Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 93 in total

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  1. Directed assembly of bifunctional silica-iron oxide nanocomposite with open shell structure
    Che HX, Yeap SP, Osman MS, Ahmad AL, Lim J
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014 Oct 8;6(19):16508-18.
    PMID: 25198872 DOI: 10.1021/am5050949
    The synthesis of nanocomposite with controlled surface morphology plays a key role for pollutant removal from aqueous environments. The influence of the molecular size of the polyelectrolyte in synthesizing silica-iron oxide core-shell nanocomposite with open shell structure was investigated by using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Here, poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) was used to promote the attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto the silica surface to assemble a nanocomposite with magnetic and catalytic bifunctionality. High molecular weight PDDA tended to adsorb on silica colloid, forming a more extended conformation layer than low molecular weight PDDA. Subsequent attachment of IONPs onto this extended PDDA layer was more randomly distributed, forming isolated islands with open space between them. By taking amoxicillin, an antibiotic commonly found in pharmaceutical waste, as the model system, better removal was observed for silica-iron oxide nanocomposite with a more extended open shell structure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  2. Enantioselective analysis of ofloxacin and ornidazole in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis using single chiral selector and computational calculation of their inclusion complexes
    Al Azzam KM, Saad B, Adnan R, Aboul-Enein HY
    Anal Chim Acta, 2010 Aug 3;674(2):249-55.
    PMID: 20678638 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.06.046
    A capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of the enantiomers of both ofloxacin and ornidazole is described. Several parameters affecting the separation were studied, including the type and concentration of chiral selector, buffer pH, voltage and temperature. Good chiral separation of the racemic mixtures was achieved in less than 16 min with resolution factors Rs=5.45 and 6.28 for ofloxacin and ornidazole enantiomers, respectively. Separation was conducted using a bare fused-silica capillary and a background electrolyte (BGE) of 50 mM H(3)PO(4)-1 M tris solution; pH 1.85; containing 30 mg mL(-1) of sulfated-beta-cyclodextrin (S-beta-CD). The separation was carried out in reversed polarity mode at 25 degrees C, 18 kV, detection wavelength at 230 nm and using hydrodynamic injection for 15 s. Acceptable validation criteria for selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy were studied. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the enantiomers (ofloxacin enantiomer 1 (OF-E1), ofloxacin enantiomer 2 (OF-E2), ornidazole enantiomer 1 (OR-E1) and ornidazole enantiomer 2 (OR-E2)) were (0.52, 0.46, 0.54, 0.89) and (1.59, 1.40, 3.07, 2.70) microg mL(-1), respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the assay of enantiomers of both ofloxacin and ornidazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The computational calculations for the enantiomeric inclusion complexes rationalized the reasons for the different migration times between the ofloxacin and ornidazole enantiomers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*
  3. Evaluation of morphological changes of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli induced with the antimicrobial peptide AN5-1
    Alkotaini B, Anuar N, Kadhum AA
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Feb;175(4):1868-78.
    PMID: 25427593 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1410-4
    The mechanisms of action of AN5-1 against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were investigated by evaluations of the intracellular content leakage and by microscopic observations of the treated cells. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used for this investigation. Measurements of DNA, RNA, proteins, and β-galactosidase were taken, and the results showed a significant increase in the cultivation media after treatment with AN5-1 compared with the untreated cells. The morphological changes of treated cells were shown using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The observations showed that AN5-1 acts against E. coli and against S. aureus in similar ways, by targeting the cell wall, causing disruptions; at a high concentration (80 AU/ml), these disruptions led to cell lysis. The 3D AFM imaging system showed that at a low concentration of 20 AU/ml, the effect of AN5-1 is restricted to pore formation only. Moreover, a separation between the cell wall and the cytoplasm was observed when Gram-negative bacteria were treated with a low concentration (20 AU/ml) of AN5-1.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  4. Identification and characterization of antibacterial compound(s) of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)
    Ali SM, Siddiqui R, Ong SK, Shah MR, Anwar A, Heard PJ, et al.
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2017 Jan;101(1):253-286.
    PMID: 27743045 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7872-2
