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  1. Fulltext The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of banana fibre and adhesion to Epoxy resin
    Zin, M.H., Abdan, K., Norizan, M.N., Mazlan, N.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(1):161-176.
    MyJurnal
    The main focus of this study was to obtain the optimum alkaline treatment for banana fibre and the its effect on the mechanical and chemical properties of banana fibre, its surface topography, its heat resistivity, as well as its interfacial bonding with epoxy matrix. Banana fibre was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under various treatment conditions. The treated fibres were characterised using FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of a single fibre observed under a Digital Image Analyser indicated slight reduction in fibre diameter with increasing NaOH concentration. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results showed the deteriorating effect of alkali, which can be seen from the removal of impurities and increment in surface roughness. The mechanical analysis indicates that 6% NaOH treatment with a two-hour immersion time gave the highest tensile strength. The adhesion between single fibre and epoxy resin was analysed through the micro-droplet test. It was found that 6% NaOH treatment with a two-hour immersion yielded the highest interfacial shear stress of 3.96 MPa. The TGA analysis implies that alkaline treatment improved the thermal and heat resistivity of the fibre.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  2. Fulltext Analysis of glass-reinforced epoxy material for radio frequency resonator
    Zaman MR, Islam MT, Misran N, Yatim B
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:831435.
    PMID: 24977230 DOI: 10.1155/2014/831435
    A radio frequency (RF) resonator using glass-reinforced epoxy material for C and X band is proposed in this paper. Microstrip line technology for RF over glass-reinforced epoxy material is analyzed. Coupling mechanism over RF material and parasitic coupling performance is explained utilizing even and odd mode impedance with relevant equivalent circuit. Babinet's principle is deployed to explicate the circular slot ground plane of the proposed resonator. The resonator is designed over four materials from different backgrounds which are glass-reinforced epoxy, polyester, gallium arsenide (GaAs), and rogers RO 4350B. Parametric studies and optimization algorithm are applied over the geometry of the microstrip resonator to achieve dual band response for C and X band. Resonator behaviors for different materials are concluded and compared for the same structure. The final design is fabricated over glass-reinforced epoxy material. The fabricated resonator shows a maximum directivity of 5.65 dBi and 6.62 dBi at 5.84 GHz and 8.16 GHz, respectively. The lowest resonance response is less than -20 dB for C band and -34 dB for X band. The resonator is prototyped using LPKF (S63) drilling machine to study the material behavior.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Surface profile analysis of laminated transfemoral prosthetic socket fabricated with different ratios of epoxy resin and acrylic resin
    Zainuddin NAMN, Razak NAA, Karim MSA, Osman NAA
    Sci Rep, 2023 Feb 15;13(1):2664.
    PMID: 36792914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21990-y
    Acrylic and epoxy are common types of resin used in fabricating sockets. Different types of resin will affect the internal surface of a laminated socket. This paper is to determine the best combination of ratio for epoxy and acrylic resin for a laminated prosthesis socket and to evaluate the surface profile analysis of different combinations of laminated prosthetic sockets for surface roughness. Transfemoral sockets were created using various resin-to-hardener ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, 2:3, and 1:3 for epoxy resin and 100:1, 100:2, 100:3, 100:4, and 100:5 for acrylic resin. Eight layers of stockinette consisting of four elastic stockinette and four Perlon stockinette were used. A sample with a size of 4 cm × 6 cm was cut out from the socket on the lateral side below the Greater Trochanter area. The Mitutoyo Sj-210 Surface Tester stylus was run through the sample and gave the Average Surface Roughness value (Ra), Root Mean Square Roughness value (Rq), and Ten-Point Mean Roughness value (Rz). Epoxy resin shows a smoother surface compared to acrylic resin with Ra values of is 0.766 µm, 0.9716 µm, 0.9847 µm and 1.5461 µm with 3:2, 3:1, 2:1 and 2:3 ratio respectively. However, for epoxy resin with ratio 1:3, the resin does not cure with the hardener. As for acrylic resin the Ra values are 1.0086 µm, 2.362 µm, 3.372 µm, 4.762 µm and 6.074 µm with 100: 1, 100:2, 100:5, 100:4 and 100:3 ratios, respectively. Epoxy resin is a better choice in fabricating a laminated socket considering the surface produced is smoother.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins*
  4. Fulltext An in vitro Comparison of Bond Strength of Different Sealers/Obturation Systems to Root Dentin Using the Push-Out Test at 2 Weeks and 3 Months after Obturation
    Yap WY, Che Ab Aziz ZA, Azami NH, Al-Haddad AY, Khan AA
    Med Princ Pract, 2017;26(5):464-469.
