METHODS AND MATERIALS: Hyperuricemia model was performed in male Swiss Webster mice. Intraperitoneally injection of uric acid (125mg/kg body weight) was done for 7 and 14 days (UA7 and UA14 groups). Meanwhile, the UAL groups were injected with uric acid and followed by the administration of allopurinol (UAL7 and UAL14 groups). On the due date, mice were sacrificed, and liver was harvested. Uric acid, SGOT, SGPT, and albumin level were measured from the serum. The mRNA expression of TLR4, MCP1, CD68, and collagen1 were assessed through RT-PCR. Liver fibrosis was quantified through Sirius red staining, while the number of hepatic stellates cells (HSCs) and TLR4 were assessed through IHC staining.
RESULTS: Uric acid induction for 7 and 14 days stimulated an increase of both SGOT and SGPT serum levels. Followed by enhanced inflammatory mediators: Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR- 4), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) mRNA expression in the liver (p<0.05). The histological findings showed that the UA7 and UA14 groups had higher liver fibrosis scores (p<0.05), collagen I mRNA expression (p<0.05), and the number of HSCs (p<0.05) compared to Control group. Administration of allopurinol showed amelioration of uric acid and liver enzymes levels which followed by inflammatory mediators, liver fibrosis and collagen1, and hepatic stellate cells significantly.
CONCLUSION: Therefore, uric acid augmented the liver fibrosis by increasing the number of hepatic stellate cells.
METHOD: The meta-analysis included all studies that examined the effect of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplements on one or more renal function parameters and had a control group. We searched July 1967 through to March 2016 MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases.
RESULTS: Of 437 studies, 13 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. GFR levels tended to be reduced; whereas creatinine levels increased in the intervention group compared with the placebo group, both in a non-significant manner. The pooled effect on BUN demonstrated a significant decline compared with the placebo group (MD, -1.72 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.93 to -0.51; P = 0.005). Urea significantly decreased after intervention (-0.46 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.32; P <0.0001). The UA levels significantly increased in the intervention group compared with the placebo group (12.28 µmol/L; 95% CI, 0.85-23.71; P = 0.035).
CONCLUSION: This study showed a significant increase in UA and a decrease in urea and BUN. The use of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplements among those with compromised renal function or those at risk for renal failure should be limited until large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials prove the safety and efficacy of these supplements in improving renal function.
Methods: We conducted a single-arm intervention study at the Clinical Lab of Community Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and included 31 healthy individuals aged between 30 and 60 years old. Wet cupping therapy was performed at five treatment points at the beginning of the study and repeated after three months. Health outcomes at baseline, one, three, and four months were assessed for FBS, renal function parameters (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and von Willebrand factor (vWF).
Results: Forty-five percent of participants were female, and the mean age of study participants was 44.9±6.4 years. Wet cupping therapy significantly reduced FBS, serum urea, and serum creatinine at one, three, and four months compared with baseline values. Serum uric acid and SBP showed a significant reduction at one and four months compared with baseline. The vWF (a measure of endothelial function) had a 4.0% reduction at four months compared to baseline, with a mean difference of 5.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.20 = 8.55; p = 0.002).
Conclusions: This study provides preliminary support that repeated wet cupping therapy enhances body health status; thus, it could be an effective complementary medicine in disease prevention.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A content development team which consisted of three consultant rheumatologists developed the booklet. Content validation was performed by a panel of evaluators consisted of eleven physicians (four consultant rheumatologists, two clinical specialists, and five medical officers), who were involved in gout management. Face validation was performed by ten patients with gout.
RESULTS: Item-Content Validity Index ranged from 0.9 to 1 with regards to relevancy, clarity, ambiguity and simplicity. Side effects of uricosuric agents were added to the draft based on an evaluator's comment. Item-Face Validity Index was 1, which indicated that all patients were in 100% agreement with all items.
CONCLUSION: We developed and validated our Gout Treat-to- Target booklet. There was high agreement in I-FVI and I-CVI among physicians and patients.