    Infectious diseases remain a significant threat to human health, contributing to more than 17 million deaths, annually. With the worsening trends of drug resistance, there is a need for newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents. We hypothesized that animals living in polluted environments are potential sources of antimicrobials. Under polluted milieus, organisms such as cockroaches encounter different types of microbes, including superbugs. Such creatures survive the onslaught of superbugs and are able to ward off disease by producing antimicrobial substances. Here, we characterized antibacterial properties in extracts of various body organs of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and showed potent antibacterial activity in crude brain extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1. The size-exclusion spin columns revealed that the active compound(s) are less than 10 kDa in molecular mass. Using cytotoxicity assays, it was observed that pre-treatment of bacteria with lysates inhibited bacteria-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. Using spectra obtained with LC-MS on Agilent 1290 infinity liquid chromatograph, coupled with an Agilent 6460 triple quadruple mass spectrometer, tissues lysates were analysed. Among hundreds of compounds, only a few homologous compounds were identified that contained the isoquinoline group, chromene derivatives, thiazine groups, imidazoles, pyrrole-containing analogs, sulfonamides, furanones, and flavanones and known to possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, and analgesic properties. Further identification, characterization, and functional studies using individual compounds can act as a breakthrough in developing novel therapeutics against various pathogens including superbugs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*
  5. Gut bacteria of animals/pests living in polluted environments are a potential source of antibacterials
    Akbar N, Siddiqui R, Sagathevan KA, Khan NA
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2019 May;103(10):3955-3964.
    PMID: 30941460 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09783-2
    The morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infections have remained significant despite chemotherapeutic advances. With the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains, the situation has become a serious threat to the public health. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel antibacterials. The majority of antibiotics available in the market are produced by bacteria isolated from soil. However, the low-hanging fruit has been picked; hence, there is a need to mine bacteria from unusual sources. With this in mind, it is important to note that animals and pests such as cockroaches, snake, crocodiles, and water monitor lizard come across pathogenic bacteria regularly, yet flourish in contaminated environments. These species must have developed methods to defend themselves to counter pathogens. Although the immune system is known to possess antiinfective properties, gut bacteria of animals/pests may also offer a potential source of novel antibacterial agents, and it is the subject of this study. This paper discusses our current knowledge of bacteria isolated from land and marine animals with antibacterial properties and to propose untapped sources for the isolation of bacteria to mine potentially novel antibiotic molecules.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*
  6. Chemical compositions and biological activities of the essential oils of Beilschmiedia madang Blume (Lauraceae)
    Salleh WM, Ahmad F, Yen KH
    Arch Pharm Res, 2015 Apr;38(4):485-93.
    PMID: 25098422 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0460-z
    The present study aimed to examine the chemical compositions of the essential oils of Beilschmiedia madang and their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticholinesterase and anti-tyrosinase activities. The major constituents of the essential oils of leaf and bark of B. madang were δ-cadinene (17.0 and 20.5 %), β-caryophyllene (10.3 and 6.7 %), α-cubebene (11.3 and 15.6 %), and α-cadinol (5.8 and 10.6 %). The essential oils were screened for their antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, and total phenolic content. The bark oil showed the highest β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching (90.3 % ± 0.2) and DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 212.0 µg/mL), while the highest phenolic content was exhibited by the leaf oil (94.5 % ± 0.3 mg GA/g). The antibacterial and antifungal activities were investigated by the disc diffusion and micro dilution method. The leaf and bark oils showed moderate activity towards Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 125 µg/mL. For antifungal assay, the bark oil showed strong activity towards Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus with MIC value 62.5 µg/mL. Anticholinesterase and anti-tyrosinase activities were evaluated against Ellman method and mushroom tyrosinase, respectively. The results showed that leaf oil gave significant percentage inhibition (I%: acetylcholinesterase 55.2 %, butyrylcholinesterase 60.4 %, tyrosinase 53.1 %).
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  7. Fulltext Isolation and identification of salmonella from curry samples and its sensitivity to commercial antibiotics and aqueous extracts of Camelia sinensis (L.) and Trachyspermum ammi (L.)
    Gunasegaran T, Rathinam X, Kasi M, Sathasivam K, Sreenivasan S, Subramaniam S
    Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2011 Aug;1(4):266-9.
    PMID: 23569772 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60040-3
    To isolate Salmonella from curry samples and to evaluate the drug sensitivity of the food-borne Salmonella and its susceptibility to specific plant extracts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  8. Fulltext Anti-methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compounds from Bauhinia kockiana Korth. And their mechanism of antibacterial activity
    Chew YL, Mahadi AM, Wong KM, Goh JK
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2018 Feb 20;18(1):70.
    PMID: 29463252 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2137-5
    BACKGROUND: Bauhinia kockiana originates from Peninsular Malaysia and it is grown as a garden ornamental plant. Our previous study reported that this plant exhibited fairly strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This paper focused on the assessment of the antibacterial activity of B. kockiana towards methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), to purify and to identify the antibacterial compounds, and to determine the mechanism of antibacterial activity.