    PMID: 28934753 DOI: 10.1159/000481623
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the push-out bond strength and failure modes of different sealers/obturation systems to intraradicular dentin at 2 weeks and 3 months after obturation compared to AH Plus®/gutta-percha.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180 root slices from 60 single-canal anterior teeth were prepared and assigned to 5 experimental groups (n = 36 in each group), designated as G1 (AH Plus®/gutta-percha), G2 (TotalFill BC™ sealer/BC-coated gutta-percha), G3 (TotalFill BC™ sealer/gutta-percha), G4 (EndoREZ® sealer/EndoREZ®-coated gutta-percha), and G5 (EndoREZ® sealer/gutta-percha). Push-out bond strengths of 18 root slices in each group were assessed at 2 weeks and the other 18 at 3 months after obturation using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. An independent t test was used to compare the mean push-out bond strength for each group at 2 weeks and 3 months after obturation.

    RESULTS: The mean push-out bond strengths of G4 and G5 were significantly lower than those of G1, G2, and G3 (p < 0.05) at both 2 weeks (G1: 1.46 ± 0.29 MPa, G2: 1.74 ± 0.43 MPa, G3: 1.74 ± 0.43 MPa, G4: 0.66 ± 0.31 MPa, G5: 0.74 ± 0.47 MPa) and 3 months after obturation (G1: 1.70 ± 1.05 MPa, G2: 3.69 ± 1.20 MPa, G3: 2.84 ± 0.83 MPa, G4: 0.14 ± 0.05 MPa, G5: 0.24 ± 0.10 MPa). The mean push-out bond strengths of G2 (3.69 ± 1.20 MPa) and G3 (2.84 ± 0.83 MPa) were higher at 3 months compared to 2 weeks after obturation (G2: 1.74 ± 0.43 MPa, G3: 1.33 ± 0.29 MPa).

    CONCLUSION: The TotalFill BC™ obturation system (G2) and the TotalFill BC™ sealer/gutta-percha (G3) showed comparable bond strength to AH Plus®. Their bond strength increased over time, whereas the EndoREZ® obturation system (G4) and EndoREZ sealer (G5) had low push-out bond strength which decreased over time.

    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins/chemistry
  5. Fulltext Moisture Absorption Effects on Mode II Delamination of Carbon/Epoxy Composites
    Wong KJ, Johar M, Koloor SSR, Petrů M, Tamin MN
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Sep 22;12(9).
    PMID: 32971855 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092162
    It is necessary to consider the influence of moisture damage on the interlaminar fracture toughness for composite structures that are used for outdoor applications. However, the studies on the progressive variation of the fracture toughness as a function of moisture content M (%) is rather limited. In this regard, this study focuses on the characterization of mode II delamination of carbon/epoxy composites conditioned at 70 °C/85% relative humidity (RH). End-notched flexure test is conducted for specimens aged at various moisture absorption levels. Experimental results reveal that mode II fracture toughness degrades with the moisture content, with a maximum of 23% decrement. A residual property model is used to predict the variation of the fracture toughness with the moisture content. Through numerical simulations, it is found that the approaches used to estimate the lamina and cohesive properties are suitable to obtain reliable simulation results. In addition, the damage initiation is noticed during the early loading stage; however, the complete damage is only observed when the numerical peak load is achieved. Results from the present research could serve as guidelines to predict the residual properties and simulate the mode II delamination behavior under moisture attack.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  6. Fulltext Release of bisphenol a from polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate drinking water bottles under different storage conditions and its associated health risk
    Wen Min Yun, Yu Bin Ho, Eugenie Sin Sing Tan, Vivien How
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;14(102):1-9.
