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  1. Occurrence of Campylobacter species from broiler chickens and chicken meat in Malaysia
    Sinulingga TS, Aziz SA, Bitrus AA, Zunita Z, Abu J
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2020 Jan;52(1):151-157.
    PMID: 31273582 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01995-y
    Campylobacter is reported as a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Consumption of contaminated chicken meat is considered a significant risk factor of Campylobacter infection in humans. This study investigated the occurrence of non-Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli, in broiler chickens (n = 210) and chicken meat (n = 109). The samples were collected from seven broiler chicken farms (n = 210 cloacal swabs), 11 markets (n = 84 chicken meat), and 5 supermarkets (n = 25 chicken meat) located in different districts of Selangor State. Campylobacter were isolated from cloacal swabs using the Cape Town Protocol and from meat samples using the method of Duffy et al. (2007) with some modifications for Campylobacter isolations which were reported effective in the isolation of non-C. jejuni-C. coli Campylobacter species. The isolates were identified by Gram staining for cellular morphology, wet mount for motility and biochemical tests. Confirmation of presumed Campylobacter isolates was carried out using multiplex PCR (mPCR). One hundred seven (107/210) or 50.9% and twenty-nine (29/109) or 26.6% of chickens and chicken meat samples respectively were positive for Campylobacter species. Among the Campylobacter isolates from chickens, C. jejuni was the most predominantly isolated species (69.5%), followed by C. coli (16.2%). Campylobacter fetus and C. upsaliensis were the non-C. jejuni-C. coli Campylobacter species isolated in this study, at 9.3% and 2.5% respectively. Overall, the findings indicated broiler chickens were colonized not only by the common Campylobacter species but also by other Campylobacter species. We found the Cape Town Protocol useful to detect the occurrence of non-C. jejuni-C. coli isolates in chickens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary*
  2. Fulltext Characterisation of Campylobacters from Malaysia
    Tay ST, Puthucheary SD, Devi S, Kautner I
    Singapore Med J, 1995 Jun;36(3):282-4.
    PMID: 8553093
    Eight-five clinical and 15 poultry isolates of Campylobacter species were characterised by biotyping, serotyping and by using a radiolabelled DNA probe. A total of 80% of the isolates from both sources were identified as C. jejuni. Also amongst the clinical strains were 5 c. jejuni subsp. doylei, 7 C. coli, 3 C. lari and 8 were untypable. The similarity in the distribution of C. jejuni in the clinical and poultry isolates adds credibility to published reports of chickens being the most common source of Campylobacter infections. Although the gold standard for identification of C. jejuni is the DNA probe, serotyping is more discriminating while biotyping is the most feasible method in most laboratories.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology*; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology*; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary
  3. Fulltext Postinfective bowel dysfunction following Campylobacter enteritis is characterised by reduced microbiota diversity and impaired microbiota recovery
    Jalanka J, Gunn D, Singh G, Krishnasamy S, Lingaya M, Crispie F, et al.
    Gut, 2023 Mar;72(3):451-459.
    PMID: 36171082 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326828
    OBJECTIVES: Persistent bowel dysfunction following gastroenteritis (postinfectious (PI)-BD) is well recognised, but the associated changes in microbiota remain unclear. Our aim was to define these changes after gastroenteritis caused by a single organism, Campylobacter jejuni, examining the dynamic changes in the microbiota and the impact of antibiotics.

    DESIGN: A single-centre cohort study of 155 patients infected with Campylobacter jejuni. Features of the initial illness as well as current bowel symptoms and the intestinal microbiota composition were recorded soon after infection (visit 1, <40 days) as well as 40-60 days and >80 days later (visits 2 and 3). Microbiota were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing.

    RESULTS: PI-BD was found in 22 of the 99 patients who completed the trial. The cases reported significantly looser stools, with more somatic and gastrointestinal symptoms. Microbiota were assessed in 22 cases who had significantly lower diversity and altered microbiota composition compared with the 44 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Moreover 60 days after infection, cases showed a significantly lower abundance of 23 taxa including phylum Firmicutes, particularly in the order Clostridiales and the family Ruminoccocaceae, increased Proteobacteria abundance and increased levels of Fusobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. The microbiota changes were linked with diet; higher fibre consumption being associated with lower levels of Gammaproteobacteria.

    CONCLUSION: The microbiota of PI-BD patients appeared more disturbed by the initial infection compared with the microbiota of those who recovered. The prebiotic effect of high fibre diets may inhibit some of the disturbances seen in PI-BD.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02040922.

