigerated storage.

    RESULTS: Compared with the neat semolina film, mechanical strength (TS) of the nanocomposite films increased significantly (increase in 21-65%) and water vapor barrier (WVP) and O2 gas barrier (OP) properties decreased significantly (decrease in 43-50% and 60-65%, respectively) depending on the blending ratio of ZnO and kaolin nanoclay. The nanocomposite films also exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus), yeast (C. albicans), and mold (A. niger). The nanocomposite packaging films were effectively prevented the growth of microorganisms (coliforms, total microbial, and fungi) of the cheese during storage at low-temperature and showed microbial growth of less than 2.5 log CFU/g after 72 days of storage compared to the control group, and the quality of the packaged cheese was still acceptable.

    CONCLUSION: The semolina-based nanocomposite films, especially Sem/Z3 K2 film, were effective for packaging of low moisture mozzarella cheese to maintain the physicochemical properties (pH, moisture, and fat content) and quality (color, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) of the cheese as well as preventing microbial growth (coliforms, total microbial, and fungi). © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

  7. The presence of toxic heavy metals in tuna fishes from Laccadive sea and concomitant health risk
    Nadhiya A, Khandaker MU, Mahmud S, Abdullah WH
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2023 Nov 02;199(18):2224-2228.
    PMID: 37934996 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad213
    Concentrations of heavy metals in Yellowfin and Skipjack tuna fishes from the Laccadive sea were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to evaluate the human health hazards via their consumption. The samples were collected from different atolls of Maldives to ensure a good representation of sample distribution. The metal concentration in tuna fish is found to be below the maximum tolerable limit set by different international organisations. The target hazard quotient values for individual metals were well below the limiting value of 1, indicating an insignificant health risk via the dietary intake of fish. The maximum targeted cancer risk value was 10 -4, indicating low carcinogenic risk from the consumption of tuna fish from the Maldives. Hence, the consumption of tuna from the Laccadive Sea is safe for human health.
  8. Fulltext An investigation of the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of an active packaging containing micro- and nano-sized ZnO particles
    Syarifa R, Esmaeili Y, Jafarzadeh S, Garavand F, Mahmud S, Ariffin F
    Food Sci Nutr, 2023 Nov;11(11):7373-7382.
    PMID: 37970401 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3665
    Biodegradable films are extremely important for food packaging applications since they minimize environmental effects. However, their application areas are limited due to insufficient characteristics required for particular applications. The objective of the present research was to improve the properties of sago-based biodegradable films embedded with nano- and micro-ZnO (zinc oxide). Nano and micro-ZnO were incorporated in the films at different percentages (1%, 3%, and 5%) in that the films were formed using the solvent casting method. The physicochemical, barrier, thermal, optical, morphology, and mechanical properties of sago-based films were investigated. Adding 5% of micro- and nano-ZnO significantly improved film thickness (0.162 and 0.150 mm, respectively) and WVP (4.40 and 5.64 (kg/s)/(m.Pa), respectively) while the optical properties and thermal stability exhibited superior performance. Micro-ZnO particles improved the mechanical properties of sago-based biodegradable films with the tensile strength reaching 6.173 MPa. Moreover, sago-based nano-ZnO films showed excellent UV-shielding performance and relatively good visible-light transmittance. This study suggested that sago biodegradable film incorporated with micro-ZnO could be an excellent alternative to petroleum-based plastic packaging.
  9. Fulltext Preparation and characterization of bionanocomposite films reinforced with nano kaolin
    Jafarzadeh S, Alias AK, Ariffin F, Mahmud S, Najafi A
    J Food Sci Technol, 2016 Feb;53(2):1111-9.
    PMID: 27162391 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2017-7
    Effects of nano-kaolin incorporation into semolina films on the physical, mechanical, thermal, barrier and antimicrobial properties of the resulting bio-nanocomposite films were investigated. The properties included crystal structure (by X-ray diffraction), mechanical resistance, color, Fourier transform infrared spectra, decomposition temperature, water-vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP), and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Kaolin was incorporated into biofilms at various amounts (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %, w/w total solid). All films were plasticized with 50 % (w/w total solid) combination of sorbitol/glycerol at 3:1 ratio. The incorporation of nanokaolin into semolina films decreased OP and WVP. The moisture content and water solubility of the films were found to decrease by nanokaolin reinforcement, and mechanical properties of films were improved by increasing nanokaolin concentration. Tensile strength and Young's modulus increased from 3.41 to 5.44 MPa and from 63.12 to 136.18, respectively, and elongation-at-break decreased. The films did not exhibit UV absorption. In conclusion, nanokaolin incorporation enhanced the barrier and mechanical properties of semolina films, indicating the potential application of these bio-nanocomposites in food-product packaging.