    MyJurnal
    Bisphenol A (BPA) is a controversial plastics ingredient used mainly in the production of polycarbonate plastics (PC) and epoxy resins that widely used nowadays in food and drink packaging. Even though BPA is not involved in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) manufacturing, recent study had reported the present of BPA in PET water bottle. This study was conducted to investigate effects storage conditions on release of BPA from PC and PET bottled water as well as to assess health risks associated with consumption. Methods: Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract the samples, followed by analysis using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (UHPLC-FLD). The possibility of developing chronic non-carcinogenic health risk among consumers of bottled water was evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ). Results: Results showed that BPA migrated from PC and PET water bottles at concentrations ranging from 9.13 to 257.67 ng/L and 11.53 ng/L to 269.87 ng/L respectively. Concentrations of BPA were higher in PET bottled water compared to PC bottled water across all storage conditions. Higher storage temperature and longer storage duration increased BPA concentrations in PC and PET bottled water. Concentrations of BPA in bottled water which were kept in a car and were exposed to sunlight were higher than control samples which were stored indoor at room temperature. Conclusion: No significant chronic non-carcinogenic health risks were calculated for daily ingestion of BPA-contaminated bottled water; calculated HQ was less than one.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  7. Self-healing epoxy coating synthesis by embedment of metal 2-methyl imidazole and acetylacetonate complexes with microcapsules
    Ullah H, Qureshi KS, Khan U, Zaffar M, Yang YJ, Rabat NE, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2021 Dec;285:131492.
    PMID: 34273691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131492
    The restoration of mechanical properties is desired for creating the self-healing coatings with no corrosion capabilities. The encapsulation of epoxy resins is limited by various factors in urea and melamine formaldehyde microcapsules. An improved method was developed, where epoxy resin was encapsulated by individual wrapping of poly(melamine-formaldehyde) and poly(urea-formaldehyde) shell around emulsified epoxy droplets via oil-in-water emulsion polymerization method. The synthesized materials were characterized analytically. The curing of the epoxy was achieved by adding the [Ni/Co(2-MI)6].2NO3 as a latent hardener and iron acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)3] as a latent accelerator. Isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed lower curing temperature (Tonset = 116 °C) and lower activation energies (Ea ≈ 69-75 kJ/mol). The addition of microcapsules and complexes did not adversely alter the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the epoxy coatings. The adhesion strength of neat coating decreased from 6310.8 ± 31 to 4720.9 ± 60 kPa and percent healing increased from 50.83 to 67.45% in the presence of acetylacetonate complex at 10 wt% of microcapsules.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins*
  8. Investigation into mechanical, absorption and swelling behaviour of hemp/sisal fibre reinforced bioepoxy hybrid composites: Effects of stacking sequences
    Thiagamani SMK, Krishnasamy S, Muthukumar C, Tengsuthiwat J, Nagarajan R, Siengchin S, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Nov 01;140:637-646.
    PMID: 31437507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.166
    This work focuses on the fabrication of hybrid bio-composites using green epoxy as the matrix material, hemp (H) and sisal (S) fibre mats as the reinforcements. The hybrid composite with sisal/hemp fibres were fabricated by cost effective hand lay-up technique, followed by hot press with different stacking sequences. Static properties of the composites such as tensile, compressive, inter-laminar shear strengths (ILSS) and hardness were examined. The physical properties such as density, void content, water absorption and thickness swelling were also analyzed. The experimental results indicate that hybrid composites exhibited minor variation in tensile strength when the stacking sequence was altered. The hybrid composite with the intercalated arrangement (HSHS) exhibited the highest tensile modulus when compared with the other hybrid counterparts. Hybrid composites (SHHS and HSSH) offered 40% higher values of compressive strength than the other layering arrangements. HHHH sample exhibited the highest ILSS value of 4.08 MPa. Typical failure characteristics of the short beam test such as inter-laminar shear cracks in the transverse direction, micro-buckling and fibre rupture were also observed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins/chemistry*
  9. The effect of waterborne epoxy resin emulsion on the physical properties of oil well cement
    Tang X, Yang Y, Xie Y
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1543-1550.
    The main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of waterborne epoxy resin emulsion (WER) on the physical properties of oil well cement slurries. Cement slurries containing 5%, 10% and 15% of WER bwoc were compared with WER-free slurries. The rheological behavior was carried out according to API standard. Uniaxial compressive strength and shear bond strength of cement stone were evaluated at the ages of 24, 48 and 72 h. The experimental results illustrate that the addition of WER does not alter the rheological behavior. The addition of WER has increased the shear bond strength almost 52% at 24 h of aging for 10% WER bwoc when compared with unmodified slurry. The enhancement on shear bond strength was attributed to the mechanical anchoring and resin film forming at the interface
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  10. Fulltext Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties
    Suriani MJ, Zainudin HA, Ilyas RA, Petrů M, Sapuan SM, Ruzaidi CM, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 May 10;13(9).