    METHODS: Antibacterial activity of B. kockiana flower was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using disc diffusion assay and microbroth dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of extracts were examined. Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine the classes of phytochemicals in the extracts. Bioactivity guided isolation was employed to purify the antibacterial agents and identified via various spectroscopy methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to evaluate the antibacterial mechanism of extract and compounds isolated.

    RESULTS: B. kockiana flower was found to exhibit fairly strong antibacterial activity towards both strains of MRSA bacteria used, MIC varies from 62.5-250 μg/mL. Tannins and flavonoids have been detected in the phytochemical analysis. Gallic acid and its ester derivatives purified from ethyl acetate extract could inhibit MRSA at 250-500 μg/mL. SEM revealed that the cells have undergone plasmolysis upon treatment with the extract and compounds.

    CONCLUSION: Tannins and polyphenols are the antibacterial components towards MRSA in B. kockiana. Massive leakage of the cell content observed in treated cells showed that the phytochemicals have changed the properties of the cell membranes. Amphiphilic nature of the compounds exhibited the antibacterial activity towards MRSA via three stages: (1) cell membrane attachment; (2) cell membrane fluidity modification; and (3) cell membrane structure disruption.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  9. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by crude and fractionated extract from lactic acid bacteria
    Wong CB, Khoo BY, Sasidharan S, Piyawattanametha W, Kim SH, Khemthongcharoen N, et al.
    Benef Microbes, 2015 Mar;6(1):129-39.
    PMID: 25213027 DOI: 10.3920/BM2014.0021
    Increasing levels of antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus have posed a need to search for non-antibiotic alternatives. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of crude and fractionated cell-free supernatants (CFS) of locally isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against a clinical strain of S. aureus. A total of 42 LAB strains were isolated and identified from fresh vegetables, fresh fruits and fermented products prior to evaluation of inhibitory activities. CFS of LAB strains exhibiting a stronger inhibitive effect against S. aureus were fractionated into crude protein, polysaccharide and lipid fractions. Crude protein fractions showed greater inhibition against S. aureus compared to polysaccharide and lipid fractions, with a more prevalent effect from Lactobacillus plantarum 8513 and L. plantarum BT8513. Crude protein, polysaccharide and lipid fractions were also characterised with glycine, mannose and oleic acid being detected as the major component of each fraction, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed roughed and wrinkled membrane morphology of S. aureus upon treatment with crude protein fractions of LAB, suggesting an inhibitory effect via the destruction of cellular membrane. This research illustrated the potential application of fractionated extracts from LAB to inhibit S. aureus for use in the food and health industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  10. Fulltext The Photocatalytic Effects of Modified Hydrothermal Nanotitania Extraction on the Skin and Behavior of Sprague-Dawley Rats
    Harun AM, Awang H, Noor NFM, Makhatar NM, Yusoff ME, Affandi NDN, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:6173143.
    PMID: 34859102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6173143
    BACKGROUND: Potential antibacterial substances, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), are being extensively studied throughout the research world. A modified hydrothermal nanotitania extraction was shown to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth in the laboratory. However, the toxicity effect of the extract on rats is unknown. In this study, we observed the effects of a modified hydrothermal nanotitania extraction on the skin and behavior of Sprague-Dawley rats.

    METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus) rats were used as the experimental animals. The skin around the dorsum of the tested animals was shaved and pasted with 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg of the nanotitania extraction. The color and condition of the pasted area and the behavior of the animals were observed.

    RESULTS: 0.1 mg nanotitania extraction application on the dorsum of the rat produced no skin color changes at day 1, day 3, day 5, or day 7 postapplication. There were no changes in their behavior up to day 7 with no skin rashes or skin scratches seen or fur changes. However, 0.5 mg of nanotitania extraction resulted in redness and less fur regrowth at day 7.

    CONCLUSIONS: A 0.1 mg modified nanotitania extraction was observed to have no effect on the skin of Sprague-Dawley rats.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  11. Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major
    Adom MB, Taher M, Mutalabisin MF, Amri MS, Abdul Kudos MB, Wan Sulaiman MWA, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2017 Dec;96:348-360.
    PMID: 29028587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152
    The medicinal benefits of Plantago major have been acknowledged around the world for hundreds of years. This plant contains a number of effective chemical constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid derivatives, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids, polysaccharides and vitamins which contribute to its exerting specific therapeutic effects. Correspondingly, studies have found that Plantago major is effective as a wound healer, as well as an antiulcerative, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, and antiviral agent. It also combats fatigue and cancer, is an antioxidant and a free radical scavenger. This paper provides a review of the medicinal benefits and chemical constituents of Plantago major published in journals from year 1937 to 2015 which are available from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  12. Fulltext Characterization and safety evaluation of partially purified bacteriocin produced by Escherichia coli E isolated from fermented pineapple Ananas comosus (L.) Merr
    Le VT, Leelakriangsak M, Lee SW, Panphon S, Utispan K, Koontongkaew S
    Braz J Microbiol, 2019 Jan;50(1):33-42.
    PMID: 30637641 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0014-5
    Antibacterial activity of cell-free supernatant from Escherichia coli E against selected pathogenic bacteria in food and aquaculture was the highest against Edwardsiella tarda 3, a significant aquaculture pathogen. Biochemical properties of the bacteriocins were studied and bacteriocin was found to be sensitive to proteinase K, demonstrating its proteinaceous nature. In addition, pH and temperature affected bacteriocin activity and stability. The bacteriocins were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The antibacterial activity was only detected in 20% ammonium sulfate fraction and direct detection of its activity was performed by overlaying on the indicator strains. The inhibition zone associated with the antibacterial activity was detected in the sample overlaid by E. tarda 3 and Staphylococcus aureus DMST8840 with the relative molecular mass of about 27 kDa and 10 kDa, respectively. Bacteriocin showed no cytotoxic effect on NIH-3T3 cell line; however, two virulence genes, aer and sfa, were detected in the genome of E. coli E by PCR. The characteristics of bacteriocins produced by E. coli E exhibited the antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and the safe use determined by cytotoxicity test which may have interesting biotechnological applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*
  13. Chemical constituents of Malagasy liverworts, part II: mastigophoric acid methyl ester of biogenetic interest from Mastigophora diclados (Lepicoleaceae Subf. Mastigophoroideae)
    Harinantenaina L, Asakawa Y
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2004 Nov;52(11):1382-4.
    PMID: 15516770
    In the course of our chemotaxonomic study of the liverworts growing in Madagascar, mastigophoric acid methyl ester, along with eleven known compounds were isolated from Mastigophora diclados. Isolated metabolites showed that the Malagasy Mastigophora is more related to the samples from Borneo and Japan than to the Taiwanese or Malaysian ones. The biosynthesis of the herbertane type sesquiterpenoids from Mastigophora diclados is suggested to be similar to those found in the genus Herbertus. The herbertane-type sesquiterpenoids were screened for Staphylococcus aureus strain inhibition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  14. The production and characterisation of trichotoxin peptaibols, by Trichoderma asperellum
    Chutrakul C, Alcocer M, Bailey K, Peberdy JF
    Chem Biodivers, 2008 Sep;5(9):1694-706.
    PMID: 18816522 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890158
    Trichoderma spp. are regularly found as a constituent of the mycoflora of many soils and are noted for their antagonistic activity against bacteria and other fungi. This latter property is the basis for the widespread interest in their use in the biological control of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens. This antagonism is partly based on their ability to produce an impressive inventory of secondary metabolites. An important group of bioactive metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. are the non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), especially the peptaibols. A virulent antagonistic strain, T. asperellum, which had been used in biological control strategies in Malaysia and previously examined for mycolytic enzyme production, has been studied for its potential for peptaibol production. The present research demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum to produce at least two metabolites which were identified as acid trichotoxin 1704E (Ac-Aib-Gly-Aib-Leu-Aib-Gln-Aib-Aib-Aib-Ala-Ala-Aib-Pro-Leu-Aib-Iva-Glu-Vol) and neutral trichotoxin 1717A (Ac-Aib-Gly-Aib-Leu-Aib-Gln-Aib-Aib-Aib-Ala-Aib-Aib-Pro-Leu-Aib-Iva-Gln-Vol). Addition of free Aib to the culture medium enhanced the production of trichotoxins. Biological activity of these substances was investigated against Bacillus stearothermophilus. The general characteristics of peptaibols, also found in the trichotoxins, include the presence of high proportions of the uncommon amino acid Aib, the protection of the N- and C-termini by an acetyl group and reduction of the C-terminus to 2-amino alcohols, respectively, amphipathy and microheterogeneity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  15. Identification of Antibacterial Molecule(s) from Animals Living in Polluted Environments
    Winnie FYM, Siddiqui R, Sagathevan K, Khan NA
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2020;21(5):425-437.
    PMID: 31577204 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191002153435
    BACKGROUND: Snakes feed on germ-infested rodents, while water monitor lizards thrive on rotten matter in unhygienic conditions. We hypothesize that such creatures survive the assault of superbugs and are able to fend off disease by producing antimicrobial substances. In this study, we investigated the potential antibacterial activity of sera/lysates of animals living in polluted environments.