  10. Surface morphological and mechanical properties of zinc oxide eugenol using different types of ZnO nanopowder
    Bakhori SKM, Mahmud S, Mohamad D, Masudi SM, Seeni A
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019 Jul;100:645-654.
    PMID: 30948101 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.034
    Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements are generally made up of 80%-90% ZnO powder while the remaining content consists of eugenol bonding resin. ZnO structure plays a major role in the morphology and mechanical properties of ZOE. In this study, we investigated the effects of different particle sizes/shapes of ZnO particles on the surface and mechanical properties of ZOE. Three samples were prepared namely ZnO-Ax, ZnO-B and ZnO-K. The crystallite sizes calculated from XRD were 37.76 nm (ZnO-Ax), 39.46 nm (ZnO-B) and 42.20 nm (ZnO-K) while the average particle sizes obtained by DLS were 21.11nm (ZnO-Ax), 56.73 nm (ZnO-B) and 2012 nm (ZnO-K). Results revealed that the compressive strengths of ZOE-Ax and ZOE-B were improved by 87.92% and 57.16%, respectively, relative to that of commercial ZOE-K. Vickers hardness test demonstrated that the hardness of ZOE-Ax and ZOE-B also increased by 74.9% and 31.1%, respectively. The ZnO-Ax nanostructure possessed a small average particle size (21.11 nm), a homogeneous size distribution (DLS) and an oxygen-rich surface (from EDS and elemental mapping). Meanwhile, ZnO-B exhibited a slightly larger average particle size of 56.73 nm compared with that of other samples. Sample ZnO-Ax demonstrated the highest compressive strength which was attributed to its large particle surface area (21.11 nm particle size) that provided a large contact area and greater interfacial (or interlock) bonding capability if compared to that of ZnO-K sample (2012 nm particle size).
  11. Fulltext Mpropred: A machine learning (ML) driven Web-App for bioactivity prediction of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) antagonists
    Ferdous N, Reza MN, Hossain MU, Mahmud S, Napis S, Chowdhury K, et al.
    PLoS One, 2023;18(6):e0287179.
    PMID: 37352252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287179
    The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic emerged in 2019 and still requiring treatments with fast clinical translatability. Frequent occurrence of mutations in spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 led the consideration of an alternative therapeutic target to combat the ongoing pandemic. The main protease (Mpro) is such an attractive drug target due to its importance in maturating several polyproteins during the replication process. In the present study, we used a classification structure-activity relationship (CSAR) model to find substructures that leads to to anti-Mpro activities among 758 non-redundant compounds. A set of 12 fingerprints were used to describe Mpro inhibitors, and the random forest approach was used to build prediction models from 100 distinct data splits. The data set's modelability (MODI index) was found to be robust, with a value of 0.79 above the 0.65 threshold. The accuracy (89%), sensitivity (89%), specificity (73%), and Matthews correlation coefficient (79%) used to calculate the prediction performance, was also found to be statistically robust. An extensive analysis of the top significant descriptors unveiled the significance of methyl side chains, aromatic ring and halogen groups for Mpro inhibition. Finally, the predictive model is made publicly accessible as a web-app named Mpropred in order to allow users to predict the bioactivity of compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Later, CMNPD, a marine compound database was screened by our app to predict bioactivity of all the compounds and results revealed significant correlation with their binding affinity to Mpro. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) analysis showed improved properties of the complexes. Thus, the knowledge and web-app shown herein can be used to develop more effective and specific inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The web-app can be accessed from https://share.streamlit.io/nadimfrds/mpropred/Mpropred_app.py.
  12. Fulltext High-performance dye-sensitized solar cells based on morphology-controllable synthesis of ZnO-ZnS heterostructure nanocone photoanodes
    Rouhi J, Mamat MH, Ooi CH, Mahmud S, Mahmood MR
    PLoS One, 2015;10(4):e0123433.