    PMID: 34068794 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091532
    The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, automobile, and furniture. Kenaf fiber (KF) is a natural fiber that is in demand owing to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Nowadays, there are various new applications for kenaf, such as in absorbents and building materials. It also has commercial applications, such as in the automotive industry. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is used as a fire retardant as it is low in cost and has good flame retardancy, while polyester yarn (PET) has high tensile strength. The aim of this study was to determine the horizontal burning rate, tensile strength, and surface morphology of kenaf fiber/PET yarn reinforced epoxy fire retardant composites. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2 PET with different amounts of KF content (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) using the cold press method. The specimen with 35% KF (epoxy/PET/KF-35) displayed better flammability properties and had the lowest average burning rate of 14.55 mm/min, while epoxy/PET/KF-50 with 50% KF had the highest tensile strength of all the samples. This was due to fewer defects being detected on the surface morphology of epoxy/PET/KF-35 compared to the other samples, which influenced the mechanical properties of the composites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  11. Fulltext Evaluation of stress distributions of calcium silicate-based root canal sealer in bulk or with main core material: A finite element analysis study
    Smran A, Abdullah M, Ahmad NA, Ben Yahia F, Fouda AM, Alturaiki SA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2024;19(3):e0299552.
    PMID: 38483853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299552
    This research aimed to assess the stress distribution in lower premolars that were obturated with BioRoot RCS or AH Plus, with or without gutta percha (GP), and subjected to vertical and oblique forces. One 3D geometric model of a mandibular second premolar was created using SolidWorks software. Eight different scenarios representing different root canal filling techniques, single cone technique with GP and bulk technique with sealer only with occlusal load directions were simulated as follows: Model 1 (BioRoot RCS sealer and GP under vertical load [VL]), Model 2 (BioRoot RCS sealer and GP under oblique load [OL]), Model 3 (AH Plus sealer with GP under VL), Model 4 (AH Plus sealer with GP under OL), Model 5 (BioRoot RCS sealer in bulk under VL), Model 6 (BioRoot RCS in bulk under OL), Model 7 (AH Plus sealer in bulk under VL), and Model 8 (AH Plus sealer in bulk under OL). A static load of 200 N was applied at three occlusal contact points, with a 45° angle from lingual to buccal. The von Mises stresses in root dentin were higher in cases where AH Plus was used compared to BioRoot RCS. Furthermore, shifting the load to an oblique direction resulted in increased stress levels. Replacing GP with sealer material had no effect on the dentin maximum von Mises stress in BioRoot RCS cases. Presence of a core material resulted in lower stress in dentin for AH Plus cases, however, it did not affect the stress levels in dentin for cases filled with BioRoot RCS. Stress distribution in the dentin under oblique direction was higher regardless of sealer or technique used.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  12. Dimensional and structural stability of gamma irradiated stacked die quad flat no leads (QFN)
    Siew PF, Wan Yusmawati Wan Yusoff, Azman Jalar
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:827-832.
    The physical properties and structural stability of the Quad Flat No-Leads (QFN) package with different gamma radiation doses have been investigated. The packages were irradiated with Co-60 gamma radiation with varying doses of 5 Gy, 50 Gy, 500 Gy, 5 kGy and 50 kGy with operating dose of 2.54 kGylh at room temperature. The infinite focus microscope (IFM) was used to measure the dimensional change and slantinglwarpage behaviour, while the 3D CT Scan X-ray machine was used to determine the occurrence of deflection on a wire in package due to exposure. It is believed that radiation effect on ceramic filler in the epoxy mold compound (EMC) plays an important role to induce the defects and resulted in swelling of the package. The slantinglwarpage behaviour is believed to be caused by the swelling behaviour of ceramic filler and further induced structural stability. The induced stress on the EMC structural after the dimensional change and slantinglwarpage failure leads to the occurrence of wire sweep. The finding suggests that defect production in swelled ceramic filler leads to the occurrence of dimensional and structure instability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  13. Rapid extraction of bisphenol a by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic
    Shan TO, Mee LN, Marinah Mohd Ariffin, Saw HL
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:615-621.
    Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor with widespread applications, especially in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic technique has been developed for the extraction of bisphenol A from water and soft drink. The 1-undecanol has been applied as the extraction solvent because of its low density and melting point and high affinity to the analyte. The technique offered rapid and simple analysis as the 1-undecanol was homogeneously dispersed in the sample solution to speed the extraction and the collection of extraction solvent was simplified by centrifugation, cooling and melting steps.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  14. Fulltext The Effect of Bi-Functionalized MMT on Morphology, Thermal Stability, Dynamic Mechanical, and Tensile Properties of Epoxy/Organoclay Nanocomposites
    Sand Chee S, Jawaid M
    Polymers (Basel), 2019 Dec 04;11(12).