    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections*
  4. Fulltext Subtractive inhibition assay for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken samples using surface plasmon resonance
    Masdor NA, Altintas Z, Shukor MY, Tothill IE
    Sci Rep, 2019 09 20;9(1):13642.
    PMID: 31541137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49672-2
    In this work, a subtractive inhibition assay (SIA) based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni was developed. For this, rabbit polyclonal antibody with specificity to C. jejuni was first mixed with C. jejuni cells and unbound antibody was subsequently separated using a sequential process of centrifugation and then detected using an immobilized goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody on the SPR sensor chip. This SIA-SPR method showed excellent sensitivity for C. jejuni with a limit of detection (LOD) of 131 ± 4 CFU mL-1 and a 95% confidence interval from 122 to 140 CFU mL-1. The method has also high specificity. The developed method showed low cross-reactivity to bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (7.8%), Listeria monocytogenes (3.88%) and Escherichia coli (1.56%). The SIA-SPR method together with the culturing (plating) method was able to detect C. jejuni in the real chicken sample at less than 500 CFU mL-1, the minimum infectious dose for C. jejuni while a commercial ELISA kit was unable to detect the bacterium. Since the currently available detection tools rely on culturing methods, which take more than 48 hours to detect the bacterium, the developed method in this work has the potential to be a rapid and sensitive detection method for C. jejuni.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/diagnosis; Campylobacter Infections/immunology; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary*
  5. Fulltext Occurrence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in ducks and duck eggs in Selangor, Malaysia
    Nor Faiza S, Saleha AA, Jalila A, Fauziah N
    Trop Biomed, 2013 Mar;30(1):155-8.
    PMID: 23665722 MyJurnal
    The importance of Campylobacter and Salmonella as foodborne pathogens is well recognised globally. A recent work in Penang found ducks in commercial farms were infected with these organisms. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in ducks and Salmonella in duck eggs in farms in a small part of Selangor. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 75 ducks and 30 duck eggs from three farms. The isolation and identification of Campylobacter and Salmonella were done using conventional methods. Twelve percent of Campylobacter and 16.0% of Salmonella were isolated from the ducks sampled. Salmonella was absent on and in eggs. Campylobacter isolates consisted of 22% Campylobacter jejuni and the remaining was Campylobacter coli. Three Salmonella serovars identified were Salmonella Agona, S. Braenderup and S. Corvallis. The presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in ducks may cause contamination of the meat during processing and handling which can constitute public health hazard. Moreover, the farm workers may be exposed to the organisms through contact with the infected animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary*
  6. Fulltext Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in retailed ready-to-eat sushi
    Tan, Y.F., Haresh, K.K., Chai, L.C., Ghazali, F.M., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2008;15(3):331-336.
    MyJurnal
    The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in retailed sushi were examined using the techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in combination with most probable number (MPN) to quantify the bacteria in 150 samples obtained from three supermarkets. The average prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in retailed sushi was 26.6% with 32%, 16% and 32% from supermarket I, II and III, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni was found to be the predominant species in retailed sushi with 82.49% of all Campylobacter spp. positive samples. Campylobacter coli was not detected in all samples. The maximum MPN number of Campylobacter spp. in retailed sushi purchased from supermarket I, II and III ranged from 3.6-11.0 MPN/g, 9.4->1100 MPN/g and 27-1100 MPN/g, respectively. The isolation of C. jejuni from a variety of ready-to-eat retail sushi may indicate that these products can act as possible vehicles for the dissemination of food-borne campylobacteriosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections
  7. [A case of Guillain-Barré syndrome after the travel in southeast Asia--isolation of Campylobacter jejuni PEN 5 serotype]
    Koide T, Yamazaki M, Onishi Y, Saito K, Yuki N
    Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 1997 Jan;37(1):41-3.
    PMID: 9146072
    A 57-year-old man, while on travel in Malaysia, suffered from diarrhea after he ate fruits. He developed limbs weakness without sensory disturbance after his return to Japan. Serum from the patient had high IgG anti-GM1 antibody titer. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from his stool. The serotype belonged to PEN 5. The patient received double-filtration plasmapheresis 7 times during from days 6 to 17. Muscle strength began to recover gradually on day 10, and returned to normal 5 months after the onset of neurologic symptoms. Repeated neurophysiologic studies indicated that the axonal degeneration of motor nerves was predominant process. This case suggests that Guillain-Barré syndrome is a complication of traveler's diarrhea.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/complications*; Campylobacter Infections/microbiology
  8. Fulltext Transfer of Campylobacter jejuni from raw to cooked chicken via wood and plastic cutting boards
    Tang JY, Nishibuchi M, Nakaguchi Y, Ghazali FM, Saleha AA, Son R
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2011 Jun;52(6):581-8.