    PMID: 25875377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123433
    High-density and well-aligned ZnO-ZnS core-shell nanocone arrays were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate using a facile and cost-effective two-step approach. In this synthetic process, the ZnO nanocones act as the template and provide Zn2+ ions for the ZnS shell formation. The photoluminescence spectrum indicates remarkably enhanced luminescence intensity and a small redshift in the UV region, which can be associated with the strain caused by the lattice mismatch between ZnO and ZnS. The obtained diffuse reflectance spectra show that the nanocone-based heterostructure reduces the light reflection in a broad spectral range and is much more effective than the bare ZnO nanocone and nanorod structures. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on the heterostructure ZnO-ZnS nanocones are assembled, and high conversion efficiency (η) of approximately 4.07% is obtained. The η improvement can be attributed primarily to the morphology effect of ZnO nanocones on light-trapping and effectively passivating the interface surface recombination sites of ZnO nanocones by coating with a ZnS shell layer.
  13. Subcutaneous tissue reaction to a novel nano zinc oxide eugenol dental cement
    Nursin R, Harun MH, Mohamad D, Mohd Bakhori SK, Mahmud S
    Biomed Mater Eng, 2023 Nov 24.
    PMID: 38007638 DOI: 10.3233/BME-230118
    BACKGROUND: Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement is a popular dental material due mainly to its analgesic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. The formulation of ZOE cement from nano particle-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) has the potential to increase these properties as well as reduce its adverse effects to the surrounding tissues.

    OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the subcutaneous tissue response towards nano ZOE cements (ZOE-A and ZOE-B) in comparison to conventional ZOE (ZOE-K).

    METHODS: Test materials were implanted into 15 New Zealand white rabbits. Tissue samples were obtained after 7, 14, and 30 days (n = 5 per period) for histopathological evaluation of inflammatory cell infiltrate, fibrous tissue condensation, and abscess formation.

    RESULTS: ZOE-A showed the lowest score for the variable macrophage and lymphocyte at day 7. Both ZOE-A and ZOE-B presented lower fibrous tissue condensation and abscess formation compared to conventional ZOE-K. By day 30, ZOE-A exhibited less lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltrate compared to the other materials, while ZOE-B had the lowest score for macrophages. ZOE-K exerted higher inflammatory cell response at almost all of the experimental periods. All of the materials resulted in thin fiber condensation after 30 days.

    CONCLUSIONS: Rabbit tissue implanted with ZOE-A and ZOE-B showed better response compared to ZOE-K.

  14. Fulltext Deep-WET: a deep learning-based approach for predicting DNA-binding proteins using word embedding techniques with weighted features
    Mahmud SMH, Goh KOM, Hosen MF, Nandi D, Shoombuatong W
    Sci Rep, 2024 Feb 05;14(1):2961.
    PMID: 38316843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52653-9
    DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) play a significant role in all phases of genetic processes, including DNA recombination, repair, and modification. They are often utilized in drug discovery as fundamental elements of steroids, antibiotics, and anticancer drugs. Predicting them poses the most challenging task in proteomics research. Conventional experimental methods for DBP identification are costly and sometimes biased toward prediction. Therefore, developing powerful computational methods that can accurately and rapidly identify DBPs from sequence information is an urgent need. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning-based method called Deep-WET to accurately identify DBPs from primary sequence information. In Deep-WET, we employed three powerful feature encoding schemes containing Global Vectors, Word2Vec, and fastText to encode the protein sequence. Subsequently, these three features were sequentially combined and weighted using the weights obtained from the elements learned through the differential evolution (DE) algorithm. To enhance the predictive performance of Deep-WET, we applied the SHapley Additive exPlanations approach to remove irrelevant features. Finally, the optimal feature subset was input into convolutional neural networks to construct the Deep-WET predictor. Both cross-validation and independent tests indicated that Deep-WET achieved superior predictive performance compared to conventional machine learning classifiers. In addition, in extensive independent test, Deep-WET was effective and outperformed than several state-of-the-art methods for DBP prediction, with accuracy of 78.08%, MCC of 0.559, and AUC of 0.805. This superior performance shows that Deep-WET has a tremendous predictive capacity to predict DBPs. The web server of Deep-WET and curated datasets in this study are available at https://deepwet-dna.monarcatechnical.com/ . The proposed Deep-WET is anticipated to serve the community-wide effort for large-scale identification of potential DBPs.