    PMID: 31817284 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122012
    In this work, the optimum filler loading to prepare epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites by the in-situ polymerization method was studied. Bi-functionalized montmorillonite at different filler loading (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 wt %) was dispersed in epoxy resin by using a high shear speed homogenizer. The effect on morphology, thermal, dynamic mechanical, and tensile properties of the epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites were studied in this work. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) studies revealed that possible intercalated structures were obtained in epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability at the maximum and final decomposition temperature, as well as higher char content, compared to pristine epoxy. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicate that storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E″), cross-link density and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposites were improved with organoclay loading up to 1 wt %. Beyond this loading limit, the deterioration of properties was observed. A similar trend was also observed on tensile strength and modulus. We concluded from this study that organoclay loading up to 1 wt % is suitable for further study to fabricate hybrid nanocomposites for various applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  15. Mechanical, morphological and structural properties of cellulose nanofibers reinforced epoxy composites
    Saba N, Mohammad F, Pervaiz M, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Sain M
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Apr;97:190-200.
    PMID: 28082223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.029
    Present study, deals about isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from the Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) pulp, fabrication by hand lay-up technique and characterization of fabricated epoxy nanocomposites at different filler loadings (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% by wt.). The effect of CNFs loading on mechanical (tensile, impact and flexural), morphological (scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope) and structural (XRD and FTIR) properties of epoxy composites were investigated. FTIR analysis confirms the introduction of CNFs into the epoxy matrix while no considerable change in the crystallinity and diffraction peaks of epoxy composites were observed by the XRD patterns. Additions of CNFs considerably enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy composites but a remarkable improvement is observed for 0.75% CNFs as compared to the rest epoxy nanocomposites. In addition, the electron micrographs revealed the perfect distribution and dispersion of CNFs in the epoxy matrix for the 0.75% CNFs/epoxy nanocomposites, while the existence of voids and agglomerations were observed beyond 0.75% CNFs filler loadings. Overall results analysis clearly revealed that the 0.75% CNFs filler loading is best and effective with respect to rest to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of the epoxy composites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins/chemistry*
  16. Fulltext Interfacial Compatibility Evaluation on the Fiber Treatment in the Typha Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites and Their Effect on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties
    Rizal S, Ikramullah, Gopakumar DA, Thalib S, Huzni S, Abdul Khalil HPS
    Polymers (Basel), 2018 Nov 28;10(12).
    PMID: 30961241 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121316
    Natural fiber composites have been widely used for various applications such as automotive components, aircraft components and sports equipment. Among the natural fibers Typha spp have gained considerable attention to replace synthetic fibers due to their unique nature. The untreated and alkali-treated fibers treated in different durations were dried under the sun for 4 h prior to the fabrication of Typha fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The chemical structure and crystallinity index of composites were examined via FT-IR and XRD respectively. The tensile, flexural and impact tests were conducted to investigate the effect of the alkali treated Typha fibers on the epoxy composite. From the microscopy analysis, it was observed that the fracture mechanism of the composite was due to the fiber and matrix debonding, fiber pull out from the matrix, and fiber damage. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the Typha fiber reinforced epoxy composite were increased after 5% alkaline immersion compared to untreated Typha fiber composite. From these results, it can be concluded that the alkali treatment on Typha fiber could improve the interfacial compatibility between epoxy resin and Typha fiber, which resulted in the better mechanical properties and made the composite more hydrophobic. So far there is no comprehensive report about Typha fiber reinforcing epoxy composite, investigating the effect of the alkali treatment duration on the interfacial compatibility, and their effect on chemical and mechanical of Typha fiber reinforced composite, which plays a vital role to provide the overall mechanical performance to the composite.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  17. Fulltext The role of silica-containing agro-industrial waste as reinforcement on physicochemical and thermal properties of polymer composites
    Rizal S, Fizree HM, Hossain MS, Ikramullah, Gopakumar DA, Wan Ni EC, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Mar;6(3):e03550.