    PMID: 21375548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03039.x
    We quantified Campylobacter jejuni transferred from naturally contaminated raw chicken fillets and skins to similar cooked chicken parts via standard rubberwood (RW) and polyethylene cutting boards (PE).
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology; Campylobacter Infections/transmission
  9. Impact of human Campylobacter infections in Southeast Asia: The contribution of the poultry sector
    Premarathne JMKJK, Satharasinghe DA, Huat JTY, Basri DF, Rukayadi Y, Nakaguchi Y, et al.
    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2017 Dec 12;57(18):3971-3986.
    PMID: 28001082 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1266297
    Campylobacter is globally recognized as a major cause of foodborne infection in humans, whilst the development of antimicrobial resistance and the possibility of repelling therapy increase the threat to public health. Poultry is the most frequent source of Campylobacter infection in humans, and southeast Asia is a global leader in poultry production, consumption, and exports. Though three of the world's top 20 most populated countries are located in southeast Asia, the true burden of Campylobacter infection in the region has not been fully elucidated. Based on published data, Campylobacter has been reported in humans, animals, and food commodities in the region. To our knowledge, this study is the first to review the status of human Campylobacter infection in southeast Asia and to discuss future perspectives. Gaining insight into the true burden of the infection and prevalence levels of Campylobacter spp. in the southeast Asian region is essential to ensuring global and regional food safety through facilitating improvements in surveillance systems, food safety regulations, and mitigation strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/prevention & control*; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary
  10. Fulltext Fatal influenza A (H3N2) and Campylobacter jejuni coinfection
    Kahar-Bador M, Nathan AM, Soo MH, Mohd Noor S, AbuBakar S, Lum LC, et al.
    Singapore Med J, 2009 Mar;50(3):e112-3.
    PMID: 19352555
    The rapid diagnosis and subtyping of influenza is particularly important in areas where avian influenza (H5N1) is present. The ability to recognise both typical and atypical presentations of influenza is also critical in such settings. A six-month-old male child who visited a H5N1-affected area subsequently died from a severe febrile diarrhoeal illness with minimal respiratory symptoms, and was initially diagnosed with influenza A of an unknown subtype. The final microbiological results showed a highly unusual combination of influenza A (H3N2) and Campylobacter jejuni infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/physiopathology; Campylobacter Infections/virology*
  11. Dual role of Helicobacter and Campylobacter species in IBD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Castaño-Rodríguez N, Kaakoush NO, Lee WS, Mitchell HM
    Gut, 2017 02;66(2):235-249.
    PMID: 26508508 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310545
    OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comprehensive global systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and IBD. As bacterial antigen cross-reactivity has been postulated to be involved in this association, published data on enterohepatic Helicobacter spp (EHS) and Campylobacter spp and IBD was also analysed.

    DESIGN: Electronic databases were searched up to July 2015 for all case-control studies on H. pylori infection/EHS/Campylobacter spp and IBD. Pooled ORs (P-OR) and 95% CIs were obtained using the random effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity and stratified analyses were performed.

    RESULTS: Analyses comprising patients with Crohn's disease (CD), UC and IBD unclassified (IBDU), showed a consistent negative association between gastric H. pylori infection and IBD (P-OR: 0.43, p value <1e-10). This association appears to be stronger in patients with CD (P-OR: 0.38, p value <1e-10) and IBDU (P-OR: 0.43, p value=0.008) than UC (P-OR: 0.53, p value <1e-10). Stratification by age, ethnicity and medications showed significant results. In contrast to gastric H. pylori, non H. pylori-EHS (P-OR: 2.62, p value=0.001) and Campylobacter spp, in particular C. concisus (P-OR: 3.76, p value=0.006) and C. showae (P-OR: 2.39, p value=0.027), increase IBD risk.

    CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori infection is negatively associated with IBD regardless of ethnicity, age, H. pylori detection methods and previous use of aminosalicylates and corticosteroids. Antibiotics influenced the magnitude of this association. Closely related bacteria including EHS and Campylobacter spp increase the risk of IBD. These results infer that H. pylori might exert an immunomodulatory effect in IBD.

    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/complications; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology*
  12. Fulltext Campylobacter enteritis in children: clinical and laboratory findings in 137 cases
    Puthucheary SD, Parasakthi N, Liew ST, Chee YW
    Singapore Med J, 1994 Oct;35(5):453-6.