  15. Fulltext Fabrication and characterization of novel semolina-based antimicrobial films derived from the combination of ZnO nanorods and nanokaolin
    Jafarzadeh S, Alias AK, Ariffin F, Mahmud S, Najafi A, Ahmad M
    J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Jan;54(1):105-113.
    PMID: 28242909 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2441-3
    This study aimed to provide novel biopolymer-based antimicrobial films as food packaging that may assist in reducing environmental pollution caused by the accumulation of synthetic food packaging. The blend of ZnO nanorods (ZnO-nr) and nanokaolin in different ratios (1:4, 2:3, 3:2 and 4:1) was incorporated into semolina, and nanocomposite films were prepared using solvent casting. The resulting films were characterized through field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical, optical, physical, and antimicrobial properties of the films were also analyzed. The water vapor permeability of the films decreased with increasing ZnO-nr percentage, but their tensile strength and modulus of elasticity increased with increasing nanokaolin percentage. The UV transmittance of the semolina films were greatly influenced by an increase in the amount of ZnO-nr. The addition of ZnO-nr: nanokaolin at all ratios (except 1:4) into semolina reduced UV transmission to almost 0%. Furthermore, the ZnO-nr/nanokaolin/semolina films exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These properties suggest that the combination of ZnO-nr and nanokaolin are potential fillers in semolina-based films to be used as active packaging for food and pharmaceuticals.
  16. In-vitro efficacy of different morphology zinc oxide nanopowders on Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans
    Mohd Bakhori SK, Mahmud S, Ling CA, Sirelkhatim AH, Hasan H, Mohamad D, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2017 Sep 01;78:868-877.
    PMID: 28576061 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.085
    ZnO with two different morphologies were used to study the inhibition of Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans which are closely associated with tooth cavity. Rod-like shaped ZnO-A and plate-like shaped ZnO-B were produced using a zinc boiling furnace. The nanopowders were characterized using energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to confirm the properties of the ZnO polycrystalline wurtzite structures. XRD results show that the calculated crystallite sizes of ZnO-A and ZnO-B were 36.6 and 39.4nm, respectively, whereas DLS revealed particle size distributions of 21.82nm (ZnO-A) and 52.21nm (ZnO-B). PL spectra showed ion vacancy defects related to green and red luminescence for both ZnO particles. These defects evolved during the generation of reactive oxygen species which contributed to the antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity was investigated using microdilution technique towards S. sobrinus and S. mutans at different nanopowder concentrations. Results showed that ZnO-A exhibited higher inhibition on both bacteria compared with ZnO-B. Moreover, S. mutans was more sensitive compared with S. sobrinus because of its higher inhibition rate.
  17. An investigation to study the effects of Tai Chi on human gait dynamics using classical machine learning
    Faisal MAA, Chowdhury MEH, Khandakar A, Hossain MS, Alhatou M, Mahmud S, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2022 Mar;142:105184.
    PMID: 35016098 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105184
    Tai Chi has been proven effective in preventing falls in older adults, improving the joint function of knee osteoarthritis patients, and improving the balance of stroke survivors. However, the effect of Tai Chi on human gait dynamics is still less understood. Studies conducted in this domain only relied on statistical and clinical measurements on the time-series gait data. In recent years machine learning has proven its ability in recognizing complex patterns from time-series data. In this research work, we have evaluated the performance of several machine learning algorithms in classifying the walking gait of Tai Chi masters (people expert on Tai Chi) from the normal subjects. The study is designed in a longitudinal manner where the Tai Chi naive subjects received 6 months of Tai Chi training and the data was recorded during the initial and follow-up sessions. A total of 57 subjects participated in the experiment among which 27 were Tai Chi masters. We have introduced a gender, BMI-based scaling of the features to mitigate their effects from the gait parameters. A hybrid feature ranking technique has also been proposed for selecting the best features for classification. The research reports 88.17% accuracy and 93.10% ROC AUC values from subject-wise 5-fold cross-validation for the Tai Chi masters' vs normal subjects' walking gait classification for the "Single-task" walking scenarios. We have also got fairly good accuracy for the "Dual-task" walking scenarios (82.62% accuracy and 84.11% ROC AUC values). The results indicate that Tai Chi clearly has an effect on the walking gait dynamics. The findings and methodology of this study could provide preliminary guidance for applying machine learning-based approaches to similar gait kinematics analyses.