    PMID: 32190763 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03550
    This study was conducted to determine the influence of the oil palm boiler ash (OPBA) reinforcement on the microstructural, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy polymer composites. The chemical composition analysis of OPBA revealed that it contains about 55 wt.% of SiO2 along with other metallic oxides and elements. The surface morphology of OPBA showed angular and irregular shapes with porous structures. The influence of OPBA as a reinforcement in epoxy composite was studied with varying filler loadings (10-50 wt.%) and different particle sizes (50-150 μm). The result showed that the incorporation of OPBA in composites has improved the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy matrix. The highest physical and mechanical properties of fabricated composites were attained with 30 wt.% loading and size of 50 μm. Also, thermal stability and the percentage of char residue of the composite increased with increasing filler loading. Furthermore, the contact angle of OPBA reinforced epoxy composites increased with the increase of filler loading. The lowest value of the contact angle was obtained at 30 wt.% of filler loading with the OPBA particle size of 50 μm. The finding of this study reveals that the OPBA has the potential to be used as reinforcement or filler as well as an alternative of silica-based inorganic fillers used in the enhancement of mechanical, physical and thermal properties of the epoxy polymer composite.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  18. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/woven kenaf fabric-reinforced epoxy laminated composites
    Nurul Hidayah Ismail, Mohd Hafizi Mohamad, Mariatti Jaafar
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:563-569.
    This study was carried out to investigate the effect of adding 1 vol% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into
    woven kenaf/epoxy laminated composites on their flexural properties and to compare between two techniques used to
    incorporate MWCNT into the composite which are spraying and solution techniques. Furthermore, the effect of MWCNT
    addition in woven glass/woven kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites at the same filler concentration on the flexural properties
    were also investigated. All the laminated composites with and without MWCNT were fabricated using vacuum bagging
    method. The flexural properties of the composite samples with and without MWCNT were evaluated by applying threepoint
    bending test. The results were supported by morphological observation. It was found that the addition of MWCNT
    using both spraying and solution techniques reduced the flexural strength and flexural modulus of MWCNT/woven kenaf/
    epoxy composites, with obvious reduction trend was shown by former technique. The morphological observation of the
    composites fracture surface showed that delamination failure occurred in MWCNT/woven kenaf/epoxy laminated composite
    prepared by spraying technique. Further investigation on hybrid composites showed that MWCNT/woven glass/woven
    kenaf/epoxy laminated hybrid composites exhibited significant improvement in the flexural properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  19. Epoxidation and hydroxylation of liquid natural rubber
    Nur Hanis Adila Azhar, Nur Hanis Adila Azhar Hamizah Md Rasid, Siti Fairus M. Yusoff
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:485-491.
    Liquid natural rubber (LNR) was functionalized into liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) and hydroxylated LNR (LNROH)
    via oxidation using a Na2
    WO4
    /CH3
    COOH/H2
    O2
    catalytic system. Microstructures of LNR and functionalized LNRs
    were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The
    effect of CH3
    COOH, H2
    O2
    , Na2
    WO4
    , reaction time and temperature. reaction time and temperature on epoxy content were
    investigated. LNR-OH was obtained when oxidation reaction was conducted at a longer reaction time, higher temperature
    or excess amount of catalyst. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reported the thermal behavior of functionalized LNRs.
    Molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
  20. Fulltext Effect of ZnO-PEDOT:PSS incorporation in epoxy based coating on corrosion behaviour in immersed condition
    Nur Ain, A.R., Mohd Sabri, M.G., Wan Rafizah, W.A., Nurul Azimah, M.A., Wan Nik, W.B.
    ASM Science Journal, 2018;11(101):56-67.
    MyJurnal
    Corrosion is a natural deterioration process that destructs metal surface. Metal of highly
    protected by passivation layer such as Stainless Steel 316L also undergoes pitting corrosion
    when continuously exposed to aggressive environment. To overcome this phenomenon, application
    of epoxy based coating with addition of zinc oxide- poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
    doped with poly (styrene sulphonate) hybrid nanocomposite additive was introduced as
    paint/metal surface coating. The compatibility between these two materials as additive
    was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD),
    Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM/EDX)
    and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. The effect of nanocomposite
    wt.% in epoxy based coating with immersion duration in real environment on corrosion
    protection performance was analyzed through potentiodynamic polarization analysis. The
    main finding showed that addition of hybrid nanocomposite had increased corrosion protection
    yet enhanced corrosion process when excess additives was loaded into epoxy coating.
    Addition of 2 wt.% ZnO-PEDOT:PSS was found significantly provided optimum corrosion
    protection to stainless steel 316L as the corrosion rate for 0 day, 15 days and 30 days of
    immersion duration is 0.0022 mm/yr, 0.0004 mm/yr and 0.0015 mm/yr; respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epoxy Resins
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