    PMID: 7701360
    One hundred and thirty-seven children with Campylobacter diarrhoea were reviewed. The predominant species was C. jejuni. Ninety-five percent of the children were below 5 years of age with 61% of these being 2-12 months old. A slight male preponderance was noted. About half the cases presented with fever and bloody diarrhoea; vomiting was seen in 28% and abdominal colic in only 8%. Moderate to severe diarrhoea was present in 48% of the children. Thirty-seven percent had a history of recent or concurrent illness. Other bacterial enteropathogens together with Campylobacter were isolated in 15% of the children. Erythromycin, the most useful drug, when indicated for Campylobacter infections, had an MIC90 of 2 mg/l with 96.2% of the strains being sensitive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/drug therapy; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology*
  13. Fulltext Prevalence of multidrug resistance Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chickens slaughtered in selected markets, Malaysia
    Mansouri-najand L, Saleha AA, Wai SS
    Trop Biomed, 2012 Jun;29(2):231-8.
    PMID: 22735845 MyJurnal
    The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in live chickens sold at wet markets in Selangor, Malaysia and the multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles of the isolates. Cloacal swabs were taken from the chickens before slaughter and their caecal mucosae were swabbed after slaughter. Of the 90 chickens examined, 68 (75.6%) were positive for Campylobacter. Campylobacter were recovered from caecal swabs (53/90) and cloacal swabs (34/90) and Campylobacter coli (46 isolates) were identified slightly more than Campylobacter jejuni (41 isolates), but these differences were not significant (p<0.05). The most frequently observed resistance was to cephalothin (95.5%), followed by tetracycline (80.8%), erythromycin (51.4%), enrofloxacin (42.4%) and gentamicin (24.4%). Multidrug resistance (resistant to four or more antibiotics) was detected in 35.3% isolates. Campylobacter jejuni showed nine resistance profiles and the most common was to gentamicin-eryhtromycin-enrofloxacin-cephalothin-tetracycline (32.4%) combination while C. coli showed six profiles, with cephalothin-tetracycline (32.2%) combination being most common.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary
  14. Conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistances and plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolates
    Ansary A, Radu S
    FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1992 Mar 01;70(2):125-8.
    PMID: 1587459
    Six Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolates were examined for the occurrence of plasmids in association with antibiotic resistances as well as conjugal transfer. All the isolates were found to carry three similar plasmids of 78 kb, 12.6 kb and 3.3 kb in size. Multiple resistance to at least three of the antibiotics tested was observed with resistance to tetracycline most common. En bloc transfer of donor resistances at frequencies ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-4) were seen in all but one of the isolates during conjugation. The conjugal transfer of erythromycin, neomycin and streptomycin were observed to occur at frequencies similar to that of chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline. In isolate ABA94, three different antibiotic resistance phenotypes of the transconjugants were seen. In addition to en bloc transfer of the donor resistances, in approximately 10% of the transconjugants the streptomycin resistance was lost although these transconjugants carried the donor complement of three plasmids. In a further 1% of the transconjugants, resistance to kanamycin only was detected and these transconjugants did not carry any plasmids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology
  15. Campylobacter pylori, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and race in Malaysia
    Nafeeza MI, Shahimi MM, Kudva MV, Mazlam MZ, Isa MR
    Lancet, 1989 May 6;1(8645):1018.
    PMID: 2565493 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92660-3
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/complications
  16. Fulltext Campylobacter jejuni as a cause of diarrhoea in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Lim YS, Jegathesan M, Wong YH
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Dec;39(4):285-8.
    PMID: 6544934
    The incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in patients with and without diarrhoea was studied in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. C. jejuni was recovered from 3.8% and 4.3% of diarrhoeal stools of children and adults, respectively. From the patients without diarrhoea, the relative isolation rates for children and adults were 2.6% and 0%, respectively. Dual infections occurred in two children, with Salmonella and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli being the other enteric pathogen in each case. Cary-Blair medium was found to be an effective transport medium in recovering C. jejuni. Campylobacter enteritis occurred in patients of various age groups, indicating that this organism should be sought routinely by diagnostic laboratories in faecal specimens from patients with diarrhoea.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/complications*
  17. Helicobacter pylori and gastritis in patients with peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia: ethnic differences in Singapore
    Kang JY, Wee A, Math MV, Guan R, Tay HH, Yap I, et al.
    Gut, 1990 Aug;31(8):850-3.