  18. Fulltext Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors for Hip Implant: A Numerical and Computational Feasibility Investigation Using Finite Element Methods
    Hafizh M, Soliman MM, Qiblawey Y, Chowdhury MEH, Islam MT, Musharavati F, et al.
    Biosensors (Basel), 2023 Jan 02;13(1).
    PMID: 36671914 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010079
    In this paper, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for hip implant geometry was proposed for the application of total hip replacement. A two-port SAW device was numerically investigated for implementation with an operating frequency of 872 MHz that can be used in more common radio frequency interrogator units. A finite element analysis of the device was developed for a lithium niobate (LiNBO3) substrate with a Rayleigh velocity of 3488 m/s on COMSOL Multiphysics. The Multiphysics loading and frequency results highlighted a good uniformity with numerical results. Afterwards, a hip implant geometry was developed. The SAW sensor was mounted at two locations on the implant corresponding to two regions along the shaft of the femur bone. Three discrete conditions were studied for the feasibility of the implant with upper- and lower-body loading. The loading simulations highlighted that the stresses experienced do not exceed the yield strengths. The voltage output results indicated that the SAW sensor can be implanted in the hip implant for hip implant-loosening detection applications.
  19. Fulltext Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism
    Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, et al.
    Nanomicro Lett, 2015;7(3):219-242.
    PMID: 30464967 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
    Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH- (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 -2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
  20. ECG waveform generation from radar signals: A deep learning perspective
    Chowdhury FA, Hosain MK, Bin Islam MS, Hossain MS, Basak P, Mahmud S, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2024 May 11;176:108555.
    PMID: 38749323 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108555
    Cardiovascular diagnostics relies heavily on the ECG (ECG), which reveals significant information about heart rhythm and function. Despite their significance, traditional ECG measures employing electrodes have limitations. As a result of extended electrode attachments, patients may experience skin irritation or pain, and motion artifacts may interfere with signal accuracy. Additionally, ECG monitoring usually requires highly trained professionals and specialized equipment, which increases the treatment's complexity and cost. In critical care scenarios, such as continuous monitoring of hospitalized patients, wearable sensors for collecting ECG data may be difficult to use. Although there are issues with ECG, it remains a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring cardiac disorders due to its non-invasive nature and the detailed information it provides about the heart. The goal of this study is to present an innovative method for generating continuous ECG waveforms from non-contact radar data by using Deep Learning. The method can eliminate the need for invasive or wearable biosensors and expensive equipment to collect ECGs. In this paper, we propose the MultiResLinkNet, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) model for generating ECG signals from radar waveforms. With the help of a publicly accessible radar benchmark dataset, an end-to-end DL architecture is trained and assessed. There are six ports of raw radar data in this dataset, along with ground truth physiological signals collected from 30 participants in five distinct scenarios: Resting, Valsalva, Apnea, Tilt-up, and Tilt-down. By using strong temporal and spectral measurements, we assessed our proposed framework's ability to convert ECG data from Radar signals in three distinct scenarios, namely Resting, Valsalva, and Apnea (RVA). ECG segmentation performed better by MultiResLinkNet than by state-of-the-art networks in both combined and individual cases. As a result of the simulations, the resting, valsalva, and RVA scenarios showed the highest average temporal values, respectively: 66.09523 ± 19.33, 60.13625 ± 21.92, and 61.86265 ± 21.37. In addition, it exhibited the highest spectral correlation values (82.4388 ± 18.42 (Resting), 77.05186 ± 23.26 (Valsalva), 74.65785 ± 23.17 (Apnea), and 79.96201 ± 20.82 (RVA)), along with minimal temporal and spectral errors in almost every case. The qualitative evaluation revealed strong similarities between generated and actual ECG waveforms. As a result of our method of forecasting ECG patterns from remote radar data, we can monitor high-risk patients, especially those undergoing surgery.
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