    METHODS: Snake (Reticulatus malayanus), rats (Rattus rattus), water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), frog (Lithobates catesbeianus), fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), and pigeon (Columba livia) were dissected and their organ lysates/sera were collected. Crude extracts were tested for bactericidal effects against neuropathogenic E. coli K1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. To determine whether lysates/sera protect human cells against bacterialmediated damage, cytotoxicity assays were performed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as an indicator of cell death. Lysates/sera were partially characterized using heat-treatment and pronasetreatment and peptide sequences were determined using the Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).

    RESULTS: Snake and water monitor lizard sera exhibited potent broad-spectrum bactericidal effects against all bacteria tested. Heat inactivation and pronase-treatment inhibited bactericidal effects indicating that activity is heat-labile and pronase-sensitive suggesting that active molecules are proteinaceous in nature. LCMS analyses revealed the molecular identities of peptides.

    CONCLUSION: The results revealed that python that feeds on germ-infested rodents and water monitor lizards that feed on rotten organic waste possess antibacterial activity in a heat-sensitive manner and several peptides were identified. We hope that the discovery of antibacterial activity in the sera of animals living in polluted environments will stimulate research in finding antibacterial agents from unusual sources as this has the potential for the development of novel strategies in the control of infectious diseases.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  16. Antimicrobial Exploration Between Counterpart Endosymbiont and Host Plant (Tamarindus indica Linn.)
    Chigurupati S, Vijayabalan S, Selvarajan KK, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Mani V, et al.
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2020;21(5):384-389.
    PMID: 31657678 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191028105325
    BACKGROUND: Endophytic bacteria produce various bioactive secondary metabolites, which benefit human health. Tamarindus indica L. is well known for its medicinal value in human health care. Several studies have reported on its biological effects from various parts of T. indica, but only a few studies have been devoted to examining the biological activity of endophytes of T. indica.