    PMID: 2387503
    Peptic ulcer occurs with different frequencies in the three main racial groups in Singapore. This study aimed firstly to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia patients of the different races and secondly, to assess the relation between H pylori, histological gastritis, patient diagnosis, and race. Gastric antral biopsy specimens from 1502 patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy were studied and 892 (59%) were positive for H pylori. H pylori was strongly associated with gastritis: 873 of 1197 (73%) patients with gastritis were positive compared with 19 of 305 (6%) without gastritis (p less than 0.0001). The prevalences of H pylori and gastritis were similar in peptic ulcer patients of different races. Malay patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia, however, were less likely to be positive for H pylori (10 of 46 (22%] or to have antral gastritis (17 of 46 (37%] than Chinese (292 of 605 (48%) were positive for H pylori and 421 of 605 (70%) had gastritis) and Indians (35 of 61 (57%) were H pylori positive and 42 of 61 (69%) had gastritis). Patients with duodenal ulcer were more likely to be positive for H pylori than those with non-ulcer dyspepsia, even when subjects with gastritis were considered separately. While our results do not help to explain the observed racial differences in peptic ulcer frequency it may be that the pathophysiology of non-ulcer dyspepsia is different in the different races in Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/ethnology*
  18. Fatal Campylobacter jejuni infection in a patient splenectomised for thalassaemia
    Jackson N, Zaki M, Rahman AR, Nazim M, Win MN, Osman S
    J Clin Pathol, 1997 May;50(5):436-7.
    PMID: 9215130
    A 35 year old man with a fatal Campylobacter jejuni infection is described. He had HbE/beta zero thalassaemia and had undergone splenectomy nine months previously for hypersplenism; he also had chronic hepatitis C infection. He presented with high grade fever but no gastrointestinal symptoms and rapidly progressed to septicaemic shock and hepatic encephalopathy despite treatment with penicillin, gentamicin, and, later, chloramphenicol and ceftazidime. Only one case of Campylobacter jejuni septicaemia occurring post-splenectomy has been reported previously, also in an iron overloaded thalassaemia patient. Unusual Gram negative bacilli must be covered by the chosen antibiotic regimen when splenectomised thalassaemic patients present with high grade fever.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/etiology*
  19. Occurrence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. contamination on vegetable farms in Malaysia
    Chai LC, Ghazali FM, Bakar FA, Lee HY, Suhaimi LR, Talib SA, et al.
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009 Nov;19(11):1415-20.
    PMID: 19996696
    The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli) in soil, poultry manure, irrigation water, and freshly harvested vegetables from vegetable farms in Malaysia. C. jejuni was detected in 30.4% and 2.7% of the soil samples, 57.1% and 0% of the manure samples, and 18.8% and 3% of the vegetable samples from farm A and farm B, respectively, when using the MPNPCR method. Campylobacter spp. was not found in any of the irrigation water samples tested. Therefore, the present results indicate that the aged manure used by farm A was more contaminated than the composted manure used by farm B. Mostly, the leafy and root vegetables were contaminated. C. coli was not detected in any of the samples tested in the current study. Both farms tested in this study were found to be contaminated by campylobacters, thereby posing a potential risk for raw vegetable consumption in Malaysia. The present results also provide baseline data on Campylobacter contamination at the farm level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology
  20. Campylobacter concisus pathotypes are present at significant levels in patients with gastroenteritis
    Underwood AP, Kaakoush NO, Sodhi N, Merif J, Seah Lee W, Riordan SM, et al.
    J Med Microbiol, 2016 Mar;65(3):219-226.
    PMID: 26698172 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000216
    Given that Campylobacter jejuni is recognized as the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, recent findings showing comparable levels of Campylobacter concisus in patients with gastroenteritis would suggest that this bacterium is clinically important. The prevalence and abundance of Campylobacter concisus in stool samples collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis was examined using quantitative real-time PCR. The associated virulence determinants exotoxin 9 and zonula occludens toxin DNA were detected for Campylobacter concisus-infected samples using real-time PCR. Campylobacter concisus was detected at high prevalence in patients with gastroenteritis (49.7 %), higher than that observed for Campylobacter jejuni (∼5 %). The levels of Campylobacter concisus were putatively classified into clinically relevant and potentially transient subgroups based on a threshold developed using Campylobacter jejuni levels, as the highly sensitive real-time PCR probably detected transient passage of the bacterium from the oral cavity. A total of 18 % of patients were found to have clinically relevant levels of Campylobacter concisus, a significant number of which also had high levels of one of the virulence determinants. Of these patients, 78 % were found to have no other gastrointestinal pathogen identified in the stool, which strongly suggests a role for Campylobacter concisus in the aetiology of gastroenteritis in these patients. These results emphasize the need for diagnostic laboratories to employ identification protocols for emerging Campylobacter species. Clinical follow-up in patients presenting with high levels of Campylobacter concisus in the intestinal tract is needed, given that it has been associated with more chronic sequelae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter Infections/microbiology*
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