    OBJECTIVES: In the present study, an endophyte was isolated from the leaves of T. indica and screened for its antimicrobial potential.

    METHODS: The selected endophyte was identified by 16s rRNA partial genome sequencing and investigated for their antimicrobial potency. The preliminary phytochemical tests were conducted for the affirmation of phytoconstituents in the endophytic crude ethyl acetate extract of T. indica (TIM) and total phenolic content was performed. The antimicrobial potential of TIM was evaluated against human pathogenic ATCC gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains.

    RESULTS: TIM exhibited an appreciable amount of gallic acid equivalent phenolic content (21.6 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g of crude extract). TIM showed the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at 250 μg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) at 500 μg/mL among the selected human pathogenic ATCC strains. At MIC of 500 μg/mL, TIM displayed a significant zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa and N. gonorrhoeae.

    CONCLUSION: The results from our study highlighted for the first time the antimicrobial potential of endophytic bacterial strain Bacillus velezensis in T. indica leaves and it could be further explored as a source of natural antimicrobial agents.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  17. Antibacterial mode of action of violacein from Chromobacterium violaceum UTM5 against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
    Aruldass CA, Masalamany SRL, Venil CK, Ahmad WA
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Feb;25(6):5164-5180.
    PMID: 28361404 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8855-2
    Violacein, violet pigment produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, has attracted much attention recently due to its pharmacological properties including antibacterial activity. The present study investigated possible antibacterial mode of action of violacein from C. violaceum UTM5 against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Violet fraction was obtained by cultivating C. violaceum UTM5 in liquid pineapple waste medium, extracted, and fractionated using ethyl acetate and vacuum liquid chromatography technique. Violacein was quantified as major compound in violet fraction using HPLC analysis. Violet fraction displayed bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.9 μg/mL. Fluorescence dyes for membrane damage and scanning electron microscopic analysis confirmed the inhibitory effect by disruption on membrane integrity, morphological alternations, and rupture of the cell membranes of both strains. Transmission electron microscopic analysis showed membrane damage, mesosome formation, and leakage of intracellular constituents of both bacterial strains. Mode of action of violet fraction on the cell membrane integrity of both strains was shown by release of protein, K+, and extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) with 110.5 μg/mL, 2.34 μg/mL, and 87.24 ng/μL, respectively, at 48 h of incubation. Violet fraction was toxic to human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and human fetal lung fibroblast (IMR90) cell lines with LC50 value of 0.998 ± 0.058 and 0.387 ± 0.002 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, violet fraction showed a strong antibacterial property by disrupting the membrane integrity of S. aureus and MRSA strains. This is the first report on the possible mode of antibacterial action of violet fraction from C. violaceum UTM5 on S. aureus and MRSA strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  18. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract of Piper sarmentosum against methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Fernandez L, Daruliza K, Sudhakaran S, Jegathambigai R
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2012 Jul;16 Suppl 3:105-11.
    PMID: 22957424
    The emergence of novel diseases caused by microbial pathogens and the undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics has been a recent dilemma in the medical arena. Consequently, it has stirred the discovery of many naturally occurring agents which could possibly provide important ramifications against various pharmacological targets and to combat various ailments. The main aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of the crude methanolic extract of Piper (P.) sarmentosum against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  19. Screening of antibacterial activity of mucus extract of snakehead fish, Channa striatus (Bloch)
    Wei OY, Xavier R, Marimuthu K
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2010 Aug;14(8):675-81.
    PMID: 20707287
    The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the antimicrobial properties of the mucus extract of snakehead fish, Channa striatus against selected human and fish pathogenic microbes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
  20. Antibacterial activity of ovary extract from sea urchin Diadema setosum
    Marimuthu K, Gunaselvam P, Aminur Rahman M, Xavier R, Arockiaraj J, Subramanian S, et al.
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2015 May;19(10):1895-9.
    PMID: 26044237
    Sea urchin gonad is considered as a highly prized delicacy in several countries. It is also rich in valuable bioactive compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and β-carotene. This study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial properties of the ovary extract from sea urchin Diadema setosum against